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"Perilaku lelaki berhubungan seks tidak aman dengan lelaki merupakan perilaku yang cenderung tertutup dan sulit ditemui di populasi umum, dengan jumlah kaum LSL yang semakin meningkat dan prevalensi HIV dan IMS masih tinggi di kalangan LSL, penelitian terkait HIV pada LSL masih belum banyak ditemui di Indonesia, serta kejadian HIV yang merupakan salah satu masalah kesehatan yang timbul dengan berbagai faktor.Desain penelitian ini adalah potong lintang, dengan menggunakan data sekunder Surveilans Terpadu Biologis dan Perilaku (STBP) pada kelompok Lelaki suka Seks dengan Lelaki (LSL) di Indonesia Tahun 2011, Variabel dependen adalah kejadian HIV (+) dan variabel independennya meliputi karakteristik demografi (umur, pendidikan, pekerjaan, status perkawinan), pengetahuan mengenai HIV-AIDS, perilaku (perilaku seksual dengan pasangan seks tetap, konsumsi napza, merasa berisiko tertular, riwayat mengalami gejala IMS), dan layanan klinik VCT. Analisis data yang dilakukan adalah analisis univariat dan analisis bivariat.Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa proporsi LSL yang mengalami status HIV(+) sebesar 8,5%, rata-rata umur LSL yaitu 29 tahun, sebagian besar LSL berpendidikan SMU/sederajat sebesar 52%, sebagian besar bekerja sebagai karyawan sebesar 32,4%, dengan status belum kawin sebesar 77,5%. Proporsi LSL yang memiliki pasangan tetap sebesar 56,3%. Sebagian besar LSL tidak mengkonsumsi napza sebesar 89,6%, merasa berisiko tertular 64,5% dan sebesar 30,7% LSL pernah mengalami gejala IMS, serta sebagian besar reponden tidak di rujuk ke layanan VCT sebesar 77,2%.Faktor-faktor yang ada hubungan bermakna dengan kejadian HIV (+) pada LSL adalah tingkat pendidikan, status belum kawin dibandingkan dengan status kawin, bekerja disalon/panti pijat yang dibandingkan karyawan, merasa berisiko tertular, dan layanan klinik VCT.

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The behavior of men having unsafe sex with men is tend to be closed and difficult to find in the general population. With the increasing number MSM (Men who have Sex with Men) and prevalence of HIV and STI stil remains high among MSM, HIV-related research on MSM also not widely found in Indonesia, as well as the case of HIV is a health issues that causes with various factors.

The study design was cross-sectional, using secondary data Integrated Biological and Behavioral Surveillance (IBBS) in the group of Men who have Sex with Men (MSM) in Indonesia in 2011. The dependent variable is HIV (+) incidence and the independent variables include demographic characteristics (age, education, occupation, marital status), knowledge about HIV-AIDS, behavior (sexual behavior, drug consumption, perceive by risk of contracting, history of IMS symptoms) and VCT clinics services. Data analysis was performed by univariate and bivariate analysis.

The results showed that the proportion of MSM with HIV (+) status approximately 8.5% , the MSM average age is 29 years old, most of the MSM education was high school/equivalent was 52%, mostly working as an employee approximately 32.4%, unmarried status approximately 77.5%. The proportion of MSM who had a regular partner approximately 56.3 %. Most of the MSM do not consume drugs approximately 89.6%, perceive by risk of contracting approximately 64.5% and approximately 30.7% of MSM had experienced symptoms of IMS, as well as most of the respondents did not refer to the VCT service approximately 77.2%.

Factors that not have significant correlation with the incidence of HIV (+) on MSM is: level of education, unmarried status compared with marital status, work at salon / massage parlor compared by office employees, perceive by risk of contracting , and the VCT clinic services."

