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"Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengidentifikasi efek pajanan suhu lingkungan terhadap proliferasi sel dan derajat nekrosis dari adenokarsinoma mammae Pada penelitian true experimental parallel design ini mencit mencit yang telah ditransplantasikan dengan adenokarsinoma mammae dibagi menjadi empat grup dengan masing masing grup dipajankan temperatur lingkungan dengan satu dari beberapa rentang suhu tertentu 20 220C 25 270C 32 340C dan 37 390C selama enam jam hari selama dua minggu Grup temperatur 37 390C dieksklusi karena semua subjek pada grup ini mati Analisis sampel berdasarkan metode AgNOR HE Dari hasil analisis AgNOR ditemukan terdapat perbedaan signifikan dalam hal respon proliferasi sel antara ketiga grup temperatur ANOVA p mAgNOR 0 000 p pAgNOR 0 000 Grup temperatur 32 340C menunjukkan respon proliferasi sel yang lebih besar dibandingkan dengan grup temperatur 20 220C Namun analisis HE gagal menunjukkan perbedaan signifikansi dalam hal respon derajat nekrosis antara ketiga grup temperatur nilai tes Mann Whitne Asymp Sig 2 tailed antara grup temperatur 20 220C dan kontrol 25 270C 0 241 dan nilai tes Mann Whitney Asymp Sig 2 tailed antara grup temperatur 32 340C dan kontrol 0 575 Studi AgNOR menunjukkan bahwa respon proliferasi sel adenokarsinoma mammae memiliki korelasi positif terhadap rentang temperatur Di lain pihak studi HE tidak menunjukkan adanya pengaruh temperatur terhadap derajat nekrosis adenokarsinoma mammae pada mencit

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This research focuses on identifying the effect of environmental temperature exposure on cell proliferation & degree of necrosis of adenocarcinoma mammae. True experimental design (parallel) research was conducted in which the subjects (mice that have been transplanted with adenocarcinoma mammae) were divided into 4 groups with each group was exposed for 2 weeks (6 hours/day) to a environmental temperature of certain range; 20-220C, 25-270C, 32-340C, & 37-390C. In the process, the last group was excluded since all of the subjects in this group died. Sample analysis based on AgNOR & HE method was then done. From the AgNOR study, it was found that there is a significant difference in cell proliferation response between the remaining three temperature groups (ANOVA: p mAgNOR = 0.000; p pAgNOR = 0.000). The high temperature group (32-340C) shows greater cell proliferation compared to the low temperature group (20-220C). However, HE study failed to show significance in the necrosis response between the three temperature groups (Mann Whitney Test: Asymp. Sig (2-tailed) value between low & control group = 0.241; Asymp. Sig (2-tailed) value between control & high temp group = 0.575). In summary, AgNOR study shows that cell proliferation response in adenocarcinoma mammae shows a positive correlation with the temperature ranges. In contrast, HE study shows that temperature of any range has no effect on the degree of necrosis in mice with adenocarcinoma mammae."

"Latar belakang: Studi ini dilakukan untuk mempelajari pengaruh pemberian ekstrak akar Acalypha indica Linn terhadap viabilitas relatif dan proliferasi sel sebagai parameter neurogenesis pada kultur jaringan hipokampus tikus pascahipoksia.Metode: Studi eksperimental in vitro pada 24 kultur primer jaringan sel saraf tikus Sprague Dowley dewasa yang dipajankan terhadap hipoksia dengan gas 5% O2/5% CO2/N2 seimbang selama 24 jam. Pascahipoksia, ekstrak Acalypha indica Linn ditambahkan pada 3 kelompok perlakuan, masing-masing dengan dosis 10, 15, dan 20 mg/mL, sedangkan pada kelompok kontrol tidak ditambahkan apapun. Setiap kelompok terdiri atas 6 sampel. Setelah inkubasi selama 90 jam, viabilitas relatif sel diukur dengan 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT), proliferasi sel diukur dengan 5-bromo2â??-deoxy-uridine (BrdU). Data dianalisis dengan menggunakan tes parametrik one way ANOVA yang dilanjutkan dengan analisis post-hoc.Hasil: Viabilitas relatif sel pada kultur jaringan hipokampus tikus pascahipoksia dengan pemberian ekstrak akar kucing pada dosis 10, 15, dan 20 mg/mL lebih tinggi secara bermakna dibandingkan dengan kontrol (176,95%, 220,62%, 386,02% vs. 100%). Proliferasi sel pada kultur jaringan hipokampus tikus pascahipoksia dengan pemberian ekstrak akar kucing pada dosis 10, 15, dan 20 mg/mL lebih tinggi secara bermakna dibandingkan dengan kontrol (0,132; 0,117; 0,114 vs. 0,096).Kesimpulan: Ekstrak Acalypha indica Linn dapat meningkatkan viabilitas relatif dan proliferasi sel pascahipoksia in vitro pada dosis 10, 15, dan 20 mg/mL. (Med J Indones 2011; 20:94-9)

