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"Dalam memberikan kredit, lembaga keuangan perbankan dan bukan perbankan menetapkan standar kelayakan seorang calon debitur mendapatkan pinjaman. Penetapkan standar dan prosedur ini dilakukan untuk menghindari resiko kemungkinan gagal bayar yang mungkin akan terjadi dikemudian hari, seperti debitur tidak mampu melunasi hutangnya dikarenakan satu atau lain hal. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengidentifikasi variabel apa yang berpengaruh dalam menentukan resiko kemungkinan gagal bayar debitur. Objek dalam penelitian ini adalah PT X. Database yang digunakan adalah sebanyak 19078 debitur, dengan posisi pengambilan data pada tahun 2011.Untuk mengetahui variabel- variabel yang berpengaruh, dapat menggunakan analisis regresi logistik. Dengan regresi logistik membuat model yang secara jelas dapat menunjukkan perbedaan dan mengklasifikasikan debitur ke dalam grup debitur yang lancar maupun gagal bayar (default) dalam pembayaran kredit. Penelitian ini menggunakan empat belas variabel pada PT X yang terdiri dari jenis kelamin, umur, status pernikahan, status kepemilikan rumah, pendidikan, pekerjaan, pendapatan, jumlah tanggungan, uang muka, time to retirement, waktu peminjaman, jenis angsuran, jenis kendaraan, karakteristik penghasilan. Berdasarkan hasil analisis data terdapat delapan prediktor yang paling signifikan pengaruhnya. Variabel tersebut adalah status pernikahan, pekerjaan, pendapatan,uang muka, time to retirement, waktu peminjaman, jenis asuransi dan jenis kendaraan. Variabel- variabel tersebut merupakan hal yang paling dominan atau signifikan dalam potensi resiko kemungkinan gagal bayar dari seorang debitur.

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Banking and non-banking financial institutions entrench within their credit-lending policy the feasibility standards for their debtor candidates. Standards and procedures are established to avoid upcoming problematic credits, for example happened when a debtor is unable to pay the credit. The objective of this thesis is to identify variables that affect debtor?s probability of default. For its study focus, this research uses PT X. Database as used in this research is 19078 debtors, with position of data intake 2011. The influential variables are acquired using logistic regression. Logistic regression enables the authors to clearly identify the differences and to classify debtor into nondefault and default in the term of paying the loan.

The analysis use fourteen variables in determining credit lending of PT X, including gender, age, marital status, home status, education, occupation, salary, number of dependant, down payment, time to retirement, tenor, type car insurance, car?s type and characteristic income. This study find eight predictors that explain debtor's default potential, that are: marital status, occupation, salary, down payment, time to retirement, tenor, type car insurance, the car?s type. That?s all is confirmed as the most dominant and significant variables in categorizing the debtor behavior in term of paying the credit for determining the probability of default from the debtor."

"Cross collateral dan cross default merupakan suatu kebiasaan yang digunakan dalam pemberian kredit perbankan maupun non-bank. Cross collateral merupakan suatu kondisi dimana satu atau lebih objek jaminan yang digunakan untuk menjamin lebih dari satu kewajiban pembayaran utang atau kredit. Tujuan diberlakukan cross collateral sama dengan tujuan dari fungsi jaminan, yaitu memberikan kreditur posisi yang lebih aman dengan munculnya hak preferen atas jaminan kredit. Untuk memudahkan penerapan cross collateral, maka diberlakukan juga cross default, yaitu keadaan dimana terhadap beberapa kewajiban pembayaran kredit yang terikat jika berada dalam keadaan wanprestasi. Sehingga kewajiban pembayaran kredit yang satu juga akan diangap wanprestasi jika kewajiban pembayaran kredit lainnya yang terikat juga dalam keadaan wanprestasi. Keadaan dimana keadaan wanprestasi mengikat satu sama lain disebut dengan cross default murni sedangkan jika tidak saling mengikat disebut dengan cross default sepihak. Penelitian ini menemukan bahwa dalam pemberian kredit antara LPEI dan PT X dalam pelaksanaan cross collateral terdapat jaminan yang tidak diikat secara sempurna sehingga tidak menimbulkan hak preferen yang merugikan kedudukan kreditur. Sedangkan dalam penerapan cross default yang digunakan adalah cross default sepihak yang juga tidak menguntungkan kreditur. dengan demikian Penulis menyarankan dalam penerapan cross collateral lebih baik jika jaminan terkait diikat secara sempurna agar memberikan hak preferen yang pasti bagi kreditur dan dalam penerapan cross default lebih baik digunakan cross default murni agar jika debitur wanprestasi akan lebih mudah dalam melakukan eksekusi jaminan.

