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"Kota Surabaya merupakan salah satu kota besar di Indonesia yang wilayahnya dilewati oleh dua segmen patahan dari Sesar Kendeng, yaitu Patahan Waru dan Patahan Surabaya. Keduanya memiliki laju pergerakan sebesar 0,05 mm/tahun dan berpotensi terjadi gempabumi berkekuatan besar di masa mendatang. Selain itu, Wilayah Surabaya berdekatan dengan Megathrust East Java di Selatan Pulau Jawa. Berdasarkan riwayat kegempaan, Wilayah Surabaya belum pernah menjadi titik episenter gempabumi dan hanya ikut terguncang akibat gempabumi yang terjadi disekitarnya. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis dan memetakan besaran percepatan tanah di Surabaya akibat gempabumi. Metode penelitian yang digunakan ialah metode Probabilistic Seismic Hazard Analysis (PSHA) dengan bantuan perangkat lunak R-CRISIS. Sumber gempabumi yang diolah berada pada radius 500 Km dari Surabaya dengan kedalaman <300 Km dan dikumpulkan dari berbagai katalog seperti katalog BMKG, katalog PuSGeN, katalog USGS, dan katalog ISC dari tahun 1900-Januari 2023. Hasil pengolahan menunjukkan bahwa nilai percepatan tanah yang diperoleh pada PoE 2% dalam 50 tahun (periode ulang 2.475 tahun) saat T=0s sebesar 0,314-0,538 g, T=0,2s sebesar 0,759-1,308 g, dan T=1s sebesar 0,192 – 0,321 g. Berikutnya, nilai percepatan tanah pada PoE 5% dalam 50 tahun (periode ulang 975 tahun) saat T=0s sebesar 0,236-0,391 g, T=0,2s sebesar 0,562 – 0,903 g, dan T=1s sebesar 0,134-0,211 g. Selanjutnya, nilai percepatan tanah pada PoE 10% dalam 50 tahun (periode ulang 475 tahun) saat T=0s sebesar 0,180-0,289 g, T=0,2s sebesar 0,417-0,678 g, dan T=1s sebesar 0,101-0,147 g. Berdasarkan hasil analisis, Wilayah Surabaya Barat mengalami respon percepatan tanah paling tinggi. Hal ini bersesuaian dengan tektonik Surabaya Barat yang dilewati oleh Patahan Surabaya dan Patahan Waru, sehingga nilai percepatan tanah yang tinggi diakibatkan oleh sumber gempabumi fault (patahan). Setelah dikonversi menjadi gal, potensi kerusakan yang ditimbulkan berdasarkan nilai percepatan tanah yang diperoleh sebesar VI-XII MMI (99,05-1.282,71 gal).

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Surabaya City is one of the major cities in Indonesia that is passed by two fault segments of the Kendeng Fault, namely the Waru Fault and the Surabaya Fault. Both have a movement rate of 0,05 mm/year and potentially have a large-power earthquake in the future. In addition, the Surabaya Region is adjacent to the East Java Megathrust in the South of Java Island. Based on the history of seismicity, the Surabaya Region has never been the epicenter of an earthquake and has only been shaken by earthquakes that occurred around it. This study aims to analyzing and mapping the amount of ground acceleration in Surabaya due to earthquakes. The research method used is the Probabilistic Seismic Hazard Analysis (PSHA) method using R-CRISIS software. The processed earthquake source is within 500 Km from Surabaya with a depth of <300 Km and is collected from various catalogs such as the BMKG catalog, the PuSGeN catalog, the USGS catalog, and the ISC catalog from 1900 to January 2023. The results of processing show that the ground acceleration values obtained at PoE 2% in 50 years (return period of 2.475 years) when T=0s is 0,314 – 0,538 g, T=0,2s is 0,759-1,308 g, and T=1s is 0,192-0,321 g. Subsequently, the ground acceleration values at PoE 5% in 50 years (return period of 975 years) when T=0s is 0,236-0,391 g, T=0,2s is 0,562-0,903 g, and T=1s is 0,134-0,211 g. Furthermore, the ground acceleration values at PoE were 10% in 50 years (return period of 475 years) when T=0s is 0,180-0,289 g, T=0,2s is 0,417-0,678 g, and T=1s is 0,101-0,147 g. Based on the results of the analysis, the West Surabaya Region experienced the highest ground acceleration response. This corresponds to the tectonics of West Surabaya which is passed by the Surabaya Fault and the Waru Fault, so that the high value of ground acceleration is due to the fault earthquake source. After being converted into gal, the potential damage caused based on the ground acceleration value obtained is VI-XII MMI (99,05 – 1.282,71 gal)."

"Terjadi peningkatan intensitas gempabumi Jawa Barat. Daryono (2022) mengungkapkan Jawa Barat merupakan daerah dengan seismik aktif dan kompleks. Guncangan aktif yang terjadi akibat banyaknya sumber gempa di Jawa Barat, di antaranya bersumber dari megathrust dan sesar aktif. Dengan mempertimbangkan kondisi tektonik Jawa Barat yang rentan terhadap bencana gempabumi maka dilakukanlah penelitian yang bertujuan untuk menganalisis probabilitas bahaya gempabumi berdasarkan nilai Peak Ground Acceleration (PGA) di Jawa Barat. Metode yang digunakan untuk mencari nilai PGA adalah metode Probabilistic Seismic Hazard Analysis (PSHA). Metode PSHA memperhitungkan berbagai macam skenario selain parameter gempabumi, yaitu faktorfaktor ketidakpastian seperti lokasi, ukuran, dan frekuensi gempabumi (Kramer, 1996). Penelitian ini menggunakan sumber data berupa riwayat gempabumi, informasi karakteristik sesar aktif, zona megathrust, dan zona background di sekitar Jawa Barat, serta fungsi atenuasi sesuai dengan sumber gempabuminya. Seluruh data diproses melalui konversi magnitudo, pemisahan gempa utama, identifikasi dan karakterisasi sumber gempa, memasukkan fungsi atenuasi, pembobotan dengan logic tree, perhitungan total PSHA hingga menghasilkan tiga peta persebaran nilai PGA batuan dasar dengan probabilitas terlampaui (PoE) 10%, 5%, dan 2% dalam masa guna bangunan 50 tahun. Peta pertama dengan PoE 10% nilai PGA di Jawa Barat berkisar antara 0.2 g - 0.8g. Peta kedua dengan PoE 5% nilai PGA berkisar antara 0.3 g - 1 g. Peta ketiga dengan PoE 2% nilai PGA berkisar antara 0.3 g - 1.3 g. Jika dikonversikan dalam skala MMI, maka nilai ini termasuk intensitas VIII (getaran terasa hebat dan potensi kerusakan sedang) hingga intensitas X (getaran terasa ekstrem dan potensi kerusakan sangat parah). Nilai PGA dipengaruhi oleh jarak lokasi penelitian terhadap sumber gempabumi berupa megathrust dan patahan. Pada penelitian ini juga dihasilkan peta percepatan spektral (SA) saat periode 0.2 detik dan 1 detik. Ketika periode 0.2 detik nilai SA berkisar antara 2 g - 2.8 g dan ketika periode 1 detik nilai SA berkisar antara 0.3 g - 1.3 g.