"HIV/AIDS berdampak kepada peningkatan kerentanan terkena infeksi penyakit lain yang berujung kepada kematian. Menurut UNAIDS, Indonesia termasuk ke dalam daftar negara dengan kematian akibat AIDS tidak mengalami penurunan atau laju penurunannya kurang dari 25%. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian observasional, dengan desain cross sectional yang bertujuan untuk mengetahui gambaran kejadian dan faktor atau determinan utama yang berhubungan dengan kematian berkaitan AIDS pada pasien HIV/AIDS di unit rawat inap Rumah Sakit Cipto Mangunkusumo pada tahun 2008-2012. Sampel penelitian ini sebanyak 207 pasien. Data pasien diambil dengan memanfaatkan data rekam medis pasien untuk melihat variabel independen yang terdiri dari jenis kelamin, umur, pekerjaan, kadar CD4, faktor risiko penularan, jumlah penyakit yang diderita, status gizi, riwayat gangguan syaraf pusat, riwayat konsumsi obat ARV, dan kondisi psikologis untuk nantinya dihubungkan dengan status kematian pasien HIV/AIDS. Analisis data dilakukan hingga analisis multivariat dengan model prediksi.Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa kematian AIDS sebesar 28,5%. Dari hasil analisis multivariat didapatkan 4 variabel yang berhubungan dengan kematian AIDS, yaitu status gizi kurang dari normal (OR=4,75) dengan 95% CI (2,278-9,917), riwayat gangguan syaraf pusat (OR=1,82) dengan 95%CI (1,025-3,251), jumlah penyakit yang diderita lebih dari 5 penyakit (OR=4,09) dengan 95%CI (1,854-9,043), dan kadar CD4. Kadar CD4 menjadi faktor paling berpengaruh terhadap kematian AIDS dengan nilai OR sebesar 5,9 dengan 95%CI 2,096-17,106. Dari hasil penelitian ini dapat direkomendasikan upaya peningkatan awarenessakan pentingnya kontrol kadar CD4 darah untuk pasien HIV/AIDS dan upaya pendukung lainnya untuk mencegah kematian AIDS seperti peningkatan kualitas gizi pasien AIDS, skrining dan deteksi dini gangguan syaraf pusat, dan pencegahan komplikasi penyakit

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HIV/AIDS impact to increased susceptibility to other diseases infections which lead to death. The death of AIDS is also a problem, especially in Indonesia. According to UNAIDS, Indonesia is included in the list of countries where deaths from AIDS do not decline or rate of less than 25% of his descent. This research is observational research, design with cross sectional. This research aims to know the description and the main factors which related to mortality of AIDS HIV/AIDS in inpatient unit RSUPN Dr Cipto Mangunkusumo in 2008-2012. The sample of this research are 207 patients. Data collected by utilizing the patient's medical record data to see the independent variables consisted of gender, age, job, CD4 levels, risk factors of transmission, the amount of illness suffered, nutritional status, history of central nervous disorders, drug consumption history ARV consumption, and psychological conditions to be linked with the status of a patient's death related with HIV/AIDS. The data analysis done to multivariate analysis with prediction model.

The results showed that the AIDS death prevalence reach up to 28.5%. The results of Multivariate analysis obtained 4 variables related to the death of AIDS, poor nutritional status (OR=4,75) with 95% CI (2,278-9,917), central nervous disorder history (OR=1,82) with 95% CI (1,025-3,251), the number of illnesses suffered more than 5 disease (OR=4,09) with 95% CI (1,854-9,043), and CD4 levels. CD4 levels became the most influential factors towards AIDS deaths with a value of 5, 9 OR and 95% CI (2,096-17,106). From the results can be recommended the efforts to increased awareness toward control CD4 blood levels for HIV/AIDS patients and other supporting efforts to prevent deaths of AIDS such as improved quality of nutrition AIDS patients, screening and early detection of central nervous disorders, and prevention of complications of the disease."

