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"LATAR BELAKANG: Pendarahan merupakan komplikasi berbagai prosedur operasi, terutama operasi jantung terbuka. Penggunaan mesin pintas jantung-paru mengganggu koagulasi dan menyebabkan pendarahan pascaoperasi. Asam traneksamat sebagai antifibrinolitik sintetik digunakan secara luas untuk mengurangi konsumsi koagulasi sehingga dapat menurunkan jumlah pendarahan dan penggunaan produk darah. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk membandingkan keefektifan antara pemberian asam traneksamat 1gram bolus sebelum CPB dilanjutkan dengan drip 1gram dalam 8 jam dibandingkan dengan bolus 1gram sebelum CPB dan 1gram saat priming dalam mengurangi pendarahan pascaoperasi pada operasi jantung dewasa dikamar operasi pusat jantung terpadu RSCM. METODE: Data dikumpulkan secara konsekutif pada 31 pasien operasi jantung terbuka menggunakan mesin pintas jantung-paru, usia 18-65 tahun dan ASA 1-3. Kelompok 1 (15 pasien) mendapatkan asam traneksamat bolus 1gram sebelum CPB dan 1gram saat priming, kelompok 2 mendapatkan asam traneksamat 1gram bolus sebelum CPB dilanjutkan 1gram drip dalam 8jam. Pendarahan dihitung dari drain mediastinal terhitung sejak off-pump CPB. Dilakukan juga pencatatan penggunaan produk darah, indeks lisis bekuan 30 (TEG), d-dimer dan fibrinogen, serta lama rawat ICU. HASIL: Produksi drain 6jam, 12 jam dan 24jam pada kelompok 2 (171, 252, 386cc), lebih rendah dibandingkan dengan kelompok 1 (325, 409, 555cc) dan bermakna secara statistik pada 3 kali pengukuran (p<0,05). Terdapat penurunan penggunaan produk PRC namun tidak dengan FFP. Sementara dari hasil pemeriksaan laboratorium terdapat perbedaan bermakna pada penurunan indeks lisis bekuan dan peningkatan d-dimer, namun tidak dengan laju penurunan fibrinogen. Lama rawat ICU kedua kelompok tidak bermakna secara statistik. SIMPULAN: Pemberian asam traneksamat 1gram bolus dilanjutkan dengan 1gram drip dalam 8jam lebih efektif dibandingkan dengan 1gram bolus dan 1gram dalam cairan priming dalam mengurangi pendarahan pascaoperasi jantung terbuka dewasa.

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BACKGROUND: Bleeding is a complication of various surgical procedures, especially open-heart surgery. The use of heart-lung bypass machine interfere with coagulation and cause postoperative bleeding. As a synthetic antifibrinolytic tranexamic acid is widely used to reduce the consumption of coagulation so it can reduce the amount of bleeding and the use of blood products. This study is aimed to compare the effectiveness of the administration of tranexamic acid 1gram intravenous bolus before CPB followed by 1gram continous intravenous infusion within 8 hours compared with 1gram intravenous bolus before CPB and 1gram whithin priming solution in reducing postoperative bleeding in adult cardiac surgery at integrated cardiac centers (PJT) Cipto Mangunkusumo hospital.

METHOD: Data collected consecutively in 31 patients who underwent open-heart surgery using the cardiopulmonary bypass machine, age between 18-65 years and ASA 1-3. Group 1 (15 patients) received 1gram intravenous bolus of tranexamic acid before CPB and 1gram whithin priming solution, group 2 (15 patients) received 1gram intravenous bolus of tranexamic acid before CPB followed by 1gram continous intravenos infusion within 8 hours. Bleeding is calculated from the mediastinal drain starting from the off-pump CPB. The use of blood products, clot lysis index 30 (TEG), d-dimer, fibrinogen, and length of stay in ICU also recorded.

RESULTS: Production of 6 hours, 12 hours and 24 hours drain in group 2 (171, 252, 386cc), was lower compared with group 1 (325, 409, 555cc) and statistically significant at 3 times of measurement (p <0.05). There is a decrease in the use of the PRC, but not with FFP. Meanwhile from the results of laboratory testing, there are significant differences in the decrease in clot lysis index and increase in D-dimer, but not with the rate of decrease in fibrinogen. ICU length of stay both groups was not statistically significant.

CONCLUSION: Administration of tranexamic acid 1gram intravenous bolus followed by 1gram continous intravenous infusion within 8 hours is more effective than 1gram intravenous bolus and 1gram within priming solution in reducing postoperative bleeding due to adult open cardiac suregry."