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AbstractBackground: This research was done to study the infl uence of Acalypha indica Linn root extract towards relative cell viability and proliferation as parameters of neurogenesis in post-hypoxic hippocampal tissue culture.Methods Experimental in vitro study using 24 primary neuronal cell cultures obtained from adult Sprague Dawley rat exposed to hypoxia with 5% O2/5% CO2/N2 balance gas for 24 hours. Post-hypoxia, Acalypha indica Linn root extract was added at doses of 10, 15, and 20 mg/mL to 3 treatment groups. No treatment was given to the control group. Each group consists of 6 samples. After 90 hours of incubation, relative cell viability was measured by using 3-(4,5- dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) examination, and cell proliferation was measured by using 5-bromo2â??-deoxy-uridine (BrdU) for cell proliferation. Data was analyzed using one way ANOVA parametric tests, then further analyzed with post-hoc analysis.Results: The relative cell viability of rat hippocampal tissue culture treated with Acalypha indica Linn root extract with dose of 10, 15, and 20 mg/mL was signifi cantly higher than control (176.95%, 220.62%, and 386.02% vs. 100%). Cell proliferation of rat hippocampal tissue culture treated with Acalypha indica Linn root extract with dose of 10, 15, and 20 mg/mL was signifi cantly higher than control (0.132, 0.117, 0.114 vs 0.096).Conclusion: Acalypha indica Linn root extract with doses of 10, 15, and 20 mg/mL can increase relative cell viability and proliferation in post-hypoxic hippocampal tissue culture. (Med J Indones 2011; 20:94-9)"

"Potensi pemanfaatan sel punca mesenkimal dan conditioned medium dalam pengobatan terapi yang tinggi harus diimbangi dengan peningkatan produksi yang memadai. Umumnya menggunakan metode kultur statis (2D), namun produksinya sangat terbatas. Metode kultur dinamis (3D) menggunakan stirred bioreactor merupakan salah satu pilihan yang tepat untuk meningkatkan produksi sel punca dalam skala besar. Selama proses kultur sel, conditioned medium kultur mengandung faktor tumbuh dan sitokin yang disekresikan oleh sel punca mesenkimal. Salah satu sitokin yang disekresikan ialah TGF-β. Sitokin TGF-β berperan penting dalam proliferasi, diferensiasi, dan proses seluler lainnya. Sampai saat ini belum ada penelitian yang menjelaskan tentang pengaruh kultur statis (2D) dan kultur dinamis (3D) terhadap proliferasi sel, total protein conditioned medium dan kadar sekresi sitokin TGF-β pada sel punca mesenkimal asal tali pusat yang dikultur dalam medium alpha-MEM dan disuplementasi 10% thrombocyte concentrated. Tujuan penelitian ini ialah mengetahui pengaruh kultur statis (2D) dan kultur dinamis (3D) terhadap proliferasi sel, kadar total protein conditioned medium, dan sitokin TGF-β pada sel punca mesenkimal asal tali pusat. Penelitian yang dilakukan mencakup proses kultur sel, uji Bradford, Sodium Dodecyl Sulphate Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE), dan uji Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA). Penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa penggunaan kultur dinamis (3D) dapat memproduksi sel dalam skala besar namun memiliki laju proliferasi yang lebih lama dibandingkan dengan kultur statis (2D). Produksi kadar total protein conditioned medium mengalami fluktuasi, namun secara keseluruhan kultur dinamis (3D) mampu memproduksi dalam skala besar, dan terdapat sekresi sitokin TGF-β oleh sel punca mesenkimal dari kedua metode kultur, namun masih membutuhkan uji lanjutan untuk memastikan bahwa sel pada kultur dinamis (3D) mensekresi sitokin TGF-β lebih banyak

