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"Streptococcus mutans dan Streptococcus sobrinus adalah bakteri kariogenik penyebab terjadinya karies. Upaya pencegahan karies dapat dilakukan melalui penyikatan gigi dengan pasta gigi berbahan aktif. Tujuan: Mengetahui pengaruh penyikatan gigi menggunakan pasta gigi xylitol terhadap jumlah S. mutans dan S. sobrinus dalam plak dan saliva. Metode: Plak dan saliva diambil dalam 4 waktu yaitu sebelum, setelah, 3 jam setelah, dan 9 jam setelah penyikatan gigi dengan dan tanpa pasta gigi xylitol. DNA sampel diekstraksi dengan metode thermal shock. Lalu, dilakukan deteksi dan kuantifikasi sampel menggunakan mesin real-time PCR. Hasil: Rata-rata jumlah S. mutans dan S. sobrinus dalam plak setelah dilakukan penyikatan dengan pasta gigi xylitol menunjukkan penurunan hingga 9 jam setelah sikat gigi. Sedangkan jumlah S. mutans dan S. sobrinus dalam saliva mengalami perubahan jumlah yang tidak pasti. Jumlah S. mutans dan S. sobrinus pada sampel yang diberi perlakuan memiliki jumlah yang lebih sedikit dibandingkan pada sampel kontrol. Kesimpulan: Jumlah S. mutans dan S. sobrinus dalam plak dan saliva yang diberi perlakuan penyikatan gigi menggunakan pasta gigi xylitol mengalami penurunan dibandingkan dengan sampel kontrol. Namun perbedaan ini tidak berbeda bermakna secara statistik.

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Streptococcus mutans and Streptococcus sobrinus are cariogenic bacteria that cause dental caries. Brushing teeth with toothpaste which contains active ingredients is one of caries prevention.

Objectives: Identifying the effect of using a xylitol-containing toothpaste to the quantities of S. mutans and S. sobrinus in dental plaque and saliva.

Methods: The dental plaque and saliva is collected in before, right after, 3 hours after, and 9 hours after brushing with and without the xylitol-containing toothpaste. The samples DNA are extracted with thermal shock method. Then, the samples are detected and quantified by real-time PCR.

Results: In the dental plaque, the mean quantity of S. mutans and S. sobrinus are decreased until 9 hours after brushing. In saliva, the mean quantity of S. mutans and S. sobrinus changes uncertainly. For all samples, the mean quantity of S. mutans and S. sobrinus are lower than the control group.

Conclusion: The statistics of S. mutans and S. sobrinus are lower compared to the control group. No significant differences were observed between all quantity differences."

"S. mutans dan S. sobrinus di dalam rongga mulut merupakan dua bakteri yang amat sering dikaitkan dengan terjadinya karies. Untuk mencegah karies perlu menjaga kebersihan mulut, salah satunya yakni dengan cara sikat gigi. Tujuan: Mengetahui pengaruh penyikatan gigi menggunakan pasta gigi triklosan terhadap jumlah S. mutans dan S. sobrinus. Metode: Plak dan saliva subjek diambil sebelum (sebagai baseline), sesudah, 3 jam setelah, dan 9 jam setelah menyikat gigi dengan pasta gigi triklosan. Pengambilan sampel kontrol juga dilakukan pada subjek yang sama, yaitu setelah sikat gigi tanpa menggunakan pasta gigi. Sampel kemudian diekstraksi DNA dan dikuantifikasi dengan real time PCR. Hasil: Rata-rata jumlah Streptococcus mutans setelah sikat gigi dengan pasta gigi triklosan sudah kembali seperti nilai baseline setelah 3 jam pada sampel plak, dan pada sampel saliva terus menurun hingga jam ke 9. Sedangkan rata-rata jumlah Streptococcus sobrinus pada plak tidak menurun setelah penyikatan gigi, namun pada saliva terus menurun. Untuk semua sampel, rata-rata kenaikan jumlah bakteri lebih sedikit dibandingkan kontrol. Kesimpulan: Terdapat perbedaan jumlah Streptococcus mutans dan Streptococcus sobrinus dalam plak dan saliva setelah penyikatan gigi menggunakan pasta gigi triklosan, namun perbedaan ini tidak signifikan secara statistik.