"[ABSTRAKLatar Belakang. Penderita HIV/AIDS di Indonesia semakin meningkat, sedangkan infeksi HIV/AIDS maupun terapi ARV dapat menyebabkan penurunan kadar testosteron yang sangat memengaruhi kualitas hidup penyandang HIV/AIDS. Gejala dan tanda penurunan kadar testosteron pada pria dengan HIV sangat tidak spesifik, sedangkan pemeriksaan laboratorium sangat mahal, sehingga perlu diketahui faktor-faktor pada pasien yang dapat memprediksi penurunan kadar testosteron.Tujuan. Mengetahui apakah jumlah CD4 awal, lamanya terapi ARV, jenis ARV, lipodistrofi dan besarnya lingkar pinggang memengaruhi kadar testosteron bebas pada pria dengan HIV yang mendapat ARV.Metode. Penelitian potong lintang dilakukan pada bulan Maret 2015 di Unit Pelayanan HIV Terpadu RSCM, Jakarta. Subjek adalah pria dengan HIV berusia 18-40 tahun, mendapat ARV teratur sekurangnya dalam 1 tahun terakhir. Pemeriksaan meliputi anamnesis, pengukuran lingkar pinggang dan lipodistrofi, pemeriksaan kadar testosteron total, SHBG dan testosteron bebas (Free Testosteron Index: FTi). Uji regresi linier digunakan untuk menilai faktor-faktor yang berhubungan dengan kadar testosteron bebas pada penelitian ini.Hasil. Dari 54 subjek, didapatkan median usia 35,11 tahun (21-40), median lamanya ARV 59 bulan (16-129), median CD4 awal 57/mm3 (3-443), rerata lingkar pinggang 82,4cm (SB 10,33). Subjek yang mengalami lipodistrofi sebanyak 17 orang (32%). Subjek yang menggunakan ARV lini pertama 48 orang. Median kadar testosteron bebas 30,87% (9,78-85,64) dan subjek yang memiliki kadar testosteron bebas rendah sebanyak 32 orang(59%). Terdapatnya lipodistrofi (p=0,003, OR= -12,25) dan lamanya menggunakan ARV (p=0,002, OR=-0,182) berhubungan dengan kadar testosteron bebas pada penelitian ini.Simpulan : Pada pria dengan HIV yang mendapat terapi ARV, adanya lipodistrofi dan lamanya terapi ARV berhubungan dengan kadar testosteron bebas. Kadar CD4 awal, jenis ARV dan lingkar pinggang tidak berhubungan dengan kadar testosteron bebas.