"Latar Belakang: Kecemasan praoperasi selalu menjadi perhatian bagi pasien maupun dokter anestesiologis dan dokter bedah. Pasien-pasien yang dihadapkan pada kenyataan harus menjalani operasi khususnya operasi jantung mungkin akan mengalami kecemasan yang lebih tinggi karena keadaan jantung mereka yang tidak baik, konsep operasi jantung yang menakutkan dan ketidakpastian terhadap hasilnya. Kecemasan akan mengaktifkan stres respon yang menyebabkan stimulasi sistem saraf simpatis yang kemudian akan menstimulasi kardiovaskular dengan meningkatkan jumlah katekolamin darah yang menyebabkan takikardi, hipertensi, iskemik dan infark miokardial. Respon tersebut mungkin mempunyai efek merugikan pada sirkulasi koroner, yang menyebabkan peningkatan morbiditas dan mortalitas. Berbagai penanganan telah dikembangkan, salah satunya adalah dengan pemberian informasi (edukasi). Dengan pemberian edukasi melalui komunikasi efektif, informatif dan empati diharapkan terjadi penurunan tingkat kecemasan pasien sebelum menjalani pembiusan dan pembedahan. Penelitian ini secara umum ingin mengetahui pengaruh edukasi pra-anestesia terhadap tingkat kecemasan pasien dewasa yang akan menjalani operasi jantung terbuka di Instalasi PJT RSUPN Cipto Mangunkusumo.Metode: Penelitian ini menggunakan uji kuasi eksperimen pada pasien dewasa yang akan menjalani operasi jantung terbuka di Instalasi PJT RSUPN Cipto Mangunkusumo. Setelah mendapatkan ijin komite medik dan informed consent, sebanyak 36 subyek didapatkan dengan consecutive sampling pada bulan Maret 2016. Sebelum dilakukan penilaian tingkat kecemasan sebelum edukasi dengan menggunakan instrumen APAIS, terlebih dahulu dilakukan pengukuran tanda vital, kemudian dilanjutkan dengan pemberian edukasi dan diskusi. Jika subyek tidak mengalami gaduh gelisah dan atau tanda bahaya kardiovaskular, maka keesokan hari sebelum subyek dibawa ke ruang operasi, akan dilakukan penilaian ulang tingkat kecemasan subyek dengan menggunakan instrumen yang sama. Hasil: Uji Wilcoxon menunjukkan terdapat penurunan bermakna rerata tingkat kecemasan sebelum edukasi dibandingkan dengan sesudah edukasi (p<0,001). Simpulan: Edukasi pra-anestesia menurunkan tingkat kecemasan pasien dewasa yang akan menjalani operasi jantung terbuka di Instalasi PJT RSUPN Cipto Mangunkusumo.

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Background: Preoperative anxiety is always a concern for patients, anesthetist and surgeon. Patients are faced with the reality had to undergo surgery, especially heart surgery may experience higher anxiety because their heart condition is not good, scary concept of heart surgery and uncertainty of the results. Anxiety will activate the stress response that causes stimulation of the sympathetic nervous system, which then stimulates the cardiovascular by increasing the amount of blood catecholamines that cause tachycardia, hypertension, ischemia and myocardial infarction. The response may have detrimental effects on the coronary circulation, which leads to increase morbidity and mortality. Various handling have been developed, one of which is the provision of information (education). With the provision of education through effective and informative communication with empathy are expected to decline the level of anxiety of patients before undergoing anesthesia and surgery. The objective of this study is to determine the effect of preanesthesia education to the level of anxiety in adult patients undergoing open heart surgery in the Installation of PJT Cipto Mangunkusumo.

Methods: This study used a quasi-experimental trials of adult patients undergoing open heart surgery in the Installation of PJT Cipto Mangunkusumo. After getting permission from the medical committee and getting informed consent, a total of 36 subjects is obtained by consecutive sampling in March 2016. Prior to the assessment of the level of anxiety before education using APAIS instrument, first performed measurements of vital signs, and then continued with education and discussion. If the subject is not experiencing restless and rowdy or cardiovascular distress signal, then the next day before the subject is taken to the operating room, the level of anxiety of the subject will be reassessed using the same instrument.

Results: Wilcoxon test showed that there was a significant decrease in the average level of anxiety before education compared with after education (p<0.001).

Conclusion: Preanesthesia education lowers the level of anxiety in adult patients undergoing open heart surgery in the Installation of PJT Cipto Mangunkusumo."

"Latar belakang : Perdarahan merupakan salah satu komplikasi tersering pascaoperasi katup jantung. Asam traneksamat merupakan golongan antifibrinolitik umum yang digunakan untuk menurunkan jumlah perdarahan pascaoperasi katup jantung. Secara teori, rute pemberian topikal mempunyai efek samping yang lebih sedikit dibandingkan secara sistemik. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh aplikasi asam traneksamat topikal terhadap jumlah perdarahan dan kebutuhan transfusi darah pascaoperasi katup jantung. Metode : Penelitian ini bersifat uji klinis acak terkendali tersamar ganda. Pasien dibagi menjadi kedua kelompok dengan jumlah yang sama, kelompok plasebo (n = 22) dan kelompok perlakuan dengan asam traneksamat (n = 22). Pada kelompok perlakuan, sebanyak 5 gram asam traneksamat dilarutkan dalam 50 mL NaCL 0,9% dan diberikan pada saat mesin jantung paru dihentikan dan saat penutupan sternum. Uji normalitas data dianalisa menggunakan uji Saphiro Wilk, sementara untuk hasil keluaran klinis dan kebutuhan transfusi pascaoperasi menggunakan uji T independen dan Uji Mann Whitney. Hasil: Dari penelitian ini didapatkan jumlah perdarahan inisial pascaoperasi kelompok perlakuan lebih banyak jika dibandingkan dengan kelompok plasebo, namun secara statistik tidak bermakna. (kelompok perlakuan 52,5 (5-230) vs kelompok plasebo (37,5 (10-160), p = 0,301). Secara keseluruhan, pada kelompok perlakuan, total jumlah perdarahan 48 jam pascaoperasi lebih sedikit dibandingkan kelompok plasebo (p = 0,438). Kebutuhan transfusi PRC pascaoperasi kelompok perlakuan lebih sedikit dibandingkan dengan kelompok plasebo, namun secara statistik tidak bermakna (kelompok perlakuan 481,82 ± 372,51 vs kelompok plasebo 543,27 ± 421,11, p = 0,611). Kelompok plasebo merupakan kelompok dengan jumlah kebutuhan transfusi FFP dan trombosit terbanyak (TC p = 0 ,750; FFP p = 0,434). Kebutuhan transfusi kriopresipitat pada kelompok perlakuan lebih banyak dibandingkan dengan kelompok plasebo (median kelompok perlakuan 0 (0-327) vs median kelompok plasebo 0 (0-192), p = 0,962). Simpulan: Pada penelitian ini, aplikasi asam traneksamat topikal tidak memberikan efek yang bermakna dibandingkan plasebo dalam menurunkan jumlah perdarahan dan kebutuhan transfusi pascaoperasi katup jantung. 

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Background: Postoperative bleeding is one of the significant complications in heart valve surgery. Tranexamic acid is a well-known antifibrinolytic drug to reduce postoperative blood loss. Theoretically, the topical application of tranexamic acid provides a better effect than systemic application. This study aims to examine the effect of the topical tranexamic acid application on postoperative bleeding and blood product transfusion after heart valve surgery.

Method: This study was a double-blinded, placebo-controlled, randomized clinical trial. Samples were divided equally into two main groups, the placebo group (n = 22) and the tranexamic acid group (n = 22). Five grams of tranexamic acid were diluted in 50 mL of 0.9% NaCL and was administered after CPB and before sternum closure. The Saphiro-Wilk test was used for analyzing data normality, while clinical outcome and transfusion requirements data were evaluated by the Independent T-test and Mann-Whitney test. 

Result: The initial amount of postoperative bleeding in the tranexamic acid group is greater in comparison of placebo group, however it shows no statistical significance (tranexamic acid 52.5 (5-230) vs. placebo (37.5 (10-160), p = 0.301). Overall, the total of postoperative bleeding within the first 48-hour in the tranexamic acid group is fewer than the placebo group (p = 0.438). PRC transfusion required in the tranexamic acid group is fewer than the placebo group but shows no significance (tranexamic acid 481.82 ± 372.51 vs. placebo 543.27 ± 421.11, p = 0.611). It was found that the placebo group requires the most FFP and thrombocyte transfusion count (TC p = 0 .750; FFP p = 0.434). The need for cryoprecipitate transfusion in the tranexamic acid group is greater than the placebo group (tranexamic acid median 0 (0-327) vs. placebo median 0 (0-192), p = 0.962). 

Conclusion: In this study, the topical tranexamic acid application does not provide significant results compared to placebo group in reducing both postoperative bleeding and blood product transfusion after heart valve surgery.

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"Latar belakang. Kejadian demam pascabedah jantung sering ditemukan akibat tindakan pembedahan maupun penggunaan mesin pintas jantung paru (PJP), demam tersebut sulit dibedakan antara demam akibat infeksi atau inflamasi. Penegakan diagnosa infeksi dengan pemeriksaan kultur membutuhkan waktu lama dan kadang tidak tumbuh bakteri. Prokalsitonin (PCT) diharapkan sebagai penanda infeksi tanpa harus menunggu hasil kultur. Tujuan. Penelitian ini bertujuan menilai kadar PCT dapat membedakan demam infeksi dengan demam inflamasi pada pascabedah jantung. Metode. Penelitian ini dikerjakan di Unit Pelayanan Jantung Terpadu RSCM, dengan subyek pasien dewasa pascabedah jantung terbuka dengan menggunakan mesin PJP diikuti selama lima hari adanya demam dengan suhu ≥ 37,8° C, tanda dan gejala infeksi. Semua subyek diperiksa PCT dan kultur darah sebelum pembedahan, hari pertama, kedua dan kelima pascabedah. Pemeriksaan kultur dikerjakan atas indikasi klinis adanya infeksi. Hasil. Sebanyak 59 subyek pascabedah jantung menggunakan mesin PJP, terdapat dua subyek dropout (meninggal pada hari pertama dan kedua), 22 (37,28%) tidak demam, 32 (54,24%) demam inflamasi dan 5 (8,48%) demam infeksi. Infeksi ditemukan dari kultur sputum (Klebsiella pneumonie), hasil kultur darah, luka operasi, dan urin tidak ditemukan pertumbuhan bakteri. Didapatkan kadar PCT demam infeksi 13,48 ng/ ml dan demam inflamasi 6,90 ng/ ml. Simpulan. Kadar PCT demam infeksi (13,48 ng/ ml) lebih tinggi daripada demam inflamasi (6,90 ng/ ml). Tidak ada beda kadar PCT demam infeksi dan demam inflamasi secara statistik dengan p adalah 0,371.

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Background. Post cardiac surgery fevers usually caused by surgery itself or cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB). Difficulties to differentiated fever caused infection or inflammation. Bacterial culture to prove infections take a long time and sometimes the result is negative. Procalcitonin is sugested infection marker without wait for culture.

Goal. The aim of this study is to know procalcitonin level can differentiate fever cause infectious or inflammation.

Methods. This study performed at Integrated Cardiovascular Unit in RSCM, on adult patients who had open cardiac surgery with CPB, observed for temperature ≥ 37,8° C, sign and symptoms of infections, for 5 days. PCT levels and blood culture performed before surgery, first, second and 5th day after surgery. Culture from other sites performed as indicated.

Results. There are 59 have cardiac surgery with CPB, There are two subject dropout (died on 1st and 2nd days), 22 had no fever (37,28%), 32 had inflammation fever (54,24%) and 5 had infectious fever (8,48%). Infection confirmed by bronchial wash culture (Klebsiella pneumonie), no surgical wound infection, blood and urine culture were negative. We have PCT levels infectious group 13,48 ng/ ml and inflammation group 6,90 ng/ ml.

Conclussion. PCT levels infectious group (13,48 ng/ ml) higher than inflammation group (6,90 ng/ ml). Non parametric diagnostic Mann Whitney U test there are no significant differences of PCT levels between infectious and inflammation group, p=0,371."