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S. mutans and S. sobrinus have been strongly associated to caries. In order to prevent caries the oral hygiene must be maintained, and one way to do so is by using a dentifrice.

Objectives: Identifying the effect of using a triclosan dentifrice to the quantities of S. mutans and S. sobrinus.

Methods: The dental plaque and saliva is collected before, right after, 3 hours after, and 9 hours after brushing with the triclosan dentifrice. A control sample is also collected from subjects brushing the teeth without any dentifrice. The samples DNA are then extracted and quantified by real time PCR.

Results: In the dental plaque, the mean quantity of S. mutans has already reached baseline after 3 hours while in the saliva, the mean amount continues to decrease up until 9 hours. No decrease of S. sobrinus was found in the dental plaque, unlike in the saliva, which continues to show decrease. For all samples, the mean increase of Streptococcus mutans bacteria is lower than the control group.

Conclusion: Quantitative differences of S. mutans and S. sobrinus after treatment with triclosan can be seen, but none showed any statistically significant difference."

"Latar Belakang : Resesi gingiva penyebab dentin hipersensitif (DH). Streptococcus mutans dan Streptococcus sobrinus pada plak menghasilkan asam. Produk asam menyebabkan demineralisasi akar gigi. Tujuan: Menganalisis jumlah serta distribusi S. mutans dan S. sobrinus dari plak dan saliva penderita resesi gingiva dengan DH dan non sensitif. Metode: Dari sampel saliva dan plak subjek DH dan non sensitif diperiksa jumlah S. mutans dan S. sobrinus menggunakan real-time PCR dengan SYBR Green. Hasil: Jumlah S. mutans lebih banyak pada plak DH daripada non sensitif, S. sobrinus lebih banyak pada saliva non sensitif. Kesimpulan: Jumlah S. mutans lebih banyak pada plak penderita DH.

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Background : Gingival recession cause of dentine hypersensitivity (DH). Streptococcus mutans and Streptococcus sobrinus in dental plaque will produce of acid. Acid can cause demineralization that involved in hypersensitivity.

Objectives : To analyze the amount and distribution of S. mutans and S. sobrinus from plaque and saliva in patients with DH and non sensitive.

Methods :, S. mutans and S. sobrinus from saliva and plaque samples was quantify by real-time PCR using SYBR Green.

Results : The number of S. mutans is higher in plaque of DH and S. sobrinus is higher in saliva of non sensitive.

Conclusion : Patients with DH had higher level of S. mutans in plaque."

"Berdasarkan laporan nasional riset kesehatan dasar tahun 2007, prevalensi karies gigi aktif di Indonesia mencapai angka 43,4 %. Propolis adalah bahan herbal yang telah terbukti memiliki efek antibakteri yang baik terhadap S.mutans dan S.sobrinus, bakteri yang erat kaitannya dengan terjadinya karies gigi. Namun belum diketahui efektifitas kandungan propolis dalam pasta gigi terhadap S.mutans dan S.sobrinus yang diisolasi dari saliva dan plak.Penelitian ini menganalisis pengaruh pasta gigi dengan kandungan propolis 0,5% terhadap kedua bakteri tersebut dengan metode kuantifikasi real-time PCR. Sampel plak dan saliva diambil dari 6 orang subjek pada saat sebelum, sesaat setelah, 3 jam setelah, dan 9 jam setelah pengunaan pasta gigi propolis.Hasil menunjukan penurunan jumlah rerata bakteri S.mutans dan S.sobrinus dari sebelum perlakuan ke sesaat setelah perlakuan pasta gigi propolis, kemudian jumlah bakteri meningkat pada pengambilan sampel 3 jam setelah perlakuan dan 9 jam setelah perlakuan baik pada sampel plak dan saliva.