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Cross collateral and cross default are terms that often used as common practice in bank or non bank loan agreements. Cross collateral means a condition where one or more collateral secures one or more loan agreements. The objective of using this term is the same as collateral in general which is to give the lender the preference right that gives a secure position to the lender as the creditor. In order to make this term applicable, loan agreements also use Cross default term, which means a condition where there are one or more loan agreements that become related in default condition. In condition where one loan agreement stated as default, then the other loan agreement will also be stated as default. This cross default term can be applied perfectly if in one or more loan agreement stated that they are applying the cross default term to each other. If only stated in one loan agreement, this can lead to the one sided cross default.

This thesis finds that in applying the cross collateral term in loan agreement between LPEI and PT X, not all collateral secured according to rules, that leads the lender not having the preference right. Beside that, the cross default term that used in the loan agreement is the one sided cross default that makes the lender be in less secure position. The author suggests that in applying the cross collateral term, LPEI should have secured all the collaterals according to rules so that LPEI as creditor has the preference right, and in applying the cross default term, LPEI should have applied the perfect cross default, so that once the borrower stated as default according to loan agreement, LPEI as the creditor has the right to execute the collaterals."

"Desentralisasi adalah penyerahan kekuasaan dari pemerintah pusat kepada daerah sehingga daerah memiliki kewenangannya sendiri untuk melaksanakan pemerintahan. Salah satu tolak ukur dalam penilaian sistem desentralisasi adalah dari segi keuangan daerah. Undang-Undang Nomor 17 Tahun 2003 tentang Keuangan Negara menentukan bahwa bagi daerah kekuasaan pengelolaan keuangan negara diserahkan kepada kepala daerah untuk mengelola keuangan daerahnya sendiri. Penyerahan kekuasaan pengelolaan keuangan kepada kepala daerah dapat dimaknai sebagai bentuk kemandirian keuangan daerah karena terpisah pengelolaannya dari keuangan pemerintah pusat. Hal tersebut menunjukkan daerah layaknya suatu badan hukum yang didirikan oleh negara, sehingga memiliki hak dan kewajiban yang terpisah dari hak dan kewajiban negara. Untuk melaksanakan kewajiban-kewajiban yang dimilikinya, daerah memiliki sumber-sumber pendanaan yang terdiri dari pendapatan asli daerah, pendapatan transfer, dan pendapatan daerah lain yang sah. Meskipun terdapat berbagai sumber pendanaan tersebut, masih terdapat celah fiskal sehingga daerah masih membutuhkan dana dari sumber lain seperti pinjaman yang mengakibatkan daerah memiliki kewajiban utang. Dalam melaksanakan pemerintahan, terdapat berbagai macam risiko yang dapat menyulitkan kondisi keuangan daerah. Kesulitan keuangan yang berlarut-larut akan mengakibatkan daerah gagal untuk memenuhi kewajibannya atau yang disebut dengan gagal bayar. Dalam menangani gagal bayar guna menjamin kelangsungan aktivitas pemerintahan daerah, diperlukan suatu mekanisme penanganan gagal bayar. Penelitian ini fokus kepada analisis mengenai pengelolaan keuangan daerah sebagai badan hukum publik serta mengenai penanganan gagal bayar daerah dalam pengaturan keuangan daerah di Indonesia. Metodologi yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah yuridis-normatif dengan pendekatan undang-undang serta disusun secara deskriptif. Hasil penelitian ini menemukan status badan hukum daerah dapat ditemukan dalam pengelolaan keuangannya, terutama dalam aspek kekuasaan pengelolaan keuangan, sumber pendapatan, serta penganggaran. Kemudian, penelitian ini menemukan bahwa penanganan gagal bayar daerah dalam pengaturan keuangan daerah di Indonesia masih memiliki kekurangan karena tidak memberikan perlindungan hukum secara menyeluruh kepada para pihak yang terlibat.