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ABSTRACTBackground. There are increasing numbers of people living with HIV/AIDS in Indonesia. HIV/AIDS infection could cause a decrease in testosterone level which affect patients? quality of life. Symptoms of decreasing testosterone level in HIV infected male are very unspecific, while laboratory tests are costly. Therefore it is important to know factors that could predict a decrease in HIV patient?s testosterone level.Purpose. To know the correlation between initial CD4 count, duration and type of ARV, lipodystrophy, size of waist circumference with free testosterone level of HIV infected male on ARV.Method. A cross-sectional study was conducted March 2015 in HIV Integrated Clinic, RSCM, Jakarta. The subjects were 18-40 years old, got regular ARV therapy for at least 1 year. Examination includes measuring waist circumference, presence of lipodystrophy, examination of total testosterone, SHBG and free testosterone level (Free Testosterone Index:FTi). Linear regression used to analyze factors associated with free testosterone level in this study.Results. Of 54 subjects examined, the median age was 35.11 years (21-40), median duration of antiretroviral therapy was 59 months (16-129), mean of waist circumference was 82.4 cm (SB 10.33), median of initial CD4 level was 57/mm3 (3-443). Total subjects with lipodystrophy were 17 subjects (32%), subjects who used first-line combination were 48 and 6 subjects used a second line combination. Median level of free testosterone levels was 30.87% (9.78-85.64) and there were 32 subjects with a low free testosterone level (59%). The presence of lipodystrophy (p=0,003, OR=-12,225) and duration of antiretroviral therapy (p=0,002, OR=-0,182) are associated with free testosterone level.Conclusions. Among HIV infected male who receiving antiretroviral therapy, the presence of lipodystrophy and duration of antiretroviral therapy are associated with free testosterone levels. There were no association between initial CD4 count, type of antiretroviral therapy and waist circumference with free testosterone levels.;Background. There are increasing numbers of people living with HIV/AIDS in Indonesia. HIV/AIDS infection could cause a decrease in testosterone level which affect patients? quality of life. Symptoms of decreasing testosterone level in HIV infected male are very unspecific, while laboratory tests are costly. Therefore it is important to know factors that could predict a decrease in HIV patient?s testosterone level.Purpose. To know the correlation between initial CD4 count, duration and type of ARV, lipodystrophy, size of waist circumference with free testosterone level of HIV infected male on ARV.Method. A cross-sectional study was conducted March 2015 in HIV Integrated Clinic, RSCM, Jakarta. The subjects were 18-40 years old, got regular ARV therapy for at least 1 year. Examination includes measuring waist circumference, presence of lipodystrophy, examination of total testosterone, SHBG and free testosterone level (Free Testosterone Index:FTi). Linear regression used to analyze factors associated with free testosterone level in this study.Results. Of 54 subjects examined, the median age was 35.11 years (21-40), median duration of antiretroviral therapy was 59 months (16-129), mean of waist circumference was 82.4 cm (SB 10.33), median of initial CD4 level was 57/mm3 (3-443). Total subjects with lipodystrophy were 17 subjects (32%), subjects who used first-line combination were 48 and 6 subjects used a second line combination. Median level of free testosterone levels was 30.87% (9.78-85.64) and there were 32 subjects with a low free testosterone level (59%). The presence of lipodystrophy (p=0,003, OR=-12,225) and duration of antiretroviral therapy (p=0,002, OR=-0,182) are associated with free testosterone level.Conclusions. Among HIV infected male who receiving antiretroviral therapy, the presence of lipodystrophy and duration of antiretroviral therapy are associated with free testosterone levels. There were no association between initial CD4 count, type of antiretroviral therapy and waist circumference with free testosterone levels.;Background. There are increasing numbers of people living with HIV/AIDS in Indonesia. HIV/AIDS infection could cause a decrease in testosterone level which affect patients? quality of life. Symptoms of decreasing testosterone level in HIV infected male are very unspecific, while laboratory tests are costly. Therefore it is important to know factors that could predict a decrease in HIV patient?s testosterone level.Purpose. To know the correlation between initial CD4 count, duration and type of ARV, lipodystrophy, size of waist circumference with free testosterone level of HIV infected male on ARV.Method. A cross-sectional study was conducted March 2015 in HIV Integrated Clinic, RSCM, Jakarta. The subjects were 18-40 years old, got regular ARV therapy for at least 1 year. Examination includes measuring waist circumference, presence of lipodystrophy, examination of total testosterone, SHBG and free testosterone level (Free Testosterone Index:FTi). Linear regression used to analyze factors associated with free testosterone level in this study.Results. Of 54 subjects examined, the median age was 35.11 years (21-40), median duration of antiretroviral therapy was 59 months (16-129), mean of waist circumference was 82.4 cm (SB 10.33), median of initial CD4 level was 57/mm3 (3-443). Total subjects with lipodystrophy were 17 subjects (32%), subjects who used first-line combination were 48 and 6 subjects used a second line combination. Median level of free testosterone levels was 30.87% (9.78-85.64) and there were 32 subjects with a low free testosterone level (59%). The presence of lipodystrophy (p=0,003, OR=-12,225) and duration of antiretroviral therapy (p=0,002, OR=-0,182) are associated with free testosterone level.Conclusions. Among HIV infected male who receiving antiretroviral therapy, the presence of lipodystrophy and duration of antiretroviral therapy are associated with free testosterone levels. There were no association between initial CD4 count, type of antiretroviral therapy and waist circumference