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The high potential of mesenchymal and conditioned medium stem cell utilization in therapeutic treatment should be balanced with an adequate increase in production. Generally using static culture method (2D), but production is very limited. Dynamic culture (3D) method using stirred bioreactor is one of the right choices to increase the production of stem cells on a large scale. During the cell culture process, the conditioned culture medium contains growth factors and cytokines secreted by mesenchymal stem cells. One of the cytokines secreted is TGF-β. The TGF-β cytokine plays an important role in proliferation, differentiation, and other cellular processes. Until now there has been no research that explains the effect of static (2D) and dynamic (3D) culture on cell proliferation, total protein conditioned medium and levels of secretion of cytokines TGF-β in mesenchymal stem cells from umbilical cord cultured in alpha-MEM medium and 10% concentrated thrombocyte supplementation. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of static culture (2D) and dynamic culture (3D) on cell proliferation, levels of total protein in conditioned medium, and cytokine TGF-β in mesenchymal stem cells from the umbilical cord. The research conducted included cell culture process, Bradford test, Sodium Dodecyl Sulphate Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE), and Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) test. This study shows that the use of dynamic culture (3D) can produce cells on a large scale but has a longer proliferation rate than static culture (2D). The total protein content of the conditioned medium fluctuates, but overall dynamic (3D) culture is capable of large-scale production, and there is secretion of the cytokine TGF-β by mesenchymal stem cells from both culture methods, however, further tests are still needed to confirm that the cells in culture dynamic (3D) secretes more of the cytokine TGF-β."

"Proliferasi sel merupakan peningkatan dalam jumlah sel sebagai hasil dari pertumbuhan dan pembelahan sel. Selain terjadi pada sel normal pembelahan sel juga terjadi pada sel kanker yang ditandai dengan proliferasi tak terkendali. Banyak di antara penghambatan proliferasi dilakukan dengan cara menghambat sintesis DNA, yaitu mengintervensi pembentukan basa nukleotida purin atau pirimidin. Mengingat dalam sintesis purin de novo terdapat peran biotin yang merupakan koenzim dalam proses karboksilasi, maka penambahan avidin diduga kuat dapat mengikat biotin dengan afinitas yang sangat tinggi. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mempelajari potensi avidin dalam kemampuannya mengikat botin untuk menghambat mitosis. Pada penelitian ini SMDT dikultur dalam medium yang distimulasi oleh PHA, IL-2, serta PHA dan IL-2 dengan dan tanpa avidin. Efek dari penambahan avidin ini dilihat pada jam-jam tertentu dan dilakukan analisis terhadap proliferasi, viabilitas, serta siklus sel. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian, avidin menghambat proliferasi SMDT serta menurunkan viabilitas SMDT baik pada kultur yang distimulasi PHA maupun pada kultur yang distimulasi PHA dan IL-2. Penambahan avidin juga menghambat masuknya progresi SMDT yang dikultur selama 72 jam dari fase G0/G1 ke fase S. Penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa avidin dapat mengikat biotin yang ada dalam medium sehingga proliferasi sel menjadi terhambat.

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Cell proliferation is the increment of cell number as a result of cell growth and cell division. Cell division occurs not only in normal cells but also in cancer cells which undergo uncontrolled cell division. Most of the cell proliferation inhibition was done by inhibiting the DNA synthesis by which intervening the formation of purine or pyrimidine nucleotide bases. Considering the role of biotin in purine de novo synthesis as a coenzyme in the carboxylation reaction, it was assumed that avidin can bind biotin with very high affinity. The aim of this research is to study the potential of avidin to bind biotin for inhibit mitosis. In this study PBMC was cultured in a medium that stimulated by PHA, IL-2, PHA and IL-2 with and without avidin. The effect of the addition of avidin was observed at certain hours for the analysis of proliferation, viability, and cell cycle. This study suggest that avidin inhibits proliferation and decreases viability of PBMC both of PBMC stimulated by PHA and stimulated by PHA and IL-2. The addition of avidin also inhibits the entry of progression of PBMC when cultured for 72 hours from phase G0/G1 to S phase. Based on these data, we propose that avidin might bind extracellular biotin in the medium therefore the cell proliferation was inhibited."