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Decentralization is the transfer of power from the central government to regions so regions have their own authority to govern. The financial aspect is one of the indicators of decentralization. Law Number 17 of 2003 on State Finance stipulates that for regions, the authority to manage state finances is delegated to regional heads to manage their own respective region’s finances. The delegation of authority to manage their own finances is interpreted as the regional finance’s independence due to its distinction from the central government’s financial management. This shows that a region resembles a state-established legal person, thus separates its rights and obligations from the state’s. To conduct their obligations, regions have revenue sources that consists of original regional revenue, transfer revenue, and other legitimate regional revenue. Although those sources of funding exist, there are still fiscal gaps which requires regions to find funding from other sources, namely loans which results in debt obligation for regions. Regions face risks in governing which could cause distress to the region’s finances. Protracted financial distress could results in regions defaulting on their obligations. In dealing with default to ensure the continuity of regional government, a mechanism to manage default is requisite. This study primarily concerns on analyzing the financial management of regions as a public legal person and the default management for regions in Indonesian regional finance regulations. The methodology utilized in this study is juridical-normative with a statutory approach along with a descriptive structure. This study finds that region’s financial management, particularly in the areas of financial management authority, revenue resources, and budgeting, reflects their status as a public legal person. This study also discovered that the default management in Indonesian regional finance regulation still have shortcomings since it fails to provide adequate legal protection to the parties involved."

"Penelitian ini mengkaji distribusi dan sebaran peluang dari durasi kejadian waktu dari mulai kredit diberikan kepada debitur hingga terjadinya kredit bermasalah (default) dan menjelaskan karakteristik atau faktor-faktor apa saja yang mempengaruhi risiko terjadinya default. Hasil penelitian ini dapat digunakan oleh PT Bank ABC Tbk untuk memperkuat pengendalian risiko kredit dan strategi yang efektif dalam pemasaran Kredit Salary Based PT Bank ABC Tbk. Metode Survival Analysis yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah metode non parametrik Kaplan Meier dan metode semi parametrik Cox Proportional Hazard. Hasil Penaksiran dengan metode Kaplan Meier digunakan untuk mengetahui sebaran time to default debitur Salary Based sejak kredit diberikan. Sedangkan metode Cox Propotional Hazard digunakan untuk menjelaskan karakteristik dari debitur yang dapat mempengaruhi terjadinya default. Sampel data yang digunakan adalah debitur Kredit Salary Based yang direalisasikan pada bulan Desember 2015 dan mulai diamati dari bulan Januari 2016 sampai dengan bulan Desember 2018 dengan kategori peminjam masih aktif bekerja. Hasil penaksiran menggunakan metode Kaplan Meier menunjukan bahwa peminjam Kredit Salary Based mulai mengalami default pada bulan ke empat sejak kredit tersebut diberikan dan terus mengalami peningkatan hingga akhir pengamatan. Hasil penaksiran menggunakan Metode Cox Proportional Hazard menunjukkan bahwa karakteristik atau faktor-faktor demografi yang mempengaruhi terjadinya default adalah wilayah domisili, tingkat pendidikan, usia, status pernikahan, status kepegawaian, dan tingkat penghasilan. Sedangkan karakteristik produk yang mempengaruhi terjadinya default adalah jangka waktu kredit.

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This study examines the distribution of opportunities for the duration of the event from the time credit is given to the debtor to the occurrence of nonperforming loans (default) and explains the characteristics or factors that influence the risk of default. The results of this study can be used by Bank ABC to strengthen credit risk control and develop an effective strategy for marketing the bank’s salary-based credit. The survival analysis methods used in this research are the Kaplan-Meier nonparametric method and the semiparametric Cox proportional hazard method. Assessment results using the Kaplan-Meier method are used to determine the time to default distribution of salary-based debtors since the credit was given. The Cox proportional hazard method is used to explain the characteristics of the debtor that can affect the occurrence of default. The data sample of salary-based credit debtors who were actively employed was realized in December 2015 and observed between January 2016 and December 2018. The Kaplan-Meier method results show that the salary-based credit borrowers began to experience default in the fourth month since the credit was given and continued to increase until the end of the observation. The Cox proportional hazard method results show that the demographic characteristics that influence the occurrence of default are domicile area, education level, age, marital status, employment status, and income level. Meanwhile, a product characteristic that affects the occurrence of default is the credit period"

