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"In civic politics, many things have to be noted, but in condition that concern to national political leaders and government, have to be the objectives of the political leaders action and to get greater attention, and at the same time, they are requared to practice, constanly, the pattern ethical life. This has to be done, so that people feel not far from their leaders. Officials and local Politicians who obey the norms of the code of conduct should place their duties as government officials over their own interests, carrier and status. Mean while, poltical communication has to be conducted by officials and local politicians in order to interlace communication with local people, both in the context to maintain relationship, namely, to channel the aspirations and political interest of the people as political inputs and also to channel the output of political system, and to carry out government functions. This paper has the attention to discuss on the existence of DPRD through two perspectives: first, perspective of political/government ethics implementation and perspective of political communication."

"Banyak studi telah dilakukan untuk menjelaskan proses demokratisasi yang dialami Indonesia pasca-Reformasi 1998, khususnya melalui penyelidikan mendalam terhadap pemilihan umum yang dilaksanakan setiap lima tahun sekali sejak 1999. Dari segi objek kajian, penelitian komunikasi politik terkait perilaku memilih berdasarkan kelas sosial masih relatif pinggiran dibandingkan beberapa objek kajian lain, seperti sistem kepartaian yang banyak ditulis dalam berbagai studi selama dekade pertama tahun 2000-an, maupun politik identitas dan gender yang menjadi sorotan pada dekade berikutnya. Dari segi kerangka teoretis, teori kelas sosial jarang digunakan, setelah selama lebih dari tiga dekade kekuasaan Orde Baru, teori ini relatif tidak berkembang dalam ilmu sosial di Indonesia. Disertasi ini mencoba mempertemukan pendekatan komunikasi politik dan kelas sosial dengan mempergunakan teori kelas sosial baru berdasarkan pendekatan strukturalisme genetik Pierre Bourdieu sebagai pisau analitis untuk menjelaskan perilaku memilih berbasis kelas sosial di Indonesia. Khususnya pemrosesan informasi oleh pemilih berbasis kelas sosial untuk memproduksi opini politik dan pilihan politik pada pemilihan umum Presiden dan Wakil Presiden pada 17 April 2019. Metode yang digunakan adalah convergent parallel mixed method—pendekatan kuantitatif dengan analisis kluster digunakan untuk mengidentifikasi dan mendeskripsikan kelas-kelas sosial di Indonesia, sementara pendekatan kualitatif melalui wawancara mendalam dengan para informan kunci digunakan untuk mendapatkan pemahaman yang mendalam tentang habitus kelas dan modus produksi opini politik masing-masing kelas sosial dengan menggunakan the modes of production of opinion Bourdieu. Hasil analisis kuantitatif dan kualitatif dengan interpretative phenomenological analysis berhasil mengidentifikasi empat kelas sosial di Indonesia lengkap dengan habitus kelas masing-masing, yakni kelas elite, kelas menengah profesional, kelas menengah tradisional, dan kelas marhaen. Tiap-tiap kelas sosial memiliki jumlah dan komposisi kapital ekonomi, budaya, dan sosial yang berbeda, serta habitus kelas yang berbeda pula dan memiliki modus produksi opini politik yang juga menunjukkan perbedaan (distinction). Perbedaan modus produksi opini politik berhubungan langsung dengan perbedaan habitus kelas masing-masing kelas sosial. Penelitian ini juga menunjukkan bahwa modus produksi opini politik dan pilihan politik tersebut terkondisikan secara sosial. Kelas elite dan kelas menengah profesional mengalami modus produksi opini dan pilihan politik berdasarkan etos kelas atau produksi orang-pertama, sementara kelas menengah tradisional dan kelas marhaen mengalami modus produksi opini dan pilihan politik berdasarkan production by proxy. Akibatnya, kelas menengah tradisional dan kelas marhaen rentan terhadap doxa, propaganda dan kekerasan simbolik.