with free testosterone levels.;Background. There are increasing numbers of people living with HIV/AIDS in Indonesia. HIV/AIDS infection could cause a decrease in testosterone level which affect patients? quality of life. Symptoms of decreasing testosterone level in HIV infected male are very unspecific, while laboratory tests are costly. Therefore it is important to know factors that could predict a decrease in HIV patient?s testosterone level.Purpose. To know the correlation between initial CD4 count, duration and type of ARV, lipodystrophy, size of waist circumference with free testosterone level of HIV infected male on ARV.Method. A cross-sectional study was conducted March 2015 in HIV Integrated Clinic, RSCM, Jakarta. The subjects were 18-40 years old, got regular ARV therapy for at least 1 year. Examination includes measuring waist circumference, presence of lipodystrophy, examination of total testosterone, SHBG and free testosterone level (Free Testosterone Index:FTi). Linear regression used to analyze factors associated with free testosterone level in this study.Results. Of 54 subjects examined, the median age was 35.11 years (21-40), median duration of antiretroviral therapy was 59 months (16-129), mean of waist circumference was 82.4 cm (SB 10.33), median of initial CD4 level was 57/mm3 (3-443). Total subjects with lipodystrophy were 17 subjects (32%), subjects who used first-line combination were 48 and 6 subjects used a second line combination. Median level of free testosterone levels was 30.87% (9.78-85.64) and there were 32 subjects with a low free testosterone level (59%). The presence of lipodystrophy (p=0,003, OR=-12,225) and duration of antiretroviral therapy (p=0,002, OR=-0,182) are associated with free testosterone level.Conclusions. Among HIV infected male who receiving antiretroviral therapy, the presence of lipodystrophy and duration of antiretroviral therapy are associated with free testosterone levels. There were no association between initial CD4 count, type of antiretroviral therapy and waist circumference with free testosterone levels.;Background. There are increasing numbers of people living with HIV/AIDS in Indonesia. HIV/AIDS infection could cause a decrease in testosterone level which affect patients? quality of life. Symptoms of decreasing testosterone level in HIV infected male are very unspecific, while laboratory tests are costly. Therefore it is important to know factors that could predict a decrease in HIV patient?s testosterone level.Purpose. To know the correlation between initial CD4 count, duration and type of ARV, lipodystrophy, size of waist circumference with free testosterone level of HIV infected male on ARV.Method. A cross-sectional study was conducted March 2015 in HIV Integrated Clinic, RSCM, Jakarta. The subjects were 18-40 years old, got regular ARV therapy for at least 1 year. Examination includes measuring waist circumference, presence of lipodystrophy, examination of total testosterone, SHBG and free testosterone level (Free Testosterone Index:FTi). Linear regression used to analyze factors associated with free testosterone level in this study.Results. Of 54 subjects examined, the median age was 35.11 years (21-40), median duration of antiretroviral therapy was 59 months (16-129), mean of waist circumference was 82.4 cm (SB 10.33), median of initial CD4 level was 57/mm3 (3-443). Total subjects with lipodystrophy were 17 subjects (32%), subjects who used first-line combination were 48 and 6 subjects used a second line combination. Median level of free testosterone levels was 30.87% (9.78-85.64) and there were 32 subjects with a low free testosterone level (59%). The presence of lipodystrophy (p=0,003, OR=-12,225) and duration of antiretroviral therapy (p=0,002, OR=-0,182) are associated with free testosterone level.Conclusions. Among HIV infected male who receiving antiretroviral therapy, the presence of lipodystrophy and duration of antiretroviral therapy are associated with free testosterone levels. There were no association between initial CD4 count, type of antiretroviral therapy and waist circumference with free testosterone levels., Background. There are increasing numbers of people living with HIV/AIDS in Indonesia. HIV/AIDS infection could cause a decrease in testosterone level which affect patients? quality of life. Symptoms of decreasing testosterone level in HIV infected male are very unspecific, while laboratory tests are costly. Therefore it is important to know factors that could predict a decrease in HIV patient?s testosterone level.Purpose. To know the correlation between initial CD4 count, duration and type of ARV, lipodystrophy, size of waist circumference with free testosterone level of HIV infected male on ARV.Method. A cross-sectional study was conducted March 2015 in HIV Integrated Clinic, RSCM, Jakarta. The subjects were 18-40 years old, got regular ARV therapy for at least 1 year. Examination includes measuring waist circumference, presence of lipodystrophy, examination of total testosterone, SHBG and free testosterone level (Free Testosterone Index:FTi). Linear regression used to analyze factors associated with free testosterone level in this study.Results. Of 54 subjects examined, the median age was 35.11 years (21-40), median duration of antiretroviral therapy was 59 months (16-129), mean of waist circumference was 82.4 cm (SB 10.33), median of initial CD4 level was 57/mm3 (3-443). Total subjects with lipodystrophy were 17 subjects (32%), subjects who used first-line combination were 48 and 6 subjects used a second line combination. Median level of free testosterone levels was 30.87% (9.78-85.64) and there were 32 subjects with a low free testosterone level (59%). The presence of lipodystrophy (p=0,003, OR=-12,225) and duration of antiretroviral therapy (p=0,002, OR=-0,182) are associated with free testosterone level.Conclusions. Among HIV infected male who receiving antiretroviral therapy, the presence of lipodystrophy and duration of antiretroviral therapy are associated with free testosterone levels. There were no association between initial CD4 count, type of antiretroviral therapy and waist circumference with free testosterone levels.]"

"Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah mengetahui hubungan faktor sosio-demografi dan pengetahuan dengan sikap mahasiswa FKM UI terhadap penderita HIV-AIDS tahun 2013. Penelitian dengan desain cross sectional pada 147 mahasiswa program sarjana FKM UI angkatan 2010 dan 2011 sebagai sumber data yang dikumpulkan dengan cara angket menggunakan kuesioner. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan 61,2% mahasiswa memiliki sikap yang negatif terhadap penderita HIV-AIDS, 54,6% mahasiswa mempunyai tingkat pengetahuan yang buruk tentang HIV-AIDS. Sebagian besar responden (70,7%) berusia < 20 tahun, berjenis kelamin perempuan (77,6%) dan umumnya berpendidikan SMA (96,6%), beragama Islam (47,5%) dan berasal dari luar Jakarta (62,6%) serta tinggal di rumah kost/asrama (58,5%). Hasil analisis mendapatkan tidak ada variabel yang berhubungan dengan sikap responden terhadap penderita HIV-AIDS.

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The purpose of this study is to determine the relationship of sociodemographic factors and knowledge associated with the attitudes of 'Faculty of Public Health', University of Indonesia student towards people who live with HIV-AIDS in 2013. This study used cross-sectional design with a total sample of 147 students of FKM class 2010 and 2011 which taken as the total sample and also using questionnaire as a measure of this research. The results of this study showed that 61.2% of students still have a negative attitude towards people with HIV-AIDS and 54.6% of students have a poor level of knowledge about HIVAIDS. A total of 70.7% of respondents aged less than 20 years, by sex is dominated 77.6% of women with a recent educational background equivalent of high school graduates (96.6%), Moslem (87.1%) came from outside Jakarta (62 , 6%), and lived in a boarding house/dormitory (58.5%). Based on chi square test age is no one variable that had a significant relationship with attitudes toward people living with HIV-AIDS in the FKM student class of 2010 and 2011."