"Tesis ini membahas tentang analisis terhadap Cidera Janji yang diakibatkan oleh ketidaksesuaian pengembalian fasilitas pembiayaan berdasarkan jadwal angsuran pokok dalam Pembiayaan Mudharabah yang sifatnya Natural Uncertainty Contract dengan melakukan studi pada kebijakan penggunaan akad standar PT. Bank Syariah X. Melalui metode penelitian normatif dengan tipe penelitian evaluatif untuk melakukan review terhadap klausula cidera janji pada Akad Standar. Sehingga dalam pembuatan klausula Cidera Janji sesuai dengan prinsip-prinsip dalam teori-teori akad, fatwa dan ketentuan peraturan perundang-undangan yang berlaku (hukum positif).

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This thesis discusses the analysis of default of contract, caused by the mismatch of return based financing facility scheduled principal installments that are in Mudharabah Natural Uncertainty Contract by conducting policy studies on the use of standard contract PT. Bank Syariah X. This thesis use normative research methods to the type of evaluative research to conduct a review of default of contract clause in the Standard Akad. Thus, in the drafting of default of contract clause, in accordance with the principles of contract theories, fatwa and provisions of applicable legislation (positive law)."

"Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh penggunaan variabel terkait data aplikasi, data transaksi, dan data makroekonomi terhadap probability of default (PD) dari portofolio kartu kredit pada salah satu bank konvensional di Indonesia. Penelitian ini bersifat kuantitatif yang menerapkan metode statistik terhadap data account kartu kredit beserta status pembayaran, pertumbuhan Pendapatan Domestik Bruto (PDB), inflasi, suku bunga Bank Indonesia, tingkat pengangguran, Indeks Harga Properti Residensial (IHPR), dan Indeks Harga Konsumen (IHK) pada periode 2011-2013. Metode analisis yang digunakan adalah discrete survival analysis yang diterapkan melalui regresi logistik pada data panel dengan mengkondisikan data yang digunakan merupakan rekaman data sejak account kartu kredit dibuka hingga akhirnya account tersebut menjadi default ataupun lunas. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian dapat diperoleh kesimpulan bahwa penggunaan kombinasi variabel data aplikasi, transaksi, dan makroekonomi dapat meningkatkan akurasi dari model probability of default yang dihasilkan.

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The focus of this study to determine the application, behavioral, and macroeconomic variables impact to credit card probability of default (PD) in one of conventional bank in Indonesia. This study is quantitative research using statistic method. The data used in this study are credit card account?s records and its deliquncy per day, Gross Domestic Product growth (GDP), inflation rate, Bank of Indonesia rate, unemployement rate, house price index, and consumer price index during 2011-2013. Discrete survival analysis method is used through applying logistic regression on panel dataset with data that contain default is conditional on no prior default having occurred on that account."

"Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis penyebab gagal bayar asuransi dan pengaruh penerapan PSAK 71 dan PSAK 74 terhadap risiko gagal bayar. Analisis dilakukan dengan menggunakan Teori Regulasi Kepentingan Publik (public interest regulation theory). Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian kualitatif dengan metode studi kasus. Data penelitian bersumber dari kuesioner dan wawancara. Analisis data dilakukan dengan menggunakan analisis konten, tematik, dan konstan komparatif. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa gagal bayar dapat terjadi karena: (1) fraud, (2) underreserved, (3) lemahnya tata kelola atau pengendalian internal, (4) manajemen investasi yang buruk, (5) portofolio produk asuransi, dan (6) lemahnya regulasi dan pengawasan yang dilakukan oleh regulator. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa terdapat perbedaan pandangan mengenai apakah PSAK 71 dan PSAK 74 sudah sesuai dengan Teori Regulasi Kepentingan Publik karena sebagian berpendapat bahwa kedua PSAK tersebut dapat mengurangi risiko gagal bayar, sebagian berpendapat bahwa PSAK tidak memiliki korelasi dengan gagal bayar, dan sebagian lainnya menyatakan tidak tahu. PSAK 71 dan PSAK 74 akan mengubah pelaporan keuangan perusahaan asuransi menjadi lebih konservatif, transparan, mudah dibandingkan dan akuntabel. Dengan begitu, secara tidak langsung akan mempengaruhi manajemen risiko dan tata kelola perusahaan asuransi. PSAK 74 juga mengubah proses pencadangan menjadi lebih konservatif