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Much have been written about the democratization process experienced by Indonesia after the 1998 Reformation, especially through in-depth investigations into general elections, which have been held every five years since 1999. In terms of the object of study, studies on political communication related to voting behavior based on social class are relatively marginalized compared to other objects, such as the party system, which has been widely studied in the firstdecade of the 2000s, as well as politics of identity and gender, which became the spotlighted topic in the following decade. In terms of the theoretical framework, social class theory has been rarely used, and after more than three decades of New Order rule, this theory remains relatively underdeveloped in social sciences in Indonesia. This dissertation attempts to reconcile political communication and social class approaches, by using a new social class theory based on Pierre Bourdieu's genetic structuralism approach as an analytical tool to explain social class-based voting behavior in Indonesia, particularly the processing of information by social class-based voters in producing political opinions and political choices in the presidential and vice presidential elections of April 17, 2019. The method used is the convergent parallel mixed method - a quantitative approach using cluster analysis is used to identify and describe social classes in Indonesia, while a qualitative approach through in-depth interviews with key informants is used to get an understanding of the class habitus and the mode of production of political opinion of each social class, using Bourdieu’s concept of mode of production of opinion. The results of the quantitative and qualitative analysis, using interpretative phenomenological analysis, have succeeded in identifying four social classes in Indonesia, complete with their respective class habitus, namely the elite class, the professional middle class, the traditional middle class, and the marhaen class. Each social class has a different number and composition of economic, cultural and social capital, as well as a different class habitus and distinctive mode of production of political opinion. The different modes of production of political opinion are directly related to differences in the class habitus of each social class. This research also shows that the mode of production of political opinion and political choice is socially conditioned. The elite and professional middle classes experience a mode of production of opinion and political choice based on a class ethos, or first-person production; while the traditional middle and marhaen classes experience a mode of production of opinion and political choice based on production by proxy. As a result, the traditional middle class and the marhaen class are vulnerable to doxa, propaganda and symbolic violence."

"Penelitian ini mengkaji hiperrealitas citra yang dilakukan oleh Joko Widodo dalam posisinya sebagai presiden Republik Indonesia yang kembali menjadi kandidat presiden untuk periode berikutnya, Pemilihan Presiden 2019. Melalui deretan busana yang ia gunakan di berbagai aktivitas, yang kemudian secara visual ia tampilkan melalui media sosial, Joko Widodo membentuk citra tertentu. Untuk mengidentifikasi realitas yang coba diciptakan oleh Joko Widodo, peneliti menggunakan konsep hiperrealitas dari Jean Baudrillard. Hiperrealitas memisahkan realitas yang terlihat oleh publik dari realitas yang sesgungguhnya. Realitas baru dibentuk dan membuat realitas yang sesungguhnya tidak lagi menjadi akar referensi publik dalam mellihat dan menilai seseorang. Penelitian ini mengurai proses hiperrealitas dengan konsep pemasaran politik melalui media sosial. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa terjadi hiperrealitas pada Joko Widodo, yang dibentuk dari cara berbusananya. Gaya berbusana Joko Widodo secara kolektif membangun citra-citra terentu, yang di antaranya adalah citra anak muda, citra pekerja, citra netral, dan citra sederhana.

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This study examined hyperreality of Joko Widodo`s image regarding his position of President of Republic of Indonesia and his candidacy for next period in 2019 Presidential Election. Joko Widodo is constructing certain image through his sets of fashion during several activities which are shown visually on social media. This study used the concept of hyperreality coined by Jean Baudrillard to identify realities created by Joko Widodo.

Hyperreality is separated reality which is seen by public from the original reality. New reality is constructed and it made original reality not seen as public standard reference in seeing and judging people. This study specifically entangled the process of hyperreality in its relation with the concept of political marketing through social media.

The result of this study showed that hyperreality has been constructed by Joko Widodo through his sets of clothing and fashion style. Joko Widodo`s style of fashion is collectively constructed certain images, which are youth, working class, neutrality, and simplicity."