"[ABSTRAKLatar belakang: Luaran pasca-bedah jantung penting diketahui untuk menilai kinerja pelayanan bedah jantung anak, sehingga kualitas pelayanan dapat ditingkatkan.Tujuan: Mengetahui luaran jangka pendek (mortalitas, komplikasi pasca-bedah berat lain, dan komplikasi pasca-bedah yang berat) pada anak yang dilakukan bedah jantung. Selain itu, ingin mengetahui faktor risiko terjadinya komplikasi berat pasca-bedah jantung dan membuat sistem skor dari faktor-faktor risiko tersebut.Metode: Setiap anak dengan penyakit jantung yang dilakukan operasi jantung di RSUPN Dr Cipto Mangunkusumo Jakarta sejak April 2014 sampai Maret 2015 diikuti setiap hari sampai pasien pulang atau meninggal. Data demografis, mortalitas, morbiditas atau komplikasi pasca-bedah jantung, dan faktor risiko terjadinya morbiditas pasca-operasi yang berat diambil dari rekam medis. Pasien yang sudah pulang dari rumah sakit, dalam waktu 30 hari pasca-operasi dihubungi untuk mendapatkan data kondisi pasien dalam waktu tersebut (hidup atau meninggal).Hasil: Selama penelitian didapatkan 258 anak dilakukan bedah jantung. PJB terbanyak yang dilakukan bedah jantung adalah ventricle septal defect (28,7%) dan tetralogy of Fallot (24,4%). Komplikasi pasca-bedah jantung terjadi pada 217 (84,1%) anak dan komplikasi berat terjadi pada 49 anak (19%). Komplikasi pasca-bedah jantung terbanyak adalah hipokalsemia pada 163 (63,2%) anak, hiperglikemia 159 (61,6%), low cardiac output syndrome 52 (20,2%), aritmia 48 (18,6%), sepsis 45 (17,4%), dan efusi pleura 39 (15,1%). Komplikasi berat meliputi in-hospital mortality terjadi pada 33 (12,7%) anak dan mortalitas dalam waktu 30 hari pasca-bedah jantung terjadi pada 35 (13,6%) anak, henti jantung 13 (5%), operasi jantung ulang 10 (3,9%), dan gagal organ multipel 19 (7,4%). Faktor risiko yang berhubungan dengan meningkatnya komplikasi pasca-bedah jantung yang berat adalah peningkatan kadar laktat darah [OR 30,7 (IK 95% 8,1-117,6)], PJB sianotik [OR 4,4 (IK 95% 1,2-15,8), dan pemakaian inotropik yang tinggi [OR 7,8 (IK 95% 1,6-38,9)]. Skor faktor risiko ≥ 3 mampu memprediksi anak yang mengalami komplikasi berat pasca-bedah jantung dengan sensitivitas skor 93,9% dan spesifisitas skor 84,2%, dan area di bawah kurva receiver operating characteristic (ROC) adalah 0,94.Simpulan: Mortalitas di rumah sakit pasca-bedah jantung anak sebesar 12,7% dan mortalitas 30 hari pasca-bedah 13,6%. Komplikasi berat lain pasca-bedah 13,6%. Faktor risiko yang berhubungan dengan meningkatnya komplikasi pasca-bedah jantung yang berat adalah peningkatan kadar laktat darah, PJB sianotik, dan pemakaian inotropik tinggi pasca-bedah jantung. Skor faktor risiko ≥ 3 mampu memprediksi anak yang mengalami komplikasi berat pasca-bedah jantung dengan sensitivitas skor 93,9% dan spesifisitas skor 84,2%.

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ABSTRACTBackground: Outcome of children with cardiac surgery is important to evaluate the performance of cardiac surgery program. Identifying the risk factors for major adverse events after cardiac surgery is also important to improve patient care.Objective: To evaluate the incidence of short-term outcome in children after cardiac surgery, including mortality, complication or morbidity, major complications, and the risk factors associated with major adverse events (major complications) at the Dr Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital, Indonesia.Methods: A prospective observational study was conducted from April 2014 until March 2015. All children conducted cardiac surgery, were monitored from the time the cardiac surgery performed until patients were discharged or deceased. During the follow up of all recruited patients, factors associated with the risk of developing major adverse events were identified.Results: A total of 258 patients were recruited during the study period. Of the total, 134 (51.9%) were female. The mean age of the patients was 53.3±3.8 months. Among the patients, 217 (84.1%) had complications. The most complications occurred after cardiac surgery were hypocalcaemia in 163 (63.2%), hyperglycemia in 159 (61.6%), low cardiac output syndrome in 52 (20.2%), arrhythmia in 48 (18.6%), sepsis in 45 (17.4%), and pleural effusion in 39 (15.1%) children. Further, 49 (19%) of recruited patients had major adverse events (major complications), including in-hospital mortality in 33 (12.7%) and 30-day mortality in 35 (13.6%), cardiac arrest in 13 (5%), the need for re-operation in 10 (3.9%), and multiple organ failure in 19 (7.4%) children. Factors associated with the occurrence of major complications were increase in blood lactate [OR 30.7 (95% CI 8.1-117.6)], cyanotic congenital heart disease [OR 4.4 (95% CI 1.2-15.8), and high inotropes on leaving operating room [OR 7.8 (95% CI 1.6-38.9)]. Risk factor score ≥3 could predict major complications after cardiac surgery with sensitivity of 93.9% and specificity of 84.2%, and area under receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was 0.94.Conclusion: In-hospital mortality after paediatric cardiac surgery at Dr Cipto Mangunkusumo hospital is 12,7% and 30-day mortality is 13,6%. Increase in blood lactate, cyanotic congenital heart disease, and high inotropes on leaving operating room are associated with mortality and other major complications in children following cardiac surgery. Risk score ≥ 3 can predict the development of major complication in children after cardiac surgery with sensitivity 93,9% and specificity 84,2%.;Background: Outcome of children with cardiac surgery is important to evaluate the performance of cardiac surgery program. Identifying the risk factors for major adverse events after cardiac surgery is also important to improve patient care.Objective: To evaluate the incidence of short-term outcome in children after cardiac surgery, including mortality, complication or morbidity, major complications, and the risk factors associated with major adverse events (major complications) at the Dr Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital, Indonesia.Methods: A prospective observational study was conducted from April 2014 until March 2015. All children conducted cardiac surgery, were monitored from the time the cardiac surgery performed until patients were discharged or deceased. During the follow up of all recruited patients, factors associated with the risk of developing major adverse events were identified.Results: A total of 258 patients were recruited during the study period. Of the total, 134 (51.9%) were female. The mean age of the patients was 53.3±3.8 months. Among the patients, 217 (84.1%) had complications. The most complications occurred after cardiac surgery were hypocalcaemia in 163 (63.2%), hyperglycemia in 159 (61.6%), low cardiac output syndrome in 52 (20.2%), arrhythmia in 48 (18.6%), sepsis in 45 (17.4%), and pleural effusion in 39 (15.1%) children. Further, 49 (19%) of recruited patients had major adverse events (major complications), including in-hospital mortality in 33 (12.7%) and 30-day mortality in 35 (13.6%), cardiac arrest in 13 (5%), the need for re-operation in 10 (3.9%), and multiple organ failure in 19 (7.4%) children. Factors associated with the occurrence of major complications were increase in blood lactate [OR 30.7 (95% CI 8.1-117.6)], cyanotic congenital heart disease [OR 4.4 (95% CI 1.2-15.8), and high inotropes on leaving operating room [OR 7.8 (95% CI 1.6-38.9)]. Risk factor score ≥3 could predict major complications after cardiac surgery with sensitivity of 93.9% and specificity of 84.2%, and area under receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was 0.94.Conclusion: In-hospital mortality after paediatric cardiac surgery at Dr Cipto Mangunkusumo hospital is 12,7% and 30-day mortality is 13,6%. Increase in blood lactate, cyanotic congenital heart disease, and high inotropes on leaving operating room are associated with mortality and other major complications in children following cardiac surgery. Risk score ≥ 3 can predict the development of major complication in children after cardiac surgery with sensitivity 93,9% and specificity 84,2%., Background: Outcome of children with cardiac surgery is important to evaluate the performance of cardiac surgery program. Identifying the risk factors for major adverse events after cardiac surgery is also important to improve patient care.Objective: To evaluate the incidence of short-term outcome in children after cardiac surgery, including mortality, complication or morbidity, major complications, and the risk factors associated with major adverse events (major complications) at the Dr Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital, Indonesia.Methods: A prospective observational study was conducted from April 2014 until March 2015. All children conducted cardiac surgery, were monitored from the time the cardiac surgery performed until patients were discharged or deceased. During the follow up of all recruited patients, factors associated with the risk of developing major adverse events were identified.Results: A total of 258 patients were recruited during the study period. Of the total, 134 (51.9%) were female. The mean age of the patients was 53.3±3.8 months. Among the patients, 217 (84.1%) had complications. The most complications occurred after cardiac surgery were hypocalcaemia in 163 (63.2%), hyperglycemia in 159 (61.6%), low cardiac output syndrome in 52 (20.2%), arrhythmia in 48 (18.6%), sepsis in 45 (17.4%), and pleural effusion in 39 (15.1%) children. Further, 49 (19%) of recruited patients had major adverse events (major complications), including in-hospital mortality in 33 (12.7%) and 30-day mortality in 35 (13.6%), cardiac arrest in 13 (5%), the need for re-operation in 10 (3.9%), and multiple organ failure in 19 (7.4%) children. Factors associated with the occurrence of major complications were increase in blood lactate [OR 30.7 (95% CI 8.1-117.6)], cyanotic congenital heart disease [OR 4.4 (95% CI 1.2-15.8), and high inotropes on leaving operating room [OR 7.8 (95% CI 1.6-38.9)]. Risk factor score ≥3 could predict major complications after cardiac surgery with sensitivity of 93.9% and specificity of 84.2%, and area under receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was 0.94.Conclusion: In-hospital mortality after paediatric cardiac surgery at Dr Cipto Mangunkusumo hospital is 12,7% and 30-day mortality is 13,6%. Increase in blood lactate, cyanotic congenital heart disease, and high inotropes on leaving operating room are associated with mortality and other major complications in children following cardiac surgery. Risk score ≥ 3 can predict the development of major complication in children after cardiac surgery with sensitivity 93,9% and specificity 84,2%.]"