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This study aims to analyze the causes of insurance insolvency and the effect of PSAK 71 and PSAK 74 implementation on the risk of default. Analysis is carried out by using Public Interest Regulation Theory. This is a qualitative research with case study method. Research data are sourced from questionnaires and interviews. Data analysis is done by using content, thematic, and constant comparative analysis. The results indicates that defaults can occur due to: (1) fraud, (2) underreserved, (3) weak governance or internal control, (4) poor investment management, (5) insurance product portfolio, and (6) weak regulations and supervision carried out by regulators. The study shows that there are different views about whether PSAK 71 and PSAK 74 is in accordance with Public Interest Regulation Theory because some argue that both PSAK can reduce the risk of default, some argue that PSAK does not have a correlation with default, and some others state that they do not know. PSAK 71 and PSAK 74 will turn insurance companies financial reporting to be more conservative, transparent, comparable and accountable. That way, it will indirectly affect the risk management and governance of insurance companies. PSAK 74 also turns the reserving process into more conservative."

"[Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui dan menganalisa apakah penanggung utang dapat dimohonkan pailit oleh kreditur dengan berdasarkan pada utang-utang debitur utama pada saat terjadi wanprestasi serta prosedur pengajuanpermohonan pailit apabila penanggung utang dapat dipailitkan oleh kreditur berdasarkan pada utang debitur utama yang wanprestasi. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode penelitan hukum yuridis normatif, dengan cara menganalisa norma-norma hukum yang berlaku dalam peraturan perundang-undangan dibidang kepailitan. Bahwa penanggung utang dapat diajukan pailit oleh kreditur dengan didasarkan pada sisa utang yang belum dibayarkan oleh debitur utama, dan pengajuan pailit tersebut dilakukan dengan cara terlebih dahulu mempailitkandebitur utama. sisa utang yang belum terbayarkan setelah dilakukan pemberesan utang debitur utama merupakan utang yang masih harus ditanggung dan menjadi kewajiban bagi penanggung untuk melunasinya. Bahwa setelah dilakukan penelitian lebih lanjut dapat disimpulkan bahwa penanggung utang dapat dipailitkan oleh kreditur dengan didasarkan pada sisa utang debitur utama berdasarkan perjanjian pokok. Hal mana menunjukkan bahwa kewajiban pembayaran sisa utang tersebut berpindah pada penanggung dengan segala akibat hukumnya. Permohonan pailit terhadap penanggung.

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The purpose of this research are to know and analyze where creditor are able to file the bankruptcy lawsuit against the guarantor base on debt of the default debtor, and the procedures of bankruptcy lawsuit if the creditor are able to file the bankruptcy lawsuit against the guarantor base on debt of the default debtor. The legal research method to analyze the data are normative law (yuridis normatif), by analyze prevailing legal norms on bankruptcy sector. The Creditor are able to file the bankruptcy lawsuit to the guarantor base on outstanding debt of main debtor, and the bankruptcy lawsuit to the guarantor are filed after prior filed the bankruptcy lawsuit to the main debtor. The guarantor is responsible to pay the outstanding debt after the debt settlement of main debtor. After doing the research we are in conclusions that the guarantor are able to be filed of bankruptcy by the creditor base on outstanding debt of main debtor. Were the obligation to pay the outstanding debt are switch to the guarantor with all law consequences. The bankruptcy lawsuits to the guarantor are filed after prior filed the bankruptcy lawsuit to the main debtor. Unfortunately the Indonesian civil code regulates the exception of those regulations that made the differences of the procedure to file the bankruptcy lawsuits. Therefore we suggest for making the specific regulation for submitting the bankruptcy lawsuits to the guarantor. The purpose of this research are to know and analyze where creditor are able to file the bankruptcy lawsuit against the guarantor base on debt of the default debtor, and the procedures of bankruptcy lawsuit if the creditor are able to file the