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Based on basic health national report in 2007, active tooth caries prevalence in Indonesia reached 43,4%. Propolis is a herbal substance which has been proved to have good antibacterial effect toward S.mutans and S.sobrinus, cariogenic bacteria. Nevertheless, propolis efficacy in toothpaste toward S.mutans and S.sobrinus, which are isolated from plaque and saliva, has not been well-studied.This research analyzed efficacy of 0.5% propolis-containing toothpaste toward these two species of bacteria by using real-time PCR quantification method. Both saliva and plaque samples were taken from six subjects at a-while-before, a-while-after, 3-hours-after, and 9-hours-after toothbrushing using propolis toothpaste.The result showed reduction in number of bacteria from before-treatment to a-while-after treatment, later on, the amount of bacteria increased gradually at 3-hour-after and 9-hour-after treatment. This happens to bacteria isolated from both saliva and plaque sample."

"Temulawak (Curuma xanthorrizaRoxb.) telah terbukti memiliki efek antibakteri terhadap Streptococcus mutans (S. mutans) dan Streptococcus sanguinis(S. sanguinis) single species. S. mutans dan S. sanguinissaling berkompetisi dalam biofilm. Tujuan: Menganalisis pengaruh ekstrak etanol temulawak terhadap viabilitas dual speciesS. mutans dan S. sanguinis pada fase pembentukan biofilm yang berbeda. Metode: Model biofilm S. mutans dan S. sanguinis diinkubasi selama 20 jam (fase akumulasi aktif) dan 24 jam (fase maturasi) pada suhu 37oC. Kedua model biofilm dipaparkan ekstrak etanol temulawak dengan konsentrasi 0,2%-25%, klorheksidin 0,2% sebagai kontrol positif, dan kultur bakteri tanpa intervensi sebagai kontrol negatif. Viabilitas bakteri dianalisis menggunakan uji MTT. Hasil: Ekstrak etanol temulawak menurunkan viabilitas S. mutans dan S. sanguinis secara signifikan (p<0,05) mulai konsentrasi 0,2%. Viabilitas bakteri pada biofilm dual species Streptococccus fase akumulasi aktif lebih rendah dibandingkan fase maturasi. Efek antibakteri ekstrak etanol temulawak setara dengan klorheksidin 0,2%. Kesimpulan: Ekstrak etanol temulawak dapat menurunkan viabilitas S. mutans dan S. sanguinis pada biofilm. Efek ekstrak etanol temulawak efektif pada fase akumulasi aktif.

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Curuma xanthorriza (C. Xanthorrhiza) Roxb. extract had been reportedto have antibacterial effect against Streptococcus mutans (S. mutans) and Streptococcus sanguinis (S. sanguinis)single species. S. mutans and S. sanguinis are competing in the biofilm.

Objective: To analyze the effect of C. xanthorrhiza extract onthe viability of dual species S. mutans and S. sanguinis in differrent stages of biofilm formation.

Methods: S. mutans and S. sanguinis in dual species model biofilm was incubated for 20 hours and 24 hours at 37oC and exposed by 0.2%-25% C. xanthorrhiza ethanol extract, 0.2 % Chlorhexidine as a positive control, and bacterial culture only as a negative control. The viability of the bacteria was analyzed using the MTT assay.

Results: The java turmeric ethanol extract decreased the S. mutans and S. sanguinis viability significantly (p<0.05 ) started from concentrations 0.2%. The viability of bacteria in dual species biofilms Streptococccus in the active accumulation phase is lower than in the maturation phase. The antibacterial effect of C. xanthorrhiza ethanol extract is equivalent to 0.2% Chlorhexidine.

Conclusion: The C. xanthorrhiza ethanol extract can reduce the viability of S. mutans and S. sanguinis in the biofilm. The effectivity of C. xanthorrhiza ethanol extract is higher in the active accumulation phase."