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There has been an increase in the intensity of the West Java earthquake. Daryono (2022) revealed that West Java is a seismically active and complex area. The active shaking that occurs due to West Java has many earthquake sources, including megathrust and active faults. By considering the tectonic conditions of West Java that are vulnerable to earthquake disasters, this study aims to analyze the probability of earthquake hazard based on Peak Ground Acceleration (PGA) values in West Java. The method used to find the PGA value is the Probabilistic Seismic Hazard Analysis (PSHA). The PSHA method takes into various scenarios besides earthquake parameters, such as location, size, and frequency of earthquakes (Kramer, 1996). This study uses earthquake history data, information on the characteristics of active faults, megathrust zones, and background zones around West Java, as well as attenuation functions according to the earthquake source. All data has been processed through magnitude conversion, declustering of main earthquakes, identification and characterization of earthquake sources, insertion of attenuation functions, logic tree, calculation of total PSHA, resulting three distribution maps of bedrock PGA with a probability of exceedance (PoE) of 10%, 5%, and 2% within a 50-year building life. The first map with a PoE of 10% PGA values in West Java range 0.2 g - 0.8g. The second map with a PoE of 5% PGA range 0.3g - 1g. The third map with a PoE of 2% PGA range 0.3g - 1.3g. If converted to the MMI scale, these values are included in intensity VIII (severe vibration and moderate damage potential) to intensity X (extreme vibration and severe damage potential). The PGA value is influenced by the distance of the research location to the earthquake source (megathrust and fault). This study also produced spectral acceleration (SA) maps for periods of 0.2 seconds and 1 second. During the 0.2-second period, the SA values 2 g - 2.8 g and during the 1-second period, the SA value ranges 0.3 g - 1.3 g. The PGA value is influenced by the distance of the study location."

"This volume presents the first outcomes of the SERIES and its contribution towards performance-based earthquake engineering, i.e., to the most important development in earthquake engineering of the past three decades. The concept and the methodologies for performance-based earthquake engineering have now matured. However, they are based mainly on analytical/numerical research and large-scale seismic testing has entered the stage recently. "

"This book features chapters based on selected presentations from the International Congress on Advanced Earthquake Resistance of Structures, AERS2016, held in Samsun, Turkey, from 24 to 28 October 2016.It covers the latest advances in three widely popular research areas in Earthquake Engineering: Performance-Based Seismic Design, Seismic Isolation Systems, and Structural Health Monitoring.The book shows the vulnerability of high-rise and seismically isolated buildings to long periods of strong ground motions, and proposes new passive and semi-active structural seismic isolation systems to protect against such effects. These systems are validated through real-time hybrid tests on shaking tables.Structural health monitoring systems provide rapid assessment of structural safety after an earthquake and allow preventive measures to be taken, such as shutting down the elevators and gas lines, before damage occurs. Using the vibration data from instrumented tall buildings, the book demonstrates that large, distant earthquakes and surface waves, which are not accounted for in most attenuation equations, can cause long-duration shaking and damage in tall buildings.The overview of the current performance-based design methodologies includes discussions on the design of tall buildings and the reasons common prescriptive code provisions are not sufficient to address the requirements of tall-building design. In addition, the book explains the modelling and acceptance criteria associated with various performance-based design guidelines, and discusses issues such as selection and scaling of ground motion records, soil-foundation-structure interaction, and seismic instrumentation and peer review needs.The book is of interest to a wide range of professionals in earthquake engineering, including designers, researchers, and graduate students."

"Di era dimana krisis iklim semakin menjadi ancaman nyata bagi dunia, Pembangkit Listrik Tenaga Nuklir semakin menarik perhatian untuk melakukan transisi energi menuju energi yang lebih bersih demi mengurangi emisi karbon. Namun sebagai bangunan yang memiliki risiko tinggi, pembangunan Pembangkit Listrik Tenaga Nuklir (PLTN) perlu dirancang dengan baik dengan mempertimbangkan aspek kegempaan, salah satunya peak ground acceleration sebagai parameter. Penelitian ini bertujuan menganalisis kondisi peak ground acceleration di pulau Bangka sebagai salah satu kandidat lokasi PLTN di Indonesia dengan menggunakan metode probabilistic seismic hazard analysis untuk dapat mengkuantifikasi probabilitas terlampauinya masing-masing tingkatan peak ground acceleration. Untuk melakukan prediksi nilai peak ground acceleration, dilakukan identifikasi sumber-sumber gempa yang berpengaruh bagi pulau Bangka dilakukan pada penelitian ini beserta pemodelan seismisitasnya. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan Pulau Bangka memiliki probabilitas terjadinya peak ground acceleration yang setara atau lebih dari 0.1 hingga 0.125 g sebesar 1% dalam 100 tahun yang menunjukkan bahwa Pulau Bangka relatif aman dan memenuhi kriteria untuk lokasi Pembangkit Listrik Tenaga Nuklir.

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In an era where climate change become real threat for the world, Nuclear Power Plant (NPP) getting more attention to do energy transition toward a cleaner energy in order to reduce carbon emission. But has a high risk building and facility, Nuclear Power Plant need to be specifically designed by considerating seismisicity aspect with peak ground acceleration as one of its parameter. This research aims to analyze the peak ground acceleration condition in Bangka Island as one of the Nuclear Power Plant location candidate in Indonesia using probabilistic seismic hazard analysis method in order to quantify exceedance probability of certain level of peak ground acceleration. In order to predict the peak ground acceleration, seismic source that affecting Bangka Island was identified on this research, including its seismicity model. This research results show that Bangka Island has 1% probability in a hundred year that a 0.1-0.125 g peak ground acceleration was felt on this island and that was considered relatively safe and pass the peak ground acceleration criteria for Nuclear Power Plant location candidate."

"Likuefaksi merupakan salah satu dampak dari gempa bumi yang berupa fenomena dimana tanah kehilangan kekuatan gesernya sehingga berubah dari padat menjadi cair. Dalam memahami fenomena ini, berbagai metode telah dikembangkan baik metode semi-empiris maupun metode numerik. Berbagai metode ini dapat digunakan untuk menganalisis potensi likuefaksi serta pergeseran lateral yang dapat terjadi. Pada penelitian ini, digunakan dua metode yaitu numerik oleh aplikasi CLiq dan semi-empiris oleh Opensees untuk menganalisis fenomena likuefaksi. CLiq akan menganalisis secara semi-empiris. Sementara opensees akan menganalisis dengan bantuan PM4Sand dan PM4Silt

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Liquefaction is one of the effects of an earthquake in the form of a phenomenon where the soil loses its shear strength so that it changes from solid to liquid. To understand more about this phenomenon, various methods have been developed, both semi-empirical methods and numerical methods. These various methods can be used to analyze the potential for liquefaction and lateral displacements that may occur. In this study, two methods were used, namely numerical by the CLiq application and semi-empirical by Opensees to analyze the liquefaction phenomenon. CLiq will analyze using semi-empirical method. While Opensees will analyze with the help of PM4Sand and PM4Silt."

"Gempa bumi adalah bencana alam yang terjadi secara periodik dengan waktu yang tak tentu terutama pada wilayah yang berdiri pada pertemuan lempeng dunia yang dikenal dengan kawasan Ring of Fire. Gempa bumi yang selama ini dianggap terjadi secara tiba-tiba, mengakibatkan risikonya lebih tinggi dibandingkan bencana alam yang lain yang sudah dapat diprediksi. Sehingga pada penelitian ini, dipaparkan sebuah analisa visual deskriptif mengenai potensi prediksi gempa bumi dan juga memaparkan hubungan gempa bumi dengan bencana longsor geologi dengan multi-analisis spasial geografis. Metode Differential Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (DInSAR)- true vertical time series menggunakan satelit Sentinel 1A SLC IW digunakan dalam penelitian ini, terbukti mampu memarkan besaran deformasi permukaan bumi pada kondisi pre-seismic, co-seismic, dan post seismic, sehingga hasil yang didapatkan tidak hanya besarannya, namun juga polanya. Penelitian ini mampu menujukkan adanya korelasi antara gempa bumi dan bencana longsor geologi pada analisis displacement, phase interferogram, coherence, NDVI, kecepatan longsoran, dengan kondisi geologi sekitarnya. Juga memaparkan analisis crossection pra-seismic, co-seismic, dan post seicmic pada salah satu area wilayah peneltian yang menunjukkan bahwa tidak stabilnya wilayah ini. Peneltian ini menguji ketidakstabilan permukaan wilayah penelitian menggunakan data observasi lapangan berupa data titik kontrol geodesi bernama Continously Operating Reference Stations (CORS) dengan id CPSM dengan hasil RMSE sebesar 0.038353582, menandakan data displacement-true vertical sangat kuat. Kemudian metode fase interferogram time-series pengamatan DInSAR menunjukkan adanya potensi dalam memprediksi gempa bumi berdasarkan data pengamatan dari gempa bumi Pasaman 2022.