"Latar Belakang: Dengan meningkatnya kasus infeksi oportunistik pada pasien AIDS, insiden infeksi Cryptococcus neoformans, sebagai agen penyebab utama infeksi oportunistik jamur, meningkat secara signifikan. Cryptococcosis pada manusia saat ini diobati dengan pengobatan farmakologis antijamur yang terbatas pada amfoterisin B dan flukonazol. Namun, perawatan farmakologis ini juga memiliki kelemahan, seperti efek samping, peningkatan tingkat resistensi, dan kesulitan molekul antijamur yang saat ini tersedia untuk melintasi sawar darah-otak. Oleh karena itu, penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengeksplorasi sifat antijamur bahan alam khususnya propolis Brunei dalam menghambat pertumbuhan Cryptococcus neoformans secara in vitro. Propolis Brunei berbeda dari propolis jenis lain dalam banyak hal, termasuk kandungan lipidnya yang lebih besar, yang ditemukan 3-5 kali lipat dari propolis lebah madu Apis melifera. Metode: Sebuah studi eksperimental untuk menguji aktivitas antijamur ekstrak propolis Brunei dari tiga konsentrasi menggunakan difusi agar CLSI M44-A2 dan pengenceran microbroth dilakukan pada Cryptococcus neoformans ATCC 3487. Diameter zona hambat serta kerapatan optik diukur dengan ELISA dicatat dari kedua metode tersebut Hasil: Ada hubungan yang signifikan dan positif antara zona hambat propolis Brunei terhadap Amfoterisin B, Flukonazol, dan DMSO 10%. Brunei propolis dengan konsentrasi 70mg/mL memiliki diameter zona hambat tertinggi, dan Brunei propolis dengan konsentrasi 100mg/mL memiliki aktivitas paling optimal dalam menghambat pertumbuhan Cryptococcus neoformans berdasarkan pembacaan ELISA pada pengenceran microbroth. Kesimpulan: Brunei propolis memiliki efek penghambatan terhadap pertumbuhan Cryptococcus neoformans secara in vitro.

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Introduction: As the number of opportunistic infections in AIDS patient grows, Cryptococcus neoformans infection, as the major causative agent for fungal opportunistic infection, also increase. Cryptococcosis in humans at the moment is treated by the antifungal pharmacological treatment that is limited to amphotericin B and fluconazole. However, these pharmacological treatments also have downsides, such as the adverse effects, elevated resistance rate, and the difficulty of the antifungal molecules currently available to cross the blood-brain barrier. Thus, this research is aimed to explore the antifungal properties of natural substances, specifically the Brunei propolis, on inhibiting the growth of Cryptococcus neoformans in vitro. Brunei propolis differs from other types of propolis in many ways, including its greater lipid content, which was found to be 3-5 times that of Apis melifera honeybee propolis. Methods: An experimental study to test the inhibitory activity Brunei propolis ethanol extract of three concentrations using CLSI M44-A2 agar diffusion and broth microdilution is performed on Cryptococcus neoformans ATCC 3487. The diameter of inhibition zone as well as the optical density measured by ELISA are recorded from these methods respectively. Result: There is significant and positive association between Brunei propolis inhibition zone with respect to Amphotericin B, Fluconazole, and DMSO 10%. Brunei propolis with 70mg/mL concentration possess the highest diameter of inhibition zone, and Brunei propolis with 100mg/mL concentration has the most optimal activity in inhibiting the growth of Cryptococcus neoformans based on ELISA reading on broth microdilution. Conclusion: Brunei propolis have an inhibitory effect on the growth of Cryptococcus neoformans in vitro. "