"[ABSTRAKTesis ini membahas tentang calon perseorangan dalam Pemilukada Kota Padang Tahun 2013. Jalur perseorangan adalah cara untuk mewujudkan pinsip kesetaraaan dalam politik. Calon perseorangan hadir sebagai solusi dari tuntutan masyarakat akan kecilnya akses politik bagi orang yang tidak memiliki afiliasi dengan partai politik. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukan bahwa calon perseorangan dalam Pemilukada Kota Padang cenderung memanfaatkan jalur perseorangan untuk mendapatkan kekuasaan. Calon perseorangan juga tak memaknai jalur perseorangan sebagai media represetasi politik yang menghubungan mereka dengan rakyatnya.Penelitian ini menggunakan teori demokrasi, khususnya yang menjabarkan fenomena defisit demokrasi. Selain teori demokrasi, dalam tesis ini juga dijelaskan konsep rerkutmen politik dan representasi politik.Dalam prinsip demokrasi elektoral, pemilu adalah instrumen utama dalam demokrasi sehingga kehadirannya perlu dipertahankan.Calon perseorangan hadir untuk melengkapi instrumen demokrasi itu.Teori rekrutmen politik yang menyatakan bahwa rekrutmen calon kepala daerah ditentukan oleh faktor popularitas calon dan kekuatan finansial calon.Teori representasi politik digunakan untuk melihat bagaimana para calon memanfaatkan isu politik sebagai alat untuk meraih dukungan

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ABSTRACTThis thesis discusses about the independent candidate in Local Election of Padang 2013. Independent candidate is one way, among others, to achieve, equality in the politics. It solves of the people's demands of political access for people who have no affiliation to any political party. The result of this study shows that in practice independent candidates utilizes the prosedure to gain popular support in the case of Padang. Independent candidates also do not perceive the procedure as a medium of political representation which links them with the people.The case of independent candidate participation in Local Election in Padang 2013 represent the case of democratic deficit. In the principles of electoral democracy, election is the main instrument of democracy so that its presence should be maintained. Independent candidate participation was meant to improve the quality of democracy, especially in terms of equal chance for participation or recruitment. Political recruitment theory states that the recruitment of candidate for the head of district is determined by the popularity of the candidate and the candidate's financial strength. The theory of political representation is used to see how the candidates utilize the political issue as a media to gain support.;This thesis discusses about the independent candidate in Local Election of Padang 2013. Independent candidate is one way, among others, to achieve, equality in the politics. It solves of the people's demands of political access for people who have no affiliation to any political party. The result of this study shows that in practice independent candidates utilizes the prosedure to gain popular support in the case of Padang. Independent candidates also do not perceive the procedure as a medium of political representation which links them with the people.The case of independent candidate participation in Local Election in Padang 2013 represent the case of democratic deficit. In the principles of electoral democracy, election is the main instrument of democracy so that its presence should be maintained. Independent candidate participation was meant to improve the quality of democracy, especially in terms of equal chance for participation or recruitment. Political recruitment theory states that the recruitment of candidate for the head of district is determined by the popularity of the candidate and the candidate's financial strength. The theory of political representation is used to see how the candidates utilize the political issue as a media to gain support., This thesis discusses about the independent candidate in Local Election of Padang 2013. Independent candidate is one way, among others, to achieve, equality in the politics. It solves of the people's demands of political access for people who have no affiliation to any political party. The result of this study shows that in practice independent candidates utilizes the prosedure to gain popular support in the case of Padang. Independent candidates also do not perceive the procedure as a medium of political representation which links them with the people.The case of independent candidate participation in Local Election in Padang 2013 represent the case of democratic deficit. In the principles of electoral democracy, election is the main instrument of democracy so that its presence should be maintained. Independent candidate participation was meant to improve the quality of democracy, especially in terms of equal chance for participation or recruitment. Political recruitment theory states that the recruitment of candidate for the head of district is determined by the popularity of the candidate and the candidate's financial strength. The theory of political representation is used to see how the candidates utilize the political issue as a media to gain support.]"