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Earthquakes are natural disasters that occur periodically at uncertain times, especially in areas that stand at the junctions of world plates known as the Ring of Fire. Earthquakes that have been considered to occur unexpectedly are caused the risk is higher than other natural disasters that can be predicted. Therefore, this research presents a descriptive visual analysis of earthquake prediction potential and the relationship between earthquakes and geological landslides with multi-spatial geographic analysis. The Differential Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (DInSAR) method - true vertical time series using the Sentinel 1A SLC IW satellite used in this study, proved to be able to display the size of the earth's surface deformation in pre-seismic, co-seismic, and post-seismic conditions, the results obtained are not only the magnitude but also the pattern. This research is able to show the correlation between earthquakes and geological landslides in the analysis of displacement, phase interferogram, coherence, NDVI, landslide velocity, with the surrounding geological conditions. Exposure of pre-seismic, co-seismic, and post-seismic cross section analysis in one area of the research area which shows that this area is unstable. This research tests the surface instability of the research area using field observation data in the form of geodetic control point data called Continously Operating Reference Stations (CORS) with RMSE results of 0.038353582, indicating that the vertical displacement-true data of this research is very strong. Then the DInSAR observation time-series interferogram phase method shows the potential in predicting earthquakes based on observational data from the 2022 Pasaman earthquake. "

"Mengembangkan onsite-EEW (Earthquake Early Warning) merupakan masalah yang menantang karena keterbatasan waktu dan jumlah informasi yang dapat dikumpulkan sebelum peringatan dikeluarkan. Pendekatan yang dapat dilakukan untuk mencegah bencana akibat gempabumi adalah dengan memprediksi tingkat percepatan tanah di suatu lokasi menggunakan sinyal gelombang-P awal dan memberikan peringatan sebelum puncak percepatan tanah yang besar terjadi. Dalam kondisi sebenarnya, keakuratan prediksi merupakan masalah yang paling penting untuk sistem peringatan dini gempabumi. Pada penelitian ini mengimplementasi metode berbasis kecerdasan buatan untuk memprediksi tingkat getaran gempabumi secara dini, ketika gelombang P tiba di stasiun seismik. Sebuah model CNN dibangun untuk membuat prediksi dengan menggunakan small window 3 detik awal gelombang P dari rekaman accelerometer. Model ini dibangun dengan dataset dengan input gelombang seismik dengan variasi 3,2 dan 1 detik data gempabumi di wilayah Jawa Barat 2017 hingga 2023 dengan pembagian 80% data latih,, 10% data validasi dan 10% data uji . Dari evaluasi model terbaik, skema yang diusulkan mendapatkan akurasi 99.30%±0.63% dengan data uji.

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Developing onsite-EEW (Earthquake Early Warning) is a challenging problem due to the limited time and amount of information that can be gathered before a warning is issued. A possible approach to preventing earthquake-induced disasters is to predict the level of ground acceleration at a site using early P-wave signals and provide warnings before large ground acceleration peaks occur. In actual conditions, the accuracy of prediction is the most important issue for earthquake early warning systems. This study implements an artificial intelligence-based method to predict the level of earthquake tremors early, when P-waves arrive at seismic stations. A CNN model is built to make predictions using a small window of the first 3 seconds of P-waves from accelerometer recordings. The model was built with a dataset with seismic wave input with 3,2 and 1 second variations of earthquake data in the West Java region from 2017 to 2023 with a division of 80% training data, 10% validation data and 10% test data. From the evaluation of the best model, the proposed scheme obtained an accuracy of 99.30%±0.63% with test data."