"Lelaki seks dengan lelaki (LSL) adalah populasi kunci terinfeksi HIV tertinggi di Indonesia terutama di DKI Jakarta pada tahun 2018. Namun, hingga tahun 2018, prevalensi HIV dari departemen kesehatan hanya mencapai 47% dari prediksi. Hal tersebut kemungkinan terjadi karena terdapat beberapa hambatan untuk mengakses VCT seperti tingkat pengetahuan dan stigma terkait HIV/AIDS. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengidentifikasi hubungan antara pengetahuan dan stigma terkait HIV/AIDS terhadap perilaku periksa VCT pada LSL di DKI Jakarta. Metode penelitian ini adalah kuantitatif dengan desain deskriptif analitik korelasi secara cross sectional. Sampel yang diteliti berjumlah 86 orang dengan metode convenience sampling. Instrumen yang dipakai adalah instrumen pengetahuan terkait HIV/AIDS dan VCT, Stigma terkait HIV yang dimodifikasi, dan Perilaku periksa VCT. Hasil analisis Chi-square menunjukkan bahwa terdapat hubungan antara pengetahuan terkait HIV/AIDS dan VCT dengan perilaku periksa VCT (p= 0,000; α= 0,05). Selain itu, juga terdapat hubungan antara stigma terkait HIV/AIDS dengan perilaku periksa VCT (p= 0,000; α= 0,05). Dukungan dan edukasi terkait HIV/AIDS dan VCT dapat menjadi rekomendasi bagi perawat dan mahasiswa keperawatan sebagai upaya promotif dan preventif untuk meningkatkan pengetahuan, mengurangi stigma yang ada, dan membangun kesadaran LSL untuk memanfaatkan VCT dengan baik.

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Men who have sex with men (MSM) are the highest key populations infected with HIV in Indonesia, especially in DKI Jakarta in 2018. However, until 2018, the prevalence of HIV from Indonesian’s health department only reached 47% of predictions. That is probably due to several obstacles to accessing VCT such as the level of knowledge and stigma related with HIV/AIDS. This study aims to identify the relationship between knowledge and stigma related HIV/AIDS towards VCT behavior among MSM in DKI Jakarta. The method of this research is quantitative with descriptive analytic correlation design through cross sectional. The samples studied were 86 people with the convenience sampling method. The instruments used were knowledge instruments related to HIV/AIDS and VCT, HIV-related stigma which has been modified, and VCT check behavior. The results of Chi-square analysis showed that there was a relationship between knowledge related to HIV/AIDS and VCT towards VCT check behavior (p = 0,000; α = 0.05). In addition, there is also a relationship between the HIV/AIDS-related stigma towards VCT check behavior (p = 0,000; α = 0.05). HIV / AIDS and VCT support and education can be a recommendation for nurses and nursing students as promotive and preventive efforts to increase knowledge, reduce existing stigma, and build awareness of MSM to utilize VCT properly."

"Skripsi ini membahas tentang perancangan sistem informasi surveilans HIV/AIDS dalam upaya percepatan distribusi data dan kelancaran arus informasi sehingga dapat menghasilkan gambaran situasi kasus HIV/AIDS dan IMS di Kabupaten Cirebon. Rancangan sistem informasi surveilans HIV/AIDS ini dapat mengolah laporan bulanan kegiatan penanggulangan HIV/AIDS, dengan menggunakan program aplikasi Microsoft Access, yang akan menghasilkan keluaran berupa informasi sebaran kasus, informasi indikator-indikator dalam kegiatan penanggulangan HIV/AIDS, yang kemudian disajikan dalam bentuk tabel dan grafik secara rinci. Dengan demikian cakupan kegiatan yang masih rendah atau terjadinya kasus yang perlu penanganan khusus dapat dilakukan penanggulangan secara efektif dan efisien. Hasil akhir dari penelitian ini adalah prototipe perangkat lunak komputer dari rancangan sistem informasi surveilans HIV/AIDS di Dinas Kesehatan Kabupaten Cirebon.

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This thesis describes the process of developing an information system for HIV/AIDS surveillance in Cirebon Health District. The work starts out with a study of the existing system, based on two study methods: observation and in depth-interviews at Cirebon Health District Office. The primary goal of this thesis is to design a prototype of HIV/AIDS surveillance information system that can accelerate the distribution of data and ensure the smooth running of information that is most useful in reducing the spread of HIV/AIDS and in providing care for those affected in Cirebon district. This prototype, developed using database management system in Microsoft Access 2007, can process the HIV/AIDS and STI reporting which will produce the information about distribution of HIV infections, AIDS and STI cases, and also some indicators of HIV/AIDS programme that displayed in more detail in tables or graphs. The result of this study is a prototype of information system for HIV/AIDS surveillance design in Cirebon Health District."