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"Smoking causes and contributes to a large number of human diseases, yet due to the large number of potentially hazardous compounds in cigarette smoke. almost 5,000 chemicals have been identified, establishing the link between smoking and disease has often proved difficult. This unbiased and scientifically accurate overview of current knowledge begins with an overview of the chemical constituents in cigarette smoke, their fate in the human body, and their documented toxic effects on various cells and tissues. Recent results detailing the many ways components of cigarette smoke adversely affect human health are also presented, highlighting the role of smoking in cardiovascular, respiratory, infectious and other diseases. A final chapter discusses current strategies for the treatment and prevention of smoking-induced illness.Despite the obvious importance of the topic, this is the first comprehensive reference on tobacco smoke toxicity, making for essential reading for all toxicologists and healthcare professionals dealing with smoking-related diseases."

"The main objective of this book is to provide a comprehensive review on stem cells and their role in tissue regeneration, homeostasis and therapy. In addition, the role of cancer stem cells in cancer initiation, progression and drug resistance are discussed. The cell signaling pathways and microRNA regulating stem cell self-renewal, tissue homeostasis and drug resistance are also mentioned. Overall, these reviews will provide a new understanding of the influence of stem cells in tissue regeneration, disease regulation, therapy and drug resistance in several human diseases."

"Asap rokok disebut juga Environmental Tobacco Smoke mengandung fase gas dan komponen partikulat.. Environmental Tobacco Smoke terdiri dari Mainstream Smoke berupa asap yang dihembuskan oleh perokok dan Sidestream Smoke berupa asap yang dihasilkan dari ujung rokok yang terbakar. Sidestream Smoke adalah komponen utama Environmental Tobacco Smoke dengan kandungan hampir seluruh dