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"Latar Belakang: Perforasi merupakan suatu kesalahan yang dapat menyebabkan dampak luas pada perawatan endodontik. Hal ini bisa terjadi saat melakukan akses ke kamar pulpa dan akan melibatkan jaringan periodonsium. Oleh sebab itu perforasi harus segera ditutup untuk meminimalkan terjadinya kontaminasi baik yang terjadi selama perawatan maupun setelah perawatan. Untuk diperlukan bahan yang mempunyai biokompatibilitas baik dan waktu setting yang pendek serta mempunyai kemampuan penutupan yang baik. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah menganalisis perbedaan kebocoran mikro antara MTA dengan Biodentine sebagai bahan penutup perforasi akses. Metode: Kebocoran mikro dinilai dengan melihat penetrasi zat metilen biru antara bahan restorasi dengan dinding perforasi saluran akar menggunakan mikroskop stereo. Analisis data dengan uji Kolmogorov-smirnov. Hasil: Berdasarkan uji Kolmogorov-Smirnov menunjukkan hasil tidak terdapat perbedaan bermakna kebocoran mikro antara Biodentine dan MTA Kesimpulan: Biodentine dan MTA tidak ada perbedaan dalam hal kebocoran mikro yang digunakan sebagai bahan penutup perforasi akses.

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Background: Perforation is one of the most common problem can cause wide effect in endodontic treantment. It happened when operator tried to make an access to the pulp chamber. Contamination to the root canal from the perforation site can decreased the healing abbility, that is why perforation had to be treated as soon as it happened. The aim of this present study was to evaluate microleakage on MTA and Biodentine as material for treat access perforation.

Methods: Microleakage was evaluated by assassed metilen blue penetration between restoration material and perforation site using stereo microscope. The data was analyzed with Kolmogorov-Smirnov.

Results: Based on data analyzing there is no differences between two materials.

Conclusion: MTA and Biodentine had no significant differences on microleakage as a treatment material for access perforation."

"Latar Belakang: MTA modifikasi merupakan perkembangan material MTA konvensional sebagai upaya untuk memperbaiki sifat fisiknya. Tujuan: Menganalisis perbedaan kebocoran mikro antara MTA konvensional dan MTA modifikasi pada penutupan perforasi. Metode: Empat puluh spesimen gigi premolar dengan perforasi lateral, ditutup dengan MTA konvensional dan MTA modifikasi. Setelah 24jam, spesimen direndam dalam tinta india selama 24jam. Kebocoran mikro dinilai dengan melihat penetrasi tinta india menggunakan mikroskop stereo (20x). Uji statistik menggunakan Chi-Square (p<0,05) Hasil: MTA modifikasi menunjukkan nilai kebocoran mikro (0,5-1mm) lebih kecil (25%) dibandingkan MTA konvensional (45%), namun tidak berbeda bermakna. Kesimpulan: Terlihat kebocoran mikro pada penutupan perforasi, baik menggunakan material MTA konvensional maupun MTA modifikasi.

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Background: Modified MTA is an advancement of MTA to improve its undesirable properties. Objective: To analyze the microleakage of conventional MTA and modified MTA in perforation treatment. Methods: Forty specimens of human’s premolar teeth with lateral perforations were sealed by conventional MTA and modified MTA. After 24 hours, the specimens were immersed in Indian ink for 24 hours. The score of microleakage was determined using stereo microscope (20x). Statistical analysis was done by Chi Square (p<0,05). Result: Less microleakage score (0,5-1mm) was detected in modified MTA (25%) compared to conventional MTA (45%), although not statistically significant. Conclusion: Microleakages were detected in both conventional and modified MTA as material for perforation treatment."

"Pada tahap pengerasannya, material bioaktif akan mengalami mekanisme hidrasi dengan melepaskan beberapa ion yang dikandungnya. Reaksi pada permukaan material ini dapat melepaskan dan merubah konsentrasi dari ion-ion terlarut yang akan memicu terjadinya respon intraseluler dan ekstraseluler dan akan mengkonduksi terjadinya pembentukan jaringan keras. Ion kalsium (Ca2+) yang dilepas material bioaktif berperan dalam fungsinya sebagai peningkat pH, bakterisid, menekan aktivitas osteoklas, serta merangsang pembentukan fibroblas.Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk menganalisis pelepasan ion Ca2+ dari material bioaktif MTA-Angelus® dan Biodentine®. Sebanyak 46 sampel dipersiapkan dengan ukuran Ø 2 mm dan tinggi 2 mm, terdiri dari 23 sampel kelompok MTA Angelus®, dan 23 sampel kelompok Biodentine® direndam dalam air deionisasi selama 1 jam dan 48 jam. Larutan perendam kemudian diukur kadar pelepasan ion Ca2+-nya menggunakan alat atom absorption sphectropometer, kemudian hasilnya diuji statistik menggunakan uji Kruskal Wallis. Hasil uji statistik post hoc Mann Whitney menunjukkan adanya perbedaan yang bermakna diantara semua kelompok dengan nilai signifikansi p≤0,05. Biodentine® terbukti melepaskan ion Ca2+ lebih banyak dibandingkan dengan MTA Angelus® pada waktu pengukuran 1 jam dan 48 jam.MTA Angelus® melepaskan ion Ca2+ lebih cepat jika dibandingkan dengan Biodentine®.