"Tujuan: Menilai pengaruh pernn khusus pintas jantung pore (PR) pada metabolisme laktat pasta bedah pintas koroner (BPK)Tempat: Unit Tempi Inlensif Rumah Sakit Jantung Harapan Kita, Jakarta, Indonesia.Subyek Penelitian: 40 pasien BPK dengun PJP (BPK-PJP), 20 pasien off pump coronary artery bypass (OPCAB) (n=20), dan 20 pasien yang akan menjalani BPK.Intervensi dan pengukuran: telaah metabolisme laktat dilakukan dengan uji infus natrium laktat (2,5 mmol Natrium laktat 11.2 %/kg BB dalam waktu 15 menit) pada kelompok BPK-PJP(n=20), OPCAB, dan kelompok Pra bedah. Sebagai kontrol pada BPK-PJP(n=20) di-infus natrium klorida 6%(Ionisitns sama dengan natrium laktat 11,2%, 2,5 mmol Natrium klorida dalam waktu 15 menit). Laktat darah arteri diperiksa pada semua kelompok; pada waktu (t) -15, 0, 5, 10, 20, 30, 60, 90, dan 120 menit sesudah infus berakhir. Pada kelompok BPK-PJP laktat darah juga diperiksa pada saat yang bersamaan dari 2 tempat lain yaitu a. pulmonalis dan v. femoralis sehingga dapat dihitung gradien luktat dari otot skelet dan paru-paru. Analisis gas darah ateri dan a. pulmonulis diperiksa sebelum dan sesudah akhir infus pada kelompok BPK-PJP dan OPCAB,dan kemudian dengan termodilusi diukur curah jantung sehingga dapat dihitung indeks kardiak, hantaran oksigen, konsumsi oksigen, rasio ekstraksi oksigen sebelum dan sesudah akhir infus Natrium laktat dan Natrium klorida. Natrium dan glukosa diperiksa pada t-15, t0, dan t120 menit sesudah akhir infus. Bersihan laktat dun produksi laklat endogen tubuh dihitung dari area di buwah kurva (area under the curve) dengan piranti lunak khusus (Kaleidagrrph ®).Kesesuaian bieksponensial memungkinkan untuk membuat model penurunan kurva laktat dalam dua kompartemen (oksidasi laklat di luar hati dan daur ulang laktat),sehingga dengan piranti lunak yang lama dihitung dua waktu paruh (WP1 dan WP1) yang masing-masing merepresentasikan kedua jalur metabolisme laklat tersebut.Hasil: sesudah uji infus natrium laklat tidak terdapat perbedaan yang bermakna dari parameter metabolisme laktat (laktat basal, bersihan laktat. produksi laktat endogen, WP1 dan WP2) antara OPCAB dan pra-bedah. Tidak terdapat perbedaan yang bermakna pada laktat basal dan produksi laklat endogen antara BPK-PJP dengan Prabedah, tetapi pada BM-HP bersihan laktat menurun, WP1 memendek bermakna (p<0,05) dan WP2 (p<0,05) memanjang bermakna. Natrium laklat dan natrium klorida meningkatkan indeks kardiak dan hantaran oksigcn. Tidak terdapat perbedaan yang bermakna pada kenaikan indeks kardiak antara kedua kelompok tersebut, tetapi kenaikan hantaran oksigen akibat natrium laktat (29 ,6%) lebih tinggi bermakna (p<0,001) dibandingkan kenaikan hantaran oksigen akibat natrium klorida (15,13%). Tidak terdapat perbedaan yang bermakna antara pengaruh natrium laktat dan natrium klorida pada konsumsi oksigen dan ekstraksi oksigcn.Infus natrium laktat menyebabkan peningkatan pH yang bermakna (p<0,0001) dan infus natrium klorida menyebabkan penurunan pH yang bermakna (p<0,0005). Bikarbonat meningkat bermakna (p<0,05) pada kelompok pasien yang diinfus natrium laktat dan menurun bermakna pada kelompok pasien yang dinfus natrium klorida. Tidak ditemukan korelasi yang bermakna antara gradien luktat di paru-paru dan a. pulmonalis dan antara gradien otot skelet dan laktat arteri pada BPK-PJP.Kesimpulan: Bersihan laktat pada kelompok BPK-PJP yang mengalami perlakuan uji infus natrium laktat menurun bermakna. Di lain pihak tidak terdapat perbedaan yang bermakna pada parameter metabolisme laktat antara kelompok OPCAB dan Prabedah yang diteliti.Waktu paruh 2 memanjang bermakna, sehingga dengan memperhatikan penelitian terdahulu dapat disimpulkan bahwa: pintas jantung paru dapat mcnyebabkan disfungsi hati (gangguan metabolisme laktat di hati) meskipun dilakukan pada bedah jantung berisiko rendah dan tidak mengalami komplikasi.Natrium laktat meningkatkan hantaran oksigen lebih baik daripada natrium klorida dan berlawanan dengan natrium klorida. pH darah akibat infus nalrium laktat meningkat bermakna.

