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"ABSTRAKPermasalahan segregasi rasial yang memisahkan orang kulit putih dan kulit hitam yang mengemuka di Amerika pada tahun 1960-an masih saja didiskusikan hingga saat ini dalam berbagai sektor kehidupan termasuk dalam karya sastra. The Help 2009 memperlihatkan hubungan perempuan beda ras yang harmonis di Amerika berlatar periode tersebut. Perbedaan gambaran ini menarik untuk diteliti lebih lanjut. Tesis ini mencermati konstruksi sisterhood antar ras dengan mencermati struktur narasi, khususnya fokalisasi yang digagas oleh Mieke Bal 1999 . Selain itu, pemahaman konsep sisterhood oleh bell hooks juga digunakan dalam tesis ini. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa teks menawarkan bentuk sisterhood baru yang mewadahi semua perempuan sebagai alternatif dari bentuk sisterhood sesama ras. Meskipun teks mengusung nilai kesetaraan, masih terlihat keberpihakan teks terhadap kulit putih yang menunjukkan bahwa teks tidak terlepas dari zamannya. Teks membawa ide kontemporer pada konteks 1960-an sehingga pada akhirnya terlihat bahwa perbedaan warna kulit memang tidak dapat diterima baik pada komunitas kulit putih maupun kulit hitam.Kata Kunci : Fokalisasi, Hubungan Perempuan, Segregasi Rasial, Sisterhood.

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ABSTRACT The issue of racial segregation that separated black and white people, which highlighted the life in America during 1960s, is still being discussed on various sectors of life including in literary works. The Help 2009 shows the harmonic relationship between women with different races in America on that period of time. This perspective is interesting to be analyzed. This thesis analyzes the construction of sisterhood between races using narrative structure, especially focalization initiated by Mieke Bal 1999 . In addition, an understanding of sisterhood concept by bell hooks is also used in this thesis. The results show that the text offers a new form of sisterhood that accommodates all women as an alternative from the form of the previous existing sisterhood. Although the text carries the value of equality, the text tends to take side to the white people which shows that the text is inseparable from its period. The text carries contemporary ideas in the 1960s context so it is certain that skin color differences are unacceptable to both white and black communities. Keywords Focalization, Racial Segregation, Sisterhood, Women rsquo s Relationship"

"Literary and epigraphic references to the figure of pañji in Old Javanese texts are analysed, and contextualised with much better known references to the figure of Pañji in Middle Javanese texts. A hypothesis is offered that Old Javanese term pañji is best rendered as 'court-name’. It is argued that young boys from elite families obtained their familiar court-name (pañji) at the very onset of their career at the court, where they served as pages and attendants of the royal family. They were also trained in arms, religious lore, and arts. Being since their childhood close to the king, they were trusted persons, and some of them made careers as high-ranking court officials, such as Dəmung or Kanuruhan. Others, denoted ācārya, were trained as 'masters of divine weapons’, Tantric ritual specialists, who were in charge of the so-called 'divine weaponry’ (diwyāstra), mantra-infused ordinary weapons, an arsenal well-known in Old and Middle Javanese texts. Vestiges of this ritual lore have survived in Java until modern times."

"This textbook provides a concise, readable introduction to contemporary work in syntactic theory, particularly to key concepts of Chomsky's minimalist program. Andrew Radford gives a general overview of the main theoretical concepts and descriptive devices used in 1990s work. Syntax: a Minimalist Introduction presupposes no prior knowledge of syntax or any language other than English: the analysis is based on Standard, Belfast, Jamaican, Shakespearean and Child English. There are exercises (with helpful hints and model answers) and a substantial glossary.This is an abridged version of Radford's major new textbook Syntactic Theory and the Structure of English: a Minimalist Approach (also published by Cambridge University Press), and will be welcomed as a short introduction to current syntactic theory."