bankruptcy lawsuit against the guarantor base on debt of the default debtor. The legal research method to analyze the data are normative law (yuridis normatif), by analyze prevailing legal norms on bankruptcy sector. The Creditor are able to file the bankruptcy lawsuit to the guarantor base on outstanding debt of main debtor, and the bankruptcy lawsuit to the guarantor are filed after prior filed the bankruptcy lawsuit to the main debtor. The guarantor is

responsible to pay the outstanding debt after the debt settlement of main debtor. After doing the research we are in conclusions that the guarantor are able to be filed of bankruptcy by the creditor base on outstanding debt of main debtor. Were the obligation to pay the outstanding debt are switch to the guarantor with all law consequences. The bankruptcy lawsuits to the guarantor are filed after prior

filed the bankruptcy lawsuit to the main debtor. Unfortunately the Indonesian civil code regulates the exception of those regulations that made the differences of the procedure to file the bankruptcy lawsuits. Therefore we suggest for making the specific regulation for submitting the bankruptcy lawsuits to the guarantor.;The purpose of this research are to know and analyze where creditor are able to file the bankruptcy lawsuit against the guarantor base on debt of the default debtor, and the procedures of bankruptcy lawsuit if the creditor are able to file the

bankruptcy lawsuit against the guarantor base on debt of the default debtor. The legal research method to analyze the data are normative law (yuridis normatif), by analyze prevailing legal norms on bankruptcy sector. The Creditor are able to file the bankruptcy lawsuit to the guarantor base on outstanding debt of main debtor, and the bankruptcy lawsuit to the guarantor are filed after prior filed the bankruptcy lawsuit to the main debtor. The guarantor is

responsible to pay the outstanding debt after the debt settlement of main debtor. After doing the research we are in conclusions that the guarantor are able to be filed of bankruptcy by the creditor base on outstanding debt of main debtor. Were the obligation to pay the outstanding debt are switch to the guarantor with all law consequences. The bankruptcy lawsuits to the guarantor are filed after prior

filed the bankruptcy lawsuit to the main debtor. Unfortunately the Indonesian civil code regulates the exception of those regulations that made the differences of the procedure to file the bankruptcy lawsuits. Therefore we suggest for making the specific regulation for submitting the bankruptcy lawsuits to the guarantor., The purpose of this research are to know and analyze where creditor are able

to file the bankruptcy lawsuit against the guarantor base on debt of the default

debtor, and the procedures of bankruptcy lawsuit if the creditor are able to file the

bankruptcy lawsuit against the guarantor base on debt of the default debtor. The

legal research method to analyze the data are normative law (yuridis normatif), by

analyze prevailing legal norms on bankruptcy sector.

The Creditor are able to file the bankruptcy lawsuit to the guarantor base on

outstanding debt of main debtor, and the bankruptcy lawsuit to the guarantor are

filed after prior filed the bankruptcy lawsuit to the main debtor. The guarantor is

responsible to pay the outstanding debt after the debt settlement of main debtor.

After doing the research we are in conclusions that the guarantor are able to

be filed of bankruptcy by the creditor base on outstanding debt of main debtor.

Were the obligation to pay the outstanding debt are switch to the guarantor with all

law consequences. The bankruptcy lawsuits to the guarantor are filed after prior

filed the bankruptcy lawsuit to the main debtor. Unfortunately the Indonesian civil

code regulates the exception of those regulations that made the differences of the

procedure to file the bankruptcy lawsuits. Therefore we suggest for making the

specific regulation for submitting the bankruptcy lawsuits to the guarantor.]"

"Tujuan Penelitian ini adalah untuk membandingkan kemampuan dua teknik sebagai pendekatan untuk memperoleh nilai pasar ekuitas yang dipakai untuk memprediksi kepailitan yaitu metode arus kas dan metode harga pasar saham (stock price), dengan menggunakan model merton dan KMV. Cooperstein, Pennacchi, dan Redburn(1995) dalam penelitiannya memberikan sebuah metode untuk mengestimasi nilai pasar ekuitas untuk mencari nilai pasar aset dan volatilitas aset bank dengan menggunakan data arus kas bank yang didapat dari laporan keuangan bank (laba rugi). Cara ini memungkinkan bank yang tidak go public bisa menghitung distance to default dan probability of default menggunakan model kuantifikasi yang ada untuk mengukur resiko kreditnya. Kemudian dua teknik tersebut diperbandingkan dengan ADZ Score yang merupakan alat ukur kerapuhan bank berdasarkan rasio-rasio dari laporan keuangan. Berdasarkan analisa hasil penelitian keduanya memiliki kekuatan dan kelemahan masing-masing, metode arus kas menghasilakan angka probability of default diatas 50% untuk 13 sampel bank. Sedangkan metode harga saham angka probablity of default sangat bervariatif yaitu kurang dari 1% hingga 48%.