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Objective: To evaluate the effects of the specific rule of cardiopulmonary bypass (CPH) on lactate metabolism after coronary artery bypass grilling (CABG).

Setting: Intensive Care Unit. National Cardiovascular Center Harapan Kita, Jakarta, Indonesia.

Subjects: Coronary artery bypass grating patients with CPB (n=40) off pump coronary artery bypass (OPCAB) (n=20) and patients who would undergo CABG (n-2020).

Interventions and Measurements: lactate metabolism was investigated by an exogenous lactate challenge lest (ELCT. 2.5 mmol Na-lactate 11,2% /kg body weight in 15 minutes) in the groups of CABG-CPB, OPCAB and Pre surgery. The control group of CABG-CPB (n 20) was investigable with Na-chloride (2,5 mmol Na-chloride 6 % with identical tonicity in 15 minutes). Arterial blood lactate was determined in all groups: T (time)-15. 0.5, 10, 20, 30,60, 90, and 1211 minutes after completion of infusion.

In the group of CABG-CPB blood lactate was examined simultaneously at two other sites. i.e. pulmonary artery and femoral vein such 1l1:11 the gradient of Wide from skeletal muscles and the lungs could be calculated. Blood gas analysis of artery end pulmonary artery was examined before and after infusion in the groups of CABG-CPB. and OPCAB and cardiac output was measured using thermodilution method such that cardiac index, oxygen delivery oxygen consumption, oxygen extraction ratio before and alter infusion of Na-lactate and Na-chloride could be determined. Sodium and glucose were examined at T-I5, 0, and 120 minutes alter completion of infusion. The area under the curve was determined from blood lactate allowing the calculation of lactate clearence and endogenous production. Moreover a hi-exponential titling permitted the modeling of the lactate decay into two compartments (lactate oxidation outside the liver and lactate recycling). Thus, two half-lives (HL1 and HL2) could be calculated using the same software well of which represents both pathways of lactate metabolism.

Results: There was no significant difference after ELCT from the parameters of lactate metabolism (basal tactile, lactate clearance, endogenous production, HL1, and HL2,) between OPCAB and Pre-surgery. No significant difference was found in basal Instate and endogenous production between CABG-CPB and Pre-surgery. However, Instate clearance and HL1 significantly decreased (p< 0.05), while HL2, increased (p<0.05).

Infusion of sodium lactate and sodium chloride increased cardiac index and oxygen delivery. No significant difference was found in the increase of cardiac index between the two groups: however, the increase of oxygen delivery due to sodium lactate (29±2.6%) was significantly higher (p<0.001) than the increase of oxygen delivery due to sodium chloride (15±3.5%). There was no significant difference between the effect of sodium lactate and sodium chloride on oxygen consumption and oxygen extraction ratio.

Infusion of sodium lactate resulted in the significant increase of pH (p< 0,0001) and infusion of sodium chloride resulted in the significant decrease of pH (p<0,0005). Bicarbonate increased significantly (p