"Hem merupakan komponen penyusun hemoprotein, salah satunya yaitu sitoglobin. Sitoglobin diketahui memegang peranan dalam perkembangan kanker. Saat ini, belum diketahui peran hambatan hem terhadap ekspresi CYGB pada sel lini sel kanker hati, HepG2 Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk melihat kemampuan penghambatan hem dalam mencegah proliferasi sel HepG2. Penghambatan hem dilakukan dengan menggunakan suksinil aseton.  Analisis aktivitas enzim ALAD diukur secara kolorimetrik. Analisis viabilitas dan proliferasi (doubling time) dilakukan dengan menggunakan MTT assay. Analisis ekspresi mRNA CYGB dilakukan dengan qRT-PCR. Ekspresi protein CYGB dianalisis dengan ELISA. Hasil yang diperoleh adalah hambatan sintesis hem pada sel HepG2 dengan menggunakan suksinil aseton berhasil dilakukan. Penurunan sintesis hem berdampak pada menurunnya ekspresi CYGB baik tingkat mRNA maupun protein. Viabilitas dan proliferasi sel HepG2 menurun seiring dengan meningkatnya konsentrasi suksinil aseton. Sebagai kesimpulan, pemberian suksinil aseton mampu menghambat sintesis hem karena menekan ekspresi CYGB yang berdampak pada penurunan viabilitas dan proliferasi sel HepG2.

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Hem is a component of hemoprotein, one of which is cytogloblin. Cytoglobin is known to play a role in cancer development. Currently, the role of heme inhibitors on CYGB expression in the liver cancer cell line, HepG2, is unknown. This study aims to see the ability of heme inhibition in preventing HepG2 cell proliferation. Hem inhibition was carried out using succinyl acetone. Analysis of ALAD enzyme activity was measured colorimetrically. Viability and proliferation (doubling time) analyzes were performed using the MTT assay. Analysis of CYGB mRNA expression was performed by qRT-PCR. CYGB protein expression was analyzed by ELISA. The results obtained were thatinhibition of hem synthesis in HepG2 cells using succinyl acetone was successfully carried out. Decreased heme synthesis resulted in decreased CYGB expression both at the mRNA and protein levels. HepG2 cell viability and proliferation decreased with increasing succinyl acetone concentration. In conclusion, succinyl acetone was able to inhibit hem synthesis cause it suppressed CYGB expression which had an impact on reducing the viability and proliferation of HepG2 cells."

"Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk melihat faktor proliferasi sel sebagai peyebab ketidaksiapan endometrium untuk implantasi setelah pemberian berbagai dosis rekombinan FSH (rFSH) dengan melihat tingkat ekspresi FSH-Reseptor (FSHR) dan ekspresi protein KI-67. Sampel penelitian ini adalah bahan biologi tersimpan (BBT) dari jaringan endometrium Macaca nemestrina. Total sampel 15, sampel terdiri dari tiga kelompok yang diberikan GnRH agonis dosis tetap dan rFSH dengan dosis stimulasi berbeda, yaitu 30IU, 50IU, dan 70IU dan satu kelompok kontrol. Tidak ditemukan perbedaan signifikan antara berbagai dosis rFSH yang diberikan dengan ekspresi FSHR dan ekspresi protein Ki67 pada sel endometrium Macaca nemestrina. Tingkat ekspresi FSHR dan ekspresi Ki67 ditemukan tidak berkorelasi siginifikan. Dosis rFSH yang lebih tinggi tidak menurunkan ekspresi FSHR dan Ki67 serta tidak terdapat korelasi antara ekspresi FSHR dengan ekspresi Ki67.