"Streptococcus mutans serotype E is a major bacterium causing caries, and widely present in dental plaque. Dentifrices containing xylitol have been shown to inhibit the growth of these mutans streptococci. The aim of the study was to identify the influence of dentifrice containing xylitol on S. mutans serotype E (in vitro). The 1:1 solution of dentifrice containing xylitol was diluted to the test concentrations of 100%, 10%, 1%, 0.1%, 0.01%, and 0.001%, in addition to positive and negative control groups. These solutions were examined in S. mutans serotype E test cultures by the diffusion method. The resulting inhibition zone was 2.16 mm at a concentration of 10%, and 3.0 mm at a concentration of100%. Zero zone size was found at all other test concentrations,and a significant (Spearman) negative correlation was indicatedbetween the concentration of dentifrice and the growth of mutansstreptococci (p<0.05). The MIC was not been identified, but MBC was 10%. In conclusion, the dentifrice containing xylitol can significantly inhibit the growth of S. mutans serotype E at least at dentrifice concentrations of 5-10%."

"Streptococcus mutans serotype C is a major causative agent to caries and is found predominantly in dental plaque and saliva. Dentifrice containing xylitol has been shown to inhibit the growth of mutans streptococci. The aim of the study was to identify in vitro the influence of dentifrice containing xylitol on S. mutans serotype C. The solution of dentifrice containing xylitol was first diluted with sterile aquadest at 1:1, and then to concentrations of 100%, 10%, 1%, 0.1%, 0.01%, and 0.001%, also with positive and negative controls. These solutions were exposed to S. mutans Serotype C by diffusion and dilution method. The results of the study show that the inhibition zone formed at concentration of 10% and 100%. There was a significant positive correlation between the concentration of dentifrice and the growth of mutans streptococci (p<0.05), with MBC point at 10%. In conclusion, dentifrice containing xylitol has an antibacterial effect and can inhibit the growth of S. mutans serotype C. Increasing concentration of dentifrice containing xylitol increases the size of the inhibition zone."

"Latar Belakang: Perkembangan karies gigi berkaitan dengan bakteri Streptococcus mutans atau Streptococcus gordonii. Propolis dilaporkan sebagai agen antibakteri karena mengandung flavonoid berupa apigenin dan tt-farnesol yang dapat menghambat aktivitas enzim glukosiltransferase dan mempengaruhi integritas membran bakteri. Tujuan: Menganalisis potensi hambat pasta gigi mengandung ekstrak propolis UI terhadap pembentukan biofilm Streptococcus mutans atau Streptococcus gordonii. Metode: Biofilm Streptococcus mutans atau Streptococcus gordonii yang telah dipaparkan pasta gigi ekstrak propolis UI dengan  konsentrasi 25mg/10ml, 50mg/10ml, dan 100mg/10ml kemudian diinkubasi selama 4 jam (fase adhesi), 12 jam (fase akumulasi aktif) dan 24 jam (fase maturasi) pada suhu 37ºC. Persentase inhibisi dinilai dengan menggunakan MTT assay. Hasil: Persentase potensi hambat biofilm Streptococcus mutans tertinggi setelah inkubasi 12 jam dan Streptococcus gordonii setelah inkubasi 4 jam dengan konsentrasi 100mg/10 ml.  Kesimpulan: Efek paparan pasta gigi mengandung ekstrak propolis UI dalam menghambat pembentukan biofilm Streptococcus mutans atau Streptococcus gordonii dipengaruhi oleh konsentrasi dan durasi paparan pasta gigi UI.

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Background: The development of dental caries has been found to be associated with Streptococcus mutans and Streptococcus gordonii. Propolis has been reported as a potent antimicrobial material because containing flavonoids such as apigenin and tt-farnesol that inhibit glucosyltransferase enzyme activity and membrane integrity.