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On the setting stage, the bioactive materials will experience hydration mechanism by releasing a number of their ions. The reaction on the surface of these materials can release and alter dissolved ions concentration which will trigger an intracellular and extracellular responses. This process will also conduct remineralization. The released Ca2+ ions will increase alkalinizing activity, antibacterial, suppressing osteoclast activity as well as stimulating fibroblast formation. The aim of this study is to analyze Ca2+ ion release from MTA Angelus® dan Biodentine® as a bioactive material. As many as 46 samples are prepare with the size of 2 mm in diameters and 2 mm in height. The samples consist of 23 of MTA Angelus® samples, and 23 of Biodentine® samples. Both materials were soaked in deionized water for an hour which will then be measured. Both materials will then be transferred into fresh solution and will be soaked for 48 hours before they would be measured for the second time. The measurements will be conducted by using atom absorption sphectropometer. The result will later be statistically tested using a Kruskal Wallis test. Mann Whitney post hoc’s statistic test result showed a significant discrepancy among all groups, whit the significant value of p≤0,05. . Biodentine® was proven to release more Ca2+ ions compared to MTA Angelus® during the 1 and 48-hour measurments. MTA Angelus® released Ca2+ ion faster than Biodentine® does."

"Latar belakang: Biodentine trade; dan MTA Flow trade; adalah material berbasis kalsium silikat dengan setting time yang cepat, dalam aplikasi klinisnya SIK dikembangkan sebagai pelindung material berbasis kalsium silikat selama proses hidrasi. Tujuan: Membandingkan bentuk interface layer antara SIK dengan Biodentine trade; dan MTA Flow trade;. Metode: Sepuluh sampel pada tiap kelompok, MTA Flow dan Biodentine ditumpat segera dengan SIK pada cetakan silinder plastik 5x5mm, diinkubasi selama 24 jam dalam suhu 370C dan kelembaban 100 , kemudian sampel dipotong dalam arah vertikal dengan diamond disc dan interface layer diamati dengan uji scanning electron microscope SEM dan diuji statistik dengan Mann Whitney Test Hasil: Terdapat perbedaan bentuk interface layer yang bermakna antara kelompok Biodentine trade; dan MTA Flow trade.

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Background: Biodentine trade and MTA Flow trade are calcium silicate cement material with improved setting time. In many clinical situations, glass ionomer cement GIC has been developed to cover calcium silicate cements during hydration.

Objective: To compare the interface layer between Biodentine trade and MTA Flow trade off GIC.

Methods: 10 samples from every group are filled with GIC immediately in a plastic mold, and after that all of the specimens were stored at 370C and 100 humidity for 24 hours to encourage setting. The specimens were then sectioned vertically with diamond disc and examined using a scanning electron microscope magnification 50 200x. Statistical alanysis was done using Mann Whitney Test.

Result: It showed that the interface layer between Biodentine and MTA Flow are significantly different."

"Latar Belakang: Porositas dan kurangnya daya alir MTA yang berpengaruh pada kerapatan tepi dapat diatasi dengan teknik peletakan agitasi ultrasonik indirek. Tujuan: Menganalisis perbedaan kebocoran tepi MTA modifikasi sebagai root-end filling dengan teknik peletakan manual dan agitasi ultrasonik indirek. Metode: Empat puluh gigi premolar dipreparasi saluran akar, diisi, dan dipreparasi retrograde. MTA modifikasi diletakkan dengan teknik manual dan ultrasonik indirek. Sampel direndam dalam tinta india 3x24 jam, kebocoran mikro diamati dengan mikroskop stereo perbesaran 63x, lalu diskor. Uji statistik menggunakan Chi-Square"