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The purpose of this research is to compare the ability of two methods to measure market value of equity for predicting probability of default encompasses cash flow and stock price method by using Merton's model and KMV. Cooperstein, Pennacchi, and Redburn (1995) in their research give a method to estimate market value of asset and asset volatility of bank by using cash flow data from bank?s financial report (profit and loss). This method is useful for non-listing (private) banks to calculate distance to default and probability of default using quantitative model for measuring its credit risk. The results of these two methods are compared to ADZ Score which it is a measurement tool of insolvency bank base on financial report ratios. Based on result analysis both of them have their own advantages and weaknesses, cash flow method effect to the number probability of default over 50% for 13 bank's sample. Conversely stock price?s method gives wide variety of default probability result less than 1% up to 48% for those bank's sample."

"Prinsip cross collateral merupakan suatu keadaan di mana debitur mengikatkan jaminan yang sama dalam dua fasilitas kredit atau lebih. Penerapan prinsip ini memberikan kemudahan bagi debitur yang memiliki nilai jaminan yang cukup untuk mendapatkan dua atau lebih fasilitas kredit dari kreditur. Untuk dapat melaksanakan prinsip ini dalam hal eksekusi jaminan terhadap debitur yang wanprestasi maka diperlukan prinsip cross default yaitu suatu kondisi dimana debitur terhadap fasilitas-fasilitas tersebut berjanji untuk saling mengikat dalam keadaan lalai. Debitur dikategorikan default pada kondisi ini hanya dengan syarat bahwa salah satu fasilitas kredit tersebut telah berada dalam keadaan default. Permasalahan yang akan dibahas yaitu : penerapan cross collateral dan cross default dalam perjanjian line facility pembiayaan musyarakah pada PT. Bank Muamalat Indonesia, Tbk dan efektifitas cross collateral dan cross default sebagai upaya mencegah perjanjian line facility pembiayaan musyarakah bermasalah pada PT. Bank Muamalat Indonesia, Tbk. Metode Penelitian yang digunakan dalam penulisan ini adalah yuridis normatif. Teknik pengumpulan data menggunakan studi kepustakaan dan wawancara serta data diolah secara kualitatif. Prinsip cross collateral dan cross default ini tidak hanya diterapkan pada perbankan konvensional namun juga pada perbankan syariah, salah satunya yaitu pada Bank Muamalat Indonesia. Pada Bank Muamalat Indonesia penerapan cross collateral dan cross default sering digunakan pada pembiayaan muyarakah yang bersifat line facility dengan tujuan modal kerja dengan debitur one obligor.

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The principle of cross collateral is a state in which the debtor binds the same security into two or more credit facilities. The application of this principle renders ease for debtors who have enough collateral value to obtain two or more credit facilities from creditors. In order to implement this principle in the case of the execution of collateral against a debtor in default, the implementation will require the cross default principle which is a condition where the debtor toward these facilities agrees to bind to each other in a state of neglect. A debtor is categorized as in default under this condition only on the condition that one of the credit facilities has been in a state of default.

The issues that are to be discussed are : the application of cross collateral and cross default in a musharaka financing line facility agreement with PT. Bank Muamalat Indonesia, Tbk and the effectiveness of cross collateral and cross default as an effort to prevent problems found in a musharaka financing line facility agreement at PT. Bank Muamalat Indonesia, Tbk.

The research method used in this paper is the normative juridicial method. The data collection techniques used are literature study and interviews, and also the data obtained is qualitively processed. The principles of cross collateral and cross default are not only applicable to conventional banking, but also in Islamic banking, one of which is the banking practice of Bank Muamalat Indonesia. The application of cross collateral and cross default at Bank Muamalat Indonesia is often used in its musharaka financing line facilities with the objective of working capital facility with a one obligor debtor."