Objective: To analyze the effect of toothpaste containing propolis wax UI in inhibit Streptococcus mutans or Streptococcus gordonii biofilm formation.

Methods: Streptococcus mutans and Streptococcus gordonii biofilm that has been exposed by propolis UI toothpaste at concentration 25mg/10ml, 50mg/10ml, dan 100mg/10ml was incubated for 4 hours (adherence phase), 12 hours (active accumulation phase) and 24 hours (maturation phase) at 37ºC. The percentage of inhibition was tested with MTT assay.

Result: Inhibition percentage of Streptococcus mutans the highest is on active accumulation phase and Streptococcus gordonii biofilm is on adherence phase at concentraton 100mg/10ml.

Conclusion: Propolis UI toothpaste effect on inhibiting biofilm formation of Streptococcus mutans or Streptococcus gordonii depend on concentration and duration of time."

"Latar Belakang: Pasta gigi merupakan bahan semi-aqueous yang digunakan untuk menjaga kebersihan gigi dan mulut. Pada umumnya, zat aktif yang dikandung dalam pasta gigi terbuat dari bahan sintetik. Namun, bahan tersebut dapat menimbulkan efek samping sehingga dibutuhkan bahan dengan efek samping yang lebih sedikit. Propolis merupakan suatu substansi resin yang memiliki sifat antibakterial dan aman terhadap tubuh sehingga dapat digunakan sebagai pengganti bahan sintetik yang dapat meminimalkan efek samping yang terjadi. Tujuan Penelitian: Menganalisis pengaruh paparan pasta gigi ekstrak propolis dan pasta gigi non-propolis terhadap pertumbuhan biofilm S. mutans ATCC 25175. Metode Penelitian: Pembentukan biofilm dilakukan dengan kultur S. mutans ATCC 25175 ke dalam well yang telah berisi pelikel. Pasta gigi ekstrak propolis dan non-propolis dimasukkan ke dalam well, serta diinkubasi selama 3 jam dan 18 jam. Uji kristal violet dan uji OpenCFU dilakukan untuk mengevaluasi total biomassa. Hasil Penelitian: Pada inkubasi 3 jam, tidak terlihat adanya penurunan biomassa baik pada pasta gigi ekstrak propolis maupun non-propolis. Namun, penurunan biomassa terlihat pada kedua jenis pasta gigi setelah inkubasi 18 jam. Kesimpulan: Paparan pasta gigi ekstrak propolis dalam durasi yang lama mampu menurunkan biomassa S. mutans ATCC 25175 dan menghambat pembentukan biofilm.

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Background: Toothpaste was a semi-aqueous material that is used to maintain dental and oral hygiene. Commonly, the active ingredients contained in toothpastes were made from synthetic ingredients. However, these ingredients may causes several adverse effect, therefore a biocompatible ingredient is required to minimize the adverse effect. Propolis is a resin substance that has antibacterial properties and non-toxic to the body. Thus, propolis can be used as an active substance in toothpaste to minimize the adverse effects caused by synthetic toothpaste.

Aim: To analyze the effect of propolis extract and nonpropolis toothpaste exposure toward S. mutans biofilm ATCC 25175 growth.

Method: S. mutans ATCC 25175 culture was added to the well that already contained pellicle to make biofilm. Both toothpaste was added into the well and incubated for 3 h and 18 h. Crystal violet and OpenCFU method was used to measure total biomass of S. mutans ATCC 25175 biofilm.

Result: After 3 hours incubation, there was no reduction in biomass in both toothpaste. However, biomass reduction was seen in both toothpaste after incubation of 18 hours.

Conclusion: Long duration of exposure to propolis extract toothpaste may reduce biomass of S. mutans ATCC 25175 and inhibit biofilm formation."