"Latar Belakang: Kebocoran mikro dipengaruhi oleh jenis semen saluran akar. Tujuan: menganalisis tingkat kebocoran mikro pengisian saluran akar menggunakan semen resin epoksi (SRE) dan Mineral Trioxide Aggregate (SMTA). Metode: Tiga puluh dua gigi premolar bawah, dibagi dua kelompok sama besar, yaitu kelompok SRE dan SMTA. Setelah pengisian saluran akar, sampel diinkubasi (370C, 24 jam), kemudian direndam dalam tinta India selama 7 X 24 jam. Sampel didekalsifikasi sampai dengan transparan. Kedalaman penetrasi tinta dievaluasi dengan mikroskop stereo. Skor 1 untuk penetrasi tinta 0-0,5 mm, skor 2 untuk penetrasi tinta 0,51-1 mm, dan skor 3 untuk penetrasi tinta >1 mm. Hasil: Distribusi proporsi kebocoran terbesar kelompok SRE terdapat pada skor 1, yaitu sebesar 37,5%. Sedangkan distribusi proporsi kebocoran terbesar kelompok SMTA terdapat pada skor 1, yaitu sebesar 21,9%. Tidak terdapat perbedaan bermakna antara kelompok SRE dan SMTA. Kesimpulan: Semen resin epoksi dan semen MTA memiliki tingkat kebocoran yang sama.

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Background: The microleakage affected by type of root canal sealer.

Purpose: to analyze the microleakage of obturation using epoxy resin-based (SRE) and mineral trioxide aggregate-based (SMTA) as root canal sealer.

Methods: Thirty two mandibular first premolars were equally divided into two groups. They were SRE group and SMTA group. After obturation, the specimens were incubated (370C, 24 h), immersed in Indian ink for 7 days, decalcified, dehydrated, and made transparent. Dye penetration were evaluated under stereomicroscope and given score 1-3. Specimen with 0-0,5 mm dye penetration was given score 1, while 0,51-1 mm penetration was given score 2, and > 1 mm was given score 3. The results were statistically analyzed with Kolmogorov Smirnov test.

Results: The largest proportion distribution in SMTA group was score 1 (37,5%), whilst the largest proportion distribution in SMTA group was score 1 (21,9%). There was no significant difference between the microleakage of epoxy resin-based and mineral trioxide aggregate-based sealer, observed from the one-third apical leakage.

Conclusion: The microleakage of mineral trioxide aggregate based sealer and epoxy resin-based sealer was relatively similar."

"ABSTRAK Odontocem® dan Biodentine®, berbahan dasar kalsium silikat. Tetapi terdapat kandungan lain yang mungkin memiliki efek pada viabiltas sel. Contohnya penambahan steroid dalam Odontocem®. Belum diketahui apakah penambahan steroid tersebut memiliki efek atau tidak terhadap viabilitas sel. Sel fibroblas yang diambil dari Telur Embrio Tertunas (TET), dipajan dengan Odontocem® dan Biodentine® dengan jumlah masing-masing kelompok sebesar 15 well. Kemudian viabilitas sel diukur selama 24 jam dan 72 jam. Hasil penelitian diuji dengan uji statistik Kruskal Wallis dengan uji post hoc Mann-Whitney. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian, didapatkan bahwa Odontocem® dan Biodentine® memiliki efek menurunkan viabiltas sel fibroblas pada pengukuran 24 jam dan 72 jam. Juga viabilitas sel fibroblas pada kelompok perlakuan Odontocem ® lebih tinggi daripada Biodentine® baik pada pengukuran 24 jam maupun 72 jam. ABSTRACT Odontocem® and Biodentine®, both consist of calcium silicate. But there are other substances which may have an effect on cell viability. For example, addition of steroids in Odontocem®. It is not yet known whether these steroids have an effect or not on the cell viability. Fibroblasts taken from Chicken Embryo, added with Odontocem® and Biodentine® by each group of 15 wells. Then the cell viability was measured for 24 hours and 72 hours. The result were tested by Kruskal Wallis statistical test with post hoc test of Mann-Whitney. Based on this research, it was found that Odontocem® and Biodentine® have a lowering effect on the fibroblast cell viability for 24 hours and 72 hours. Thus, fibroblast cell viability the treatment group Odontocem ® is higher than both the measurement Biodentine® 24 hours or 72 hours.;Odontocem® and Biodentine®, both consist of calcium silicate. But there are other substances which may have an effect on cell viability. For example, addition of steroids in Odontocem®. It is not yet known whether these steroids have an effect or not on the cell viability. Fibroblasts taken from Chicken Embryo, added with Odontocem® and Biodentine® by each group of 15 wells. Then the cell viability was measured for 24 hours and 72 hours. The result were tested by Kruskal Wallis statistical test with post hoc test of Mann-Whitney. Based on this research, it was found that Odontocem® and Biodentine® have a lowering effect on the fibroblast cell viability for 24 hours and 72 hours. Thus, fibroblast cell viability the treatment group Odontocem ® is higher than both the measurement Biodentine® 24 hours or 72 hours."

