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"Sejak pertengahan 1990-an, semakin banyak negara berkembang yang menempuh Integrasi Ekonomi Regional (REI) dengan negara maju melalui Perjanjian Perdagangan Regional (RTA). Negara anggota perjanjian tersebut memberikan perlakuan yang lebih menguntungkan terhadap satu sama lain daripada terhadap mitra dagang lainnya yang bukan negara anggota. Perlakuan diskriminatif ini jelas tidak konsisten dengan kewajiban perlakuan Most Favoured Nation (MFN) WTO. Meskipun kewajiban perlakuan MFN merupakan prinsip dasar, namun WTO memperkenankan anggotanya untuk mengesampingkan prinsip tersebut dan menempuh REI berdasarkan Pasal XXIV GATT 1994 untuk RTA, Pasal V GATS untuk Perjanjian Integrasi Ekonomi (EIA) dan Klausul Enabling. Penelitian ini menganalisa mengapa WTO memberikan pengecualian tersebut. Selain itu, penelitian ini mengeksplorasi kecenderungan di kalangan negara berkembang menempuh REI dengan negara maju serta meneliti bagaimana negara berkembang dapat mengambil keuntungan tanpa mengucilkan sistem perdagangan multilateral WTO. Berdasarkan analisis hukum, REI sangat bermanfaat bagi negara berkembang WTO. Penelitian ini mendesak KTT APEC ke-21 dan Konferensi Tingkat Menteri ke-9 WTO di Bali untuk digunakan sebagai kesempatan untuk menunjukkan peran aktif dari masing-masing negara berkembang terutama tuan rumah, Indonesia, dalam mempromosikan liberalisasi perdagangan dan investasi secara regional dan global. Penelitian ini menyimpulkan bahwa REI diperlukan untuk mengambil langkah lebih lanjut dalam mewujudkan tujuan WTO untuk menciptakan perdagangan yang bebas dan adil. Selain itu, negara berkembang disarankan untuk menggunakan REI sebagai pilihan kebijakan terbaik kedua dan terus menempatkan prioritas tertinggi pada WTO dengan berkomitmen terhadap modus operandi WTO.

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Since mid-1990s, developing countries are increasingly pursuing Regional Economic Integration (REI) with developed countries through Regional Trade Agreements (RTA). In this case, the parties to such agreements offer each other more favourable treatment than they offer to other trading partners that are nonparties. Clearly, such discriminatory treatment is inconsistent with the Most Favoured Nation (MFN) treatment obligation of the WTO. Although MFN treatment obligation is a fundamental principle, the WTO does allow WTO members to set aside the principle and pursue REI under Article XXIV of the GATT 1994 for RTA, Article V of the GATS for Economic Integration Agreement (EIA) and the Enabling Clause. With that being said, this research analyses why does the WTO provides such exception. In addition, it explores the tendency among developing countries to pursue REI with developed countries and and examines how can those developing countries benefit from their pursuit without undermining the multilateral trading system of the WTO.

Based on a legal analysis, this research argues that REI will be highly beneficial for developing countries of the WTO. Furthermore, the research urges the 21st APEC Summit and the 9th Ministerial Conference of the WTO in Bali to be used as an opportunity to demonstrate an active role of each developing economy especially the host, Indonesia, in promoting regional and global trade and investment liberalisation. This research concludes that REI is necessary to take further steps towards realising the goal of the WTO to have a fair and freer trade. Moreover, developing countries are recommended to consider REI as the second best policy option and continue to place the highest priority on the WTO by committing to modus operandi of the WTO."

"[This book investigates whether the effects of economic integration differ according to the size of countries.The analysis incorporates a classification of the size of countries, reflecting the key economic characteristics of economies in order to provide an appropriate benchmark for each size group in the empirical analysis of the effects of asymmetric economic integration. The formation or extension of Preferential Trade Areas (PTAs) leads to a reduction in trade costs. This poses a critical secondary question as to the extent to which trade costs differ according to the size of countries.The extent to which membership of PTAs has an asymmetric impact on trade flow according to the size of member countries is analyzed by employing econometric tools and general equilibrium analysis, estimating both the ex-post and ex-ante effects of economic integration on the size of countries, using a data set of 218 countries, 45 of which are European. ​, This book investigates whether the effects of economic integration differ according to the size of countries.The analysis incorporates a classification of the size of countries, reflecting the key economic characteristics of economies in order to provide an appropriate benchmark for each size group in the empirical analysis of the effects of asymmetric economic integration. The formation or extension of Preferential Trade Areas (PTAs) leads to a reduction in trade costs. This poses a critical secondary question as to the extent to which trade costs differ according to the size of countries.The extent to which membership of PTAs has an asymmetric impact on trade flow according to the size of member countries is analyzed by employing econometric tools and general equilibrium analysis, estimating both the ex-post and ex-ante effects of economic integration on the size of countries, using a data set of 218 countries, 45 of which are European. ​]"