"Masalah: Pemakaian gigi tiruan sebagian lepasan sangat erat hubungannya dengan terjadinya akumulasi plak dan depositnya, yang menjadi tempat menguntungkan untuk pertumbuhan bakteri. Pada gigi tiruan sebagian, penumpukan plak paling banyak terdapat di daerah servikal yang berhadapan dengan gigi penyangga, sehingga bakteri dapat pula berkoloni pada gigi penyangga dan menyebabkan karies gigi.Oleh karena itu sangat diperlukan pembersihan gigi tiruan yang dapat mengurangi pertumbuhan bakteri khususnya bakteri Streptococcus mutans yang berhubungan dengan etiologi karies. Telah terbukti bahwa pembersihan gigi tiruan secara kimiawi yaitu dengan cara perendaman dalam larutan pembersih seperti alkalin peroksida, sodium bikarbonat dan sodium hipoklorid 0,5% lebih efektif menjangkau seluruh permukaan basis gigi tiruan dibandinngkan pembersihan secara mekanik Tujuan: Untuk mengetahui lama perendaman larutan pembersih gigi tiruan yaitu alkallin peroksida, sodium bikarbonat dam sodium hipoklorid 0,5% yang dapat mengurangi jumlah koloni S.mutans pada basis resin akrilik permukaan halus dan kasar. Metode: Penelitian dilakukan secara eksperimental laboratoris menggunakan 48 spesimen, 24 spesimen dengan permukaan halus dan 24 spesimen dengan permukaan kasar. Setelah dikontaminasi dengan bakteri S.mutans direndam dalam 3 larutan pembersih dan aquades sebagai kontrol selama 5 dan 10 menit. Selanjutnya spesimen dibiakkan pada agar darah, dimasukkan inkubator dan jumlah koloni dihitung dan dianalisa. Hasil: Dari hasil uji statistik disimpulkan bahwa larutan sodium hipoklorid 0,5% dengan lama perendaman selama 5 menit tidak berbeda bermakna dengan perendaman selama 10 menit pada spesimen resin akrilik heat-cured permukaan halus dan permukaan kasar. Sodium hipoklorid 0,5% paling efektif mengurangi bakteri S.mutans dibandingkan dengan larutan alkalin peroksida dan sodium bikarbonat Kesimpulan: Larutan sodium hipoklorid 0.5% dengan lama perendaman 5 dan 10 menit paling banyak mengurangi jumlah koloni S mutans.

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Background:The usage of partial removable denture is strongly associated with accumulation of plaque and its deposits, which is an ideal place for bacterial growth. Plaque deposits in partial removable denture commonly found in cervical area adjacent to abutment tooth and caused bacterial colonization on abutment tooth which led to the occurrence of dental caries. That is why application of denture cleaning solution that will reduce bacterial growth, especially Streptococcus mutans which related to caries formation etiology, is crucial. It has been proven that chemical cleansing of denture by soaking the removable denture in chemical cleaning solution such as sodium hypochlorite 0,5% and sodium bicarbonate is more effective the area inaccessible by mechanical cleansing. Objective:To determine the effect of rinsing duration of cleaning solution, such as sodium bicarbonate and sodium hypochlorite 0,5%, to S.mutans bacterial colonies on smooth-surfaced and rough-surfaced acrylic resin plate. Method:This laboratory experiment was conducted using 48 specimens, with 24 smooth-surfaced and 24 rough-surfaced acrylic resin plates. After S.mutans contamination, the specimens were rinsed in 3 different cleaning solution and aquadest which served as control, for the duration of 5 and 10 minutes. Afterwards, the specimens were cultured in blood agar mediums and kept inside incubator for a period of time, and then colonies of S. mutans formed in the medium were counted. Results:Statistical analysis showed that the rinsing of acrylic plate in sodium hypochlorite 0,5% for 5 and 10 minutes significantly reduced S.mutans colonies compared to rinsing in alkaline peroxide and sodium bicarbonate for both the smooth and rough-surfaced specimens. Conclusion:Soaking of acrylic plate in sodium hypochlorite 0,5% for 5 and 10 minutes is the most effective way to reduce S.mutans colonies in both the smooth and rough-surfaced specimens."