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This study was conducted to look at cell proliferation factors as causes of endometrial unpreparedness for implantation after administration of various recombinant FSH doses (rFSH) by looking at FSH-receptor (FSHR) expression and expression of KI-67 proteins. The study sample was stored biological material (SBM) from endometrial tissue of Macaca nemestrina. The total sample was 15, the sample consisted of three groups given fixed-dose GnRH agonists and different stimulation doses, namely 30IU, 50IU, and 70IU and one control group. we found not significantly different between various doses of rFSH with FSHR and Ki67 expression in endometrial tissue Macaca nemestrina. We found not correlation significantly between FSHR expression and Ki67 Expression endometrial tissue Macaca nemestrina. Higher rFSH doses did not reduce FSHR expression and Ki67 and there was no correlation between FSHR expression and Ki67 expression."

"It is well known that nifedipine administration in hypertensive patients results in gingival hyperplasia. The aim of this study was to study the pattern of nifedipine-induced gingival hyperplasia, based on morphometric and histological changes as well as on PCNA (Poliferating Cell Nuclear Antigen) expression in the gingival epithelium. In total, 36 male Sprague Dawley rats at the age of 6 - 8 weeks were divided into nine experimental groups and three control groups. Each animal received daily DMSO (dimethyl sulfoxide) via oral intubation at a dosage of 0 (for control groups), 15, 30 or 60 mg/kg (experimental group) of body weight for 7, 21 or 42 days. After the animals were sacrificed, impression of the lower gingival tissue was taken to measure mesio-distal distance, lanio-lingual distance and papilla height. The number of blood vessels and the thickness of gingival epithelium were assessed from hematoxylin and eosin stained sections. Proliferative activity of the epithelial cells was determined by immunohistochemical analysis using PCNA monoclonal antibody. Significant increase in the mesio-distal and labio-lingual distance of the lower gingival tissue was detected morphometrically (p< 0.05). There were more blood vessels in the experimental groups than in the control groups, however there was no specific pattern based on the dosage or duration of nifedipine administration. On the other hand, significant differences were found in the gingival epithelial thickness and proliferative activity between the experimental and the control groups. PCNA-positive cells were observed in basal and suprabasal layers, but nearly none in lamina propria."

"Penghambatan proliferasi sel diaplikasikan dalam berbagai bidang kedokteran. Banyak di antara penghambatan proliferasi dilakukan dengan cara menghambat sintesis DNA, yaitu mengintervensi pembentukan basa nukleotida purin atau pirimidin. Dalam sintesis purin de novo terdapat peran enzim anhidrase karbonat yang merupakan pemasok CO2 dalam proses karboksilasi. Penghambatan enzim anhidrase karbonat diduga kuat dapat menghambat proliferasi. Pada penelitian ini model proliferasi sel adalah SMDT yang distimulasi dengan PHA, IL-2, serta PHA dan IL-2. Penghambat enzim anhdirase karbonat yang digunakan adalah asetazolamid. Dilakukan analisis efek pemberian asetazolamid pada saat puncak sintesis DNA sel, puncak viabilitas sel, serta analisis terhadap siklus sel. Hasil penelitian ini, asetozolamid menghambat sintesis DNA serta menurunkan viabilitas SMDT yang distimulasi PHA dan IL-2. Terjadi hambatan masuknya progresi SMDT dari fase G0/G1 ke fase S. Penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa penghambatan enzim anhidrase karbonat dapat menyebabkan hambatan proliferasi sel.

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Inhibition of cells proliferation are widely used in various medical fields. Most of cell proliferation inhibition can be done by inhibiting the DNA synthesis, notably by intervening the formation of purine or pyrimidine. In purine de novo synthesis, it was assumed that CO2 plays a role as a source of carbon in carboxylation reaction, one of the pivotal steps in the purine de novo pathways. The aim of this study was to see the acetazolamide potency to inhibit carboxylation reaction. Peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) was cultured in RPMI-1640 medium and stimulated by phytohemagglutinin (PHA) and interleukin-2 (IL-2), with or without acetazolamide. The effect of acetazolamide addition was observed at the peak of cell proliferation, cells viability, and cell cycle. Statistical analysis was done by one-way ANOVA. Acetazolamide inhibited cell proliferation and viability in PBMC culture stimulated by PHA and IL-2. Cell cycle analysis showed that acetazolamide arrested the progression of PBMC in G0/G1 phase. Inhibition of CO2 production by acetazolamide inhibitory effect to carbonic anhydrase can halt cell proliferation."

