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"Kazakhstan merupakan negara Asia Tengah dengan cadangan energi terbesar yang menerapkan kebijakan luar negeri multi-vektor dalam menghadapi rivalitas Rusia dan Amerika Serikat (AS) dalam bidang kerjasama energi. Dengan Caspian Pipeline Consortium (CPC) Rusia memiliki hak monopoli dalam rute ekstraksi energi Kazakhstan. Reluktansi ekspansi kapasitas CPC dari Rusia mengharuskan Kazakhstan bekerjasama dengan AS dalam keanggotaan pipa minyak Baku- Tbilisi-Ceyhan dan membentuk rancangan pipa minyak Trans-Kaspia. Dengan menggunakan konsep keamanan energi dan economic statecraft, pengaplikasian kebijakan luar negeri Kazakhstan diteliti dalam aspek Multi-Vektor dengan tujuan untuk memberikan posisi balancing Kazakhstan terhadap Rusia dan mengurangi monopoli Rusia terhadap ekstraksi energi Kazakhstan.

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Central Asia, an energy-rich region, is present in the middle of energy rivalry between Russia and United States. As the highest country with proven energy reserve, Kazakhstan holds important position and applying Multi-Vector foreign policy in responding Russia-US rivalry in energy sector. With the present of Caspian Pipeline Consortium, Russia exercised monopoly towards extraction route of Kazakhstan oil. Through Russia's reluctance in expanding CPC's capacity, Kazakhstan is obliged to cooperate with the US through Baku-Tbilisi- Ceyhan pipeline and the Trans-Caspia pipeline project. The application of Kazakhstan's foreign policy, regarded upon nation-building aspects, geopolitics and US-Russia interests in energy, is using multi-vector strategy to create balancing position towards Russia to decrease monopoly towards Kazakhstan's energy extraction route."

"This volume brings together the results of international and interdisciplinary long-term studies on the new desert ecosystem and is divided into four main sections. The first section provides an overview of the physical characteristics of the area and covers geological, pedological, geomorphological and climatological aspects and their dynamics, especially dust-storm dynamics. The second focuses on the biotic aspects and highlights the spatial and temporal patterns of the flora and fauna. In the third section studies and projects aiming to combat desertification by phytomelioration and to develop strategies for the conservation of biodiversity are presented. The book is rounded off with a section providing a synthesis and conclusions."

"Kazakhstan merupakan negara republik yang baru saja merdeka pada 16 Desember 1991 dan merupakan pecahan dari Uni Soviet. Sejak bubarnya Uni Soviet, Kazakhstan masih berhubungan baik secara ekonomi dan politik dengan Rusia. Namun, dinamika keagamaan di Kazakhstan sangat tinggi dan berbeda dengan Rusia. Muslim dan Kristen Ortodoks mencoba menerima agama dan budaya baru tersebut ketika pasca-kemerdekaan. Penelitian ini mengangkat tiga permasalahan, yaitu (1) Bagaimana masuknya Islam dan Bangsa Kazakh di Kazakhstan, (2) Bagaimana kehidupan keislaman di Kazakhstan pada masa ketika menjadi bagian Uni Soviet, (3) Bagaimana keadaan Islam dan gambaran kehidupan Muslim di Kazakhstan pasca-bubarnya Uni Soviet. Penelitian ini memiliki tujuan untuk mengetahui kondisi Islam yang berada di Kazakhstan dan dampaknya dari kekuasaan komunis Uni Soviet yang sangat lama terhadap Islam. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode deskriptif dengan pengumpulan data menggunakan studi pustaka dari beberapa sumber bacaan. Dua teori dalam tulisan ini adalah teori reproduksi budaya dan juga teori modernisasi. Hasil dari penulisan adalah ditemukannya beberapa sejarah masuknya Islam di Kazakhstan dan mengetahui tentang bangsa Kazakh, keadaan Islam pada era Soviet, serta perkembangan Islam pasca-kemerdekaan hingga berjalan tiga dekade.

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Kazakhstan is a republic that just became independent on December 16, 1991 and is part of the Soviet Union. Since the collapse of the Soviet Union, Kazakhstan has remained on good terms economically and politically with Russia. However, the religious dynamics in Kazakhstan is very high and different from that of Russia. Muslim and Orthodox Christians try to accept the new culture and religion after independence. This research is based in several issues, namely (1) How Islam was entering and the identity of the Kazakh nation in Kazakhstan, (2) How was Islamic life in Kazakhstan at the time when it was part of the Soviet Union, (3) What was the state of Islam and what was the picture of Muslim life in Kazakhstan after the dissolution of the Soviet Union. This research aims to determine the condition of Islam in Kazkahstan and the impact of the Soviet Union’s long-standing communist rule on Islam. This study uses a descriptive method with data collection using literature studies from several reading sources. The theory in this reseacrh is theory of cultural reproduction and also the theory of modernization. The results of the research are the discovery of some of the history of the Islam was entering in Kazakhstan and knowing about the Kazakh nation, the state of Islam in the Soviet era, and the development of Islam after independence for three decades.

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