"Latar belakang: Penglepasan ion kalsium oleh material bioaktif dapat berperan penting dalam peningkatan pH yang diperlukan dalam aktivitas antibakteri dan remineralisasi jaringan keras gigi. Tujuan: untuk menganalisis pelepasan ion kalsium dan peningkatan pH dari MTA modifikasi dan Bioceramic pada periode waktu 1,48,168 jam. Metode: Sampel n=30 dipersiapkan dengan ukuran diameter 3 mm tinggi 3 mm, terdiri dari 15 sampel MTA modifikasi, 15 sampel Bioceramic direndam dalam air deionisasi 1,48,168 jam diukur kadar pelepasan ion kalsium menggunakan AAS dan nilai pH menggunakan pHmeter, Uji Kruskal Wallis dan Mann Whitney. Hasil: Terdapat perbedaan yang bermakna diantara semua kelompok dengan nilai signifikansi p le;0,05. Kesimpulan: Bioceramic terbukti melepaskan ion kalsium dan peningkatan pH lebih besar dibandingkan dengan MTA modifikasi pada waktu pengukuran 1,48,168

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Background: Calcium ion release can promote alkalinizing activity and regeneration.

Objective: To analyze calcium ion release and pH changes from modified MTA and Bioceramics as bioactive material.

Methods: 30 samples are prepared with the size of 3 mm in diameter and 3 mm in height. The samples are consist of 15 of modified MTA and 15 of bioceramics. And then immersed in deionized water for an hour which will then be measured in 1, 48, and 168 hours period. And measured atom absorption sphectropometer and pHmeter.

Result: Mann Whitney post hoc rsquo s statistic test result showed a significant discrepancy among all groups, with the significant value of p le 0,05.

Conclusion: Bioceramics was proven to release more calcium ions and more pH elevation compared to modified MTA during the 1 hour, 48 hour, and 168 hours measurements."

"Latar Belakang: Kerapatan pengisian saluran akar merupakan hal yang penting bagi kesuksesan perawatan saluran akar. Pengambilan gutaperca dan preparasi pasak pada restorasi gigi pasca PSA dapat mengganggu kerapatan bahan pengisi yang tersisa. Siler saluran akar sebaiknya dapat mempertahankan kerapatan bahan pengisi setelah dilakukan pembuangan gutaperca dan preparasi pasak. Siler epoksi telah digunakan secara luas karena memiliki sifat adhesif dan kerapatan yang baik dengan dinding saluran akar. Baru-baru ini siler MTA juga telah dikembangkan dan dikatakan memiliki sifat adhesif dan kerapatan yang baik. Tujuan: Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk menganalisis kerapatan sepertiga apeks pengisian saluran akar dengan siler epoksi dan siler MTA setelah dilakukan preparasi pasak. Metode: Preparasi saluran akar dilakukan pada empat puluh gigi manusia dengan saluran akar tunggal dan dibagi menjadi dua kelompok secara acak, yaitu kelompok siler epoksi (SE) dan siler MTA (SM). Preparasi saluran akar dilakukan dengan ProTaper rotary, dan irigasi NaOCl 2,5% dan EDTA cair 17%. Preparasi pasak dengan peeso reamer dilakukan 7 hari pasca pengisian dengan menyisakan bahan pengisi sepanjang 5 mm di bagian apeks. Kerapatan sisa bahan pengisi diukur dengan menghitung penetrasi tinta pada sampel yang telah ditransparansi. Pengamatan dilakukan dengan mikroskop stereo perbesaran 20 kali. Skor 1 untuk penetrasi tinta 0-0,5 mm, skor 2 untuk penetrasi tinta 0,51-1mm, dan skor 3 untuk penetrasi tinta >1 mm. Hasil: Data penetrasi tinta pada kelompok SE: skor 1 sebanyak 35%, skor 2 sebanyak 30%, dan skor 3 sebanyak 35%. Sedangkan pada kelompok SM skor 1 sebanyak 25%, skor 2 sebanyak 30%, dan skor 3 sebanyak 45%. Uji Chi-Square menunjukkan terdapat perbedaan kerapatan yang tidak bermakna antara kelompok SE dan SM. Kesimpulan: Pengisian sepertiga apeks pasca preparasi pasak pada kelompok siler epoksi lebih rapat dibandingkan kelompok siler MTA, namun keduanya tidak berbeda bermakna.

