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"Contents : Child development theories and data gathering -- Principles of growth and development -- Prenatal development -- Infancy : birth to twelve months -- Toddlerhood : twelve to twenty-four months -- Early childhood : three-, four-, and five-year-olds -- Early childhood : six-, seven-, and eight-year-olds -- Middle childhood : nine-, ten-, eleven-, and twelve-year-olds -- Adolescence : thirteen- to nineteen-year olds -- When and where to seek help."

"Latar Belakang: Bayi berat lahir rendah(<2500 gram) atau prematur merupakan salah satu kondisi bayi risiko tinggi. Keterlambatan perkembangan bahasa dan kognitif merupakan salah satu gangguan yang sering dijumpai pada anak dengan riwayat berat lahir rendah/prematur. Bayi berat lahir rendah lebih sering disertai dengan kondisi medis yang memengaruhi pertumbuhan dan perkembangan. Tujuan: Mendapatkan prevalens dan faktor risiko keterlambatan perkembangan bahasa dan kognitif pada anak usia 12-18 bulan dengan riwayat berat lahir rendah. Metode: Rancangan penelitian adalah potong lintang untuk menilai perkembangan bahasa dan kognitif dengan menggunakan alat skrining Capute scales pada anak usia 12-18 bulan yang mempunyai riwayat berat lahir rendah. Sampel diambil secara konsekutif di poliklinik anak RSUP Sanglah Denpasar, Agustus 2015-April 2016. Hasil Penelitian: Subyek yang memenuhi kriteria inklusi dan eksklusi dalam penelitian ini sebanyak 160 orang. Usia rerata subyek adalah 15,69 (SB 2,19) bulan. Prevalens keterlambatan perkembangan bahasa dan kognitif pada anak dengan riwayat berat lahir rendah sebesar 28,1%. Analisis multivariat didapatkan berat lahir <1500 gram merupakan faktor risiko terjadinya keterlambatan perkembangan bahasa dan kognitif (visio-motor) sebesar 10,2 kali lebih banyak dibandingkan berat lahir 1500-<2500 gram (RP 10,260; IK95% 2,265-46,478; P 0,003). Simpulan: Prevalens keterlambatan perkembangan bahasa dan kognitif pada anak usia 12-18 bulan dengan riwayat berat lahir rendah sebesar 28,1%. Bayi berat lahir <1500 gram sebagai faktor risiko keterlambatan perkembangan bahasa dan kognitif.

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Background: Low birth weight (LBW) (<2500 g) or premature baby is one of thehigh-risk conditions. Language and cognitive developmental delay is one of the disorders are often found in children with low birth weight/preterm. Infant with low birth weight more frequently accompanied by a medical condition that affects growth and development.

Objective: To find the prevalence and risk factors of language and cognitive developmental delay in children aged 12-18 months with low birth weight.

Methods: A cross-sectional study design was to assess language and cognitive development by using Capute scales screening tool in children aged 12-18 months who have low birth weight. Samples are taken consecutively in a child outpatient clinic Sanglah Hospital Denpasar, August 2015-April 2016.

Results: Subjects who meet the inclusion and exclusion criteria in the study of 160 people. The average age of the subjects was 15.69 (SD 2.19) months. Prevalence of language and cognitive developmental delay in children with low birth weight was 28.1%. On multivariate analysis, obtained birth weight <1500 g is a risk factor for language and cognitive (visio-motor) developmental delay of 10.2 times more often than the birth weight 1500 to <2500 g (PR 10.260; 95%CI from 2.265 to 46.478; P 0.003).

Conclusions: The prevalence of language and cognitive developmental delay in children aged 12-18 months with low birth weight is 28.1%. Birth weight <1500 g is risk factor of language and cognitive developmental delay."

"Latar belakang: Perkembangan seorang anak harus dinilai secara berkala dan rutin dikerjakan, sehingga dapat dilakukan intervensi sedini mungkin bila terjadi keterlambatan perkembangan. Pada tahun 2021, di Indonesia telah dibuat instrumen baru kuesioner penapisan perkembangan ilmu kesehatan anak (PPIKA) usia 12 bulan, tetapi hingga saat ini belum dilakukan penelitian yang menilai kesetaraan kuesioner penapisan tersebut dibandingkan dengan instrumen lain.Tujuan: Menilai kesetaraan antara PPIKA dengan ASQ-3 dalam mendeteksi kecurigaan keterlambatan perkembangan anak usia 12 bulan.Metode: Penelitian ini merupakan rancangan potong lintang di dilakukan pada anak berusia 11 bulan 0 hari hingga 12 bulan 30 hari dari Posyandu di wilayah Puskesmas Kecamatan Jatinegara, Jakarta Timur, Indonesia pada bulan September 2023. Kuesioner PPIKA dan ASQ-3 diiisi oleh orangtua dengan panduan petugas. Hasil kedua pemeriksaan dilakukan analisis kesetaraan dengan menghitung koefisien Cohen Kappa.Hasil: Seratus delapan puluh subjek penelitian diperiksa dan didapatkan prevalens kecurigaan keterlambatan perkembangan menurut PPIKA dan ASQ-3 masing masing sebesar 13,33% dan 25%. Nilai koefisien Cohen Kappa antara PPIKA dan ASQ-3 sebesar 0,456.Kesimpulan: Kuesioner PPIKA memiliki kesetaraan yang cukup baik dibandingkan dengan kuesioner ASQ-3 dalam penapisan perkembangan anak usia 12 bulan

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Background: Child development must be assessed periodically and routinely, in order to prevent delayed intervention and subsequent developmental delays. In 2021, a new instrument development screening for the 12-month-old child called Penapisan Perkembangan Ilmu Kesehatan Anak (PPIKA) was created in Indonesia, however until now no research has been conducted to assess the agreement of this screening questionnaire compared to other instruments.

Aim: To evaluate agreement between PPIKA and ASQ-3 in detecting suspected developmental delays in children aged 12 months.

Methods: This research was a cross-sectional design conducted on children aged 11 months 0 days to 12 months 30 days from Posyandu in the Jatinegara District Health Center area, East Jakarta, Indonesia in September 2023. The PPIKA and ASQ-3 questionnaires were filled in by parents with guidance from health workers. The results of the two questionnaires were subjected to agreement analyzed by calculating the Cohen Kappa coefficient.

Results: One hundred and eighty research subjects were examined. We found that the prevalence of suspected developmental delay according to PPIKA and ASQ- 3 was 13.33% and 25% respectively. The Cohen Kappa coefficient between PPIKA and ASQ-3 is 0.456.

Conclusion: The PPIKA questionnaire has moderate agreement equivalence compared to the ASQ-3 questionnaire in developmental screening of children aged 12 months."