"Tesis ini mengkaji mengenai Pertarungan Kekuasaan Antara Partai Besar vs Partai Kecil dalam Perumusan Ambang Batas Presiden ('Presidential Threshold') Pada Undang-Undang Nomor 7 Tahun 2017 Tentang Pemilihan Umum yang terjadi di Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat Republik Indonesia (DPR RI). Dalam proses pembahasan tersebut masing-masing fraksi saling beradu argumentasi mengenai isu ambang batas presiden ('presidential threshold'). Terdapat 2 (dua) pendapat yang mengemuka yang saling berlawanan (kontradiktif) antara satu dengan yang lainnya. P'ertama', pendapat yang menginginkan agar besaran ambang batas presiden tetap pada angka 20% kursi dan 25% suara sah nasional. 'Kedua', pendapat yang menginginkan agar aturan mengenai ambang batas presiden ('presidential threshold') dihapuskan menjadi 0%. Adapun teori yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini yaitu teori kekuasaan, teori persaingan dan teori konflik. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian  kualitatif dengan menggunakan teknik analisa deskriptif-analitis dan wawancara mendalam dengan beberapa anggota fraksi yang terlibat langsung dalam proses politik tersebut.Temuan dalam penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa partarungan kekuasaan antara partai besar vs partai kecil pada perumusan ambang batas presiden ('presidential threshold') lebih dimotivasi oleh orientasi dan kepentingan politik pragmatis masing-masing fraksi yang sifatnya kolutif dalam rangka untuk kepentingan Pilpres dan Pemilu tahun 2019. Implikasi teoritis menunjukkan bahwa teori kekuasaan, teori persaingan dan teori konflik berimplikasi positif terhadap penelitian ini.

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This thesis examines the Power Struggle between the Big Parties vs Small Parties in the Formulation of the Presidential Threshold in Law Number 7 of 2017 concerning General Elections that occurs in the House of Representatives of the Republic of Indonesia (DPR RI). In the discussion process each faction clashed with each other regarding the presidential threshold. There are 2 (two) opinions that are contradictory between one another. First, opinions that want the presidential threshold to remain at 20% of seats and 25% of legitimate national votes. Second, opinions that want the presidential threshold to be abolished to 0%. The theories used in this study are power theory, competition theory and conflict theory. This research is a qualitative research using analytical-descriptive analysis techniques and in-depth interviews with several faction members who are directly involved in the political process.

The findings in this study indicate that the participation of power between big parties vs small parties in the formulation of the presidential threshold is more motivated by the orientation and pragmatic political interests of each faction that is colutive in the interests of the 2019 Presidential Election and Election. Theoretical implications shows that the theory of power, competition theory and conflict theory have positive implications for this research."

"Berlakunya sistem multipartai dalam politik Indonesia dan perkembangan masyarakat modernis urban yang didulrung oleh pembangnnan sarana transportasi dan komunikasi menghasilkan de-ethnicization dari politik aliran ke dalam diskursus fonnal menuntut strategi kampanye berbeda untuk mendapatkan suara pemilih. Klaim obyektif dalam Iklan Politik diajukan dalam penelitian ini sebagai solusi untuk mempengaruhi proses pengambilan keputusan pemilih. Namun, biarpun dianggap penting dan dapat meningkatkan mernorisasi pemilih, klaim obyektif tidak meningkatkan minat dan atensi mereka. Kontribusi penelitian dan implikasi manajerial juga dibahas sekaligus saran untuk penelitian mendatang.

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Multiparty election system applied in Indonesia and the trend of urban modern society, which is supported by the development of communication channel and transportation, lead to de-ethnicization of political grouping into formal discourse. Objective claim in political ads is offered in this research as a solution to increase advertisement effectiveness and influence voters decision making. However, even voters recognize that objective claim is important and increase their memorization has negative effect to their interest and attention toward the ads. In the end of this research, some theoretical contribution and managerial implication are discussed as well as recommendation for future research."