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Background: Root canal obturation sealing ability is an important part of endodontic success. Restoration of endodontically treated teeth may sometimes need post and core. Post preparation procedure requires partial removal of the root canal filling to prepare adequate space for the post and retention of the intra canal post. Root canal sealer should be able to maintain obturation seal. Epoxy sealer has been widely used because its adhesive properties and sealing ability. Recently MTA sealer has also been developed and according to the manufacturer, MTA sealer also has adhesive properties and good sealing ability.

Aim: The aim of this study was to analyze the sealing ability of apical third of the root canal a with epoxy sealer and MTA sealer after post preparation.

Methods: Root canal preparation was performed on forty human teeth with a crown down technique; irrigation with 2,5% NaOCl and 17% EDTA, and lubrication with RC-Prep were used. The canals were then filled with gutta-percha and root canal sealer utilizing a cold lateral condensation technique. MTA Fillapex or AH-Plus were used in the experimental groups. The teeth were cleared with Robertson technique and examined under a stereomicroscope. Post preparation was performed with peeso reamer 7 days after obturation. Residual seal was measured by counting dye leakage. Observations were made with a stereo microscope magnification of 20 times. Score 1 for ink penetration 0-0.5 mm, a score of 2 to 0.51 - 1mm dye leakage, and a score of 3 for dye leakage > 1 mm.

Results: Dye leakage on the SE group: score1 : 35 %, score 2: 30 %, and score 3: 35 %. While the SM group: score 1: 25 %, score 2: 30 %, and score 3: 45 %. Chi-Square test showed no significant differences in density between the SE and SM group.

Conclusion: Dye leakage demonstrated that SE group show less leakage than SM group. Chi-Square test show there is no significant difference between both group."

"Latar Belakang: Siler yang baik adalah yang memiliki tingkat kebocoran mikro yang rendah Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis siler golongan resin SRE dan polidimetilsiloksan generasi baru SPGB Metode: Tiga puluh dua gigi premolar bawah dibagi dua kelompok sama besar yaitu kelompok SRE dan SPGB Setelah pengisian saluran akar dengan teknik kondensasi lateral sampel diinkubasi 370C 24 jam mahkota dipotong menyisakan bagian akar 15 mm dilapis cat kuku kecuali 1 mm dari apeks lalu direndam dalam tinta India selama 7 X 24 jam Lalu sampel didekalsifikasi dengan asam nitrat 5 didehidrasi berturut turut dengan alkohol 80 90 dan 100 dan dibuat transparan dengan metil salisilat 100 Kedalaman penetrasi tinta dievaluasi dengan mikroskop stereo Skor 1 untuk penetrasi tinta 0 0 5 mm skor 2 untuk penetrasi tinta 0 51 1 mm dan skor 3 untuk penetrasi tinta 1 mm Hasil: Distribusi proporsi kebocoran terbesar kelompok SRE terdapat pada skor 2 yaitu sebesar 56 3 Sedangkan distribusi proporsi kebocoran terbesar kelompok SPGB terdapat pada skor 1 yaitu sebesar 68 8 Dengan tes Kolmogorov Smirnov terdapat perbedaan bermakna antara kelompok SRE dan SPGB Kesimpulan: Kebocoran mikro pengisiansaluran akar pada sepertiga apeks dengan siler polidimetilsiloksan generasi baru lebih rendah dibandingkan dengan siler resin epoksi

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Background: An ideal root canal sealer should have good sealing ability The purpose of this study was to analyze the microleakage of obturation using epoxy resin based SRE and new generation polydimethylsiloxane based SPGB as root canal sealer

Methods: Thirty two mandibular first premolars were equally divided into two groups and obturated with lateral condensation technique The sealer used for Group I and Group II were SRE and SPGB respectively After obturation the specimens were incubated 370C 24 h decoronated sealed with nail polish except 1mm from apex immersed in Indian ink for 7 days decalcified with 5 nitric acid solution dehydrated with 80 90 and 100 alcohol consecutively and made transparent by immersing them in 100 methyl salicylate Dye penetration were evaluated under stereomicroscope and givenscore 1 3 Specimen with 0 0 5 mm dye penetration was given score 1 while 0 51 1 mm penetration was given score 2 and 1 mm was given score 3 The results were statistically analyzed with Kolmogorov Smirnov test

Results: The largest proportion distribution in SR group was score 2 56 3 whilst the largest proportion distribution in SPGB group was score 1 68 8 There was a significant difference between the microleakage of epoxy resin based and new generation polydimethylsiloxane based sealer observed from the one third apical leakage

Conclusion: The microleakage of new generation polydimethylsiloxanebasedsealer is lower than epoxy resin based sealer"