"ABSTRAKPemeriksaan sitologi aspirasi (jarum halus) merupakan sarana diagnostik yang efisien, dan mempermudah deteksi dini kanker payudara. Salah satu sitoteknologi maju yang merupakan penunjang diagnosis ialah imunositokimia. Pemeriksaan imunositokimia dapat memeriksa kandungan zat di dalam sel, misalnya onkoprotein CerbB-2 yang merupakan produk neu onkogen, sebagai perwujudan mutasi genetic. Zat lain ialah PCNA (proliferating cell nuclear antigen) yang digunakan untuk mengukur kecepatan proliferasi atau pertumbuhan tumor. Tujuan penelitian ini ialah untuk mengetahui korelasi analisis struktural dengan evaluasi fungsional sel. Analisis multivariabel diharapkan meningkatkan ketepatan diagnostik dan penilaian prognostik.Desain umum penelitian ialah pengamatan cross-sectional. Subyek penelitian ialah 24 pengidap tumor payudara, terdiri atas 12 kasus kanker dan 12 lesi jinak. Sediaan sitologi aspirasi dianalisis di Laboratorium Sitologi Bagian Patologi Anatomik Fakultas Kedokteran Universitas Indonesia, sejak Desember 1993 sampai dengan Mei 1994). Pewarnaan imunositokimia dilakukan dengan teknik imunoenzin (peroksidase -antiperoksidase). Antibodi primer anti- onkoprotein C-erbB-2 ialah antibodi nonoklonal dari clone CB11; sedangkan antibodi anti- PCNA ialah antibodi monoklonal dari clone 19A2 (Biogenex). Analisis sitomorfologik dilakukan dengan pewarnaan rutin Papanicolaou dan Giemsa.Hasil penelitian menunjukkan positivitas onkoprotein C-erbB-2 pada 60Z kasus kanker payudara, berupa pola butir pewarnaan di membran sel/plasmalemma. Lesi jinak pada pasien berusia muda tidak menunjukkan ekspresi onkoprotein, sedangkan pada yang berusia > 40 tahun terdapat 2 kasus yang menunjukkan positivitas fokal. Positivitas PCNA pada, kanker payudara bervariasi, menunjukkan variabilitas kecepatan pertumbuhan tumor. Lesi jinak berusia muda juga menunjukkan proporsi positivitas PCNA yang tinggi.Kesimpulan yang ditarik ialah : terdapat petunjuk peningkatan mutasi genetik sesuai dengan peningkatan usia, agaknya merupakan efek akumulatif. Perbedaan kecepatan pembelahan sel tidak dapat digunakan untuk membedakan keganasan tumor payudara, namun dapat digunakan sebagai variabel prognostik di antara kasus kanker.

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ABSTRACT(Fine-needle) Aspiration cytology examination is an efficient diagnostic tool, which will facilitate early detection of breast cancer. One of the advanced cytotechnology as diagnostic adjunct is immunocytochemistry. Inmunocytochenistry can detect cellular chemical contain, i.e_ C-erbB-2 oncoprotein, which is produced by neu oncogene as manifestation of genetic mutation. Another substance is PCNA (proliferating cell nuclear antigen), which can measure proliferation or growth of the tumor. This study aim is to evaluate correlation of structural and functional analysis of the cell. Multivariate analysis can enhance diagnostic accuracy and prognostic measure.General design of the study is cross-sectional observation. Research subject are 24 patient with breast tumor, 12 were cancer, other were benign lesion. Cytology specimen was examined in Cytology Laboratorium, Department of Anatomic Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Indonesia, during December 1993 until Hei 1994. Imnunostaining was done with immunoenzyme (peroxidase - antiperoxidase) technique. The primary antibody anti- C-erbB-2 oncoprotein is monoclonal antibody from clone CB11; source of primary antibody anti- PCNA is monoclonal antibody from clone 19A2 (Biogenex). Cytonorphologic analysis was done with Papanicolaou staining slide and Giemsa staining.The result of this study is positivity oncoprotein c-erbB-2 in 60% of breast cancer cases, with membranous staining granule in the plasmalemma. Benign lesions do not overexpression oncoprotein, except 2 cases of the old patient with focal staining. PCNA positivity of breast cancer were variable amount, which are consistent with variability of the tumor growth. But the benign lesions were also expression PCNA, especially the young patient.Conclusion of this study is the overexpression of oncoprotein indicate of increase mutagenesis consistent with the age, as accumulative effect. Proliferation rate can not distinguish malignant or benign neoplasm of the breast, but this contribution is to prognostic factor among the cancer cases."

"Tesis ini merupakan pembahasan mengenai tindakan PBB dalam mengatasi proliferasi peredaran senjata kecil dan ringan di negara Liberia, Sierra Leone dan Cote d?Ivoire pada tahun 2000-2005. Isu senjata kecil dan ringan mulai menjadi perhatian dunia internasional pasca Perang Dingin. Senjata-senjata tersebut sudah menimbulkan krisis kemanusiaan karena sering digunakan di dalam konflik maupun tindakan kriminal di berbagai negara di dunia ini. Pada daerah konflik, senjata kecil dan ringan digunakan untuk mencapai tujuan politik pihak-pihak yang bertikai. Senjata ini juga digunakan oleh mereka untuk melakukan aksi kriminal yang dapat merugikan orang banyak.Begitu pula yang terjadi di benua Afrika. Di benua ini banyak konflik seperti pemberontakan, konflik etnis, konflik agama dan lain sebagainya. Ada tiga negara di benua Afrika bagian barat yang dapat diteliti proliferasi senjata kecil dan ringannya. Negara tersebut adalah Liberia, Sierra Leone dan Cote d?Ivoire.Negara Liberia, Sierra Leone dan Cote d?Ivoire juga terkena dampak dari proliferasi senjata kecil dan ringan, ini dapat dilihat dari semakin berlarutnya konflik serta memperpanjang pertikaian yang telah ada. Senjata yang beredar secara luas di ketiga negara ini digunakan oleh pihak-pihak yang bertikai untuk saling menyerang satu dengan yang lain. Dampaknya adalah jatuhnya korban sipil dalam jumlah yang sangat besar. Selain itu juga menimbulkan berbagai masalah, seperti meningkatnya kemiskinan dan pengangguran, meningkatnya jumlah pengungsi, meningkatnya wabah penyakit dan kelaparan dan lain sebagainya.Karena tidak dapat diatasi secara baik oleh Pemerintahnya masing-masing, sehingga PBB sebagai badan organisasi internasional mempunyai tanggung jawab moral untuk ikut campur dalam menangani isu tersebut. Di negara Liberia dan Sierra Leone, PBB dapat mengatasi proliferasi senjata kecil dan ringan dengan baik tetapi tidak di Cote d?Ivoire.

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This Thesis discuss about UN action against small arms and light weapons proliferation in Liberia, Sierra Leone and Cote d?Ivoire between 2000 to 2005. Small arms and light weapons issues concerned were in post cold war. Those weapons most widely used in conflict and criminality in all over the world. In conflict area, small arms and light weapons used for political purposes. This weapon also used for criminal action whose damaging many people.In Africa these cases also cause serious problems. This continent has many conflicts such as rebel, ethnic conflict, religious conflict, and others. There are three countries in West Africa that can be examined dealing with the small arms and light weapons proliferation. These countries are Liberia, Sierra Leone and Cote d?Ivoire.In Liberia, Sierra Leone and Cote d?Ivoire severely got an impact due to this issues. The weapons that spread out all over those countries, most probably use for war. So many people who died caused by this weapon. And so many problems caused by this weapon as well, such as poverty, un employee, refugees, disease, starving, and others.The government of those countries unable to cope the illegal weapons, therefore the UN take over those issues. In Liberia and Sierra Leone the problem can be overcome by UN, but cannot in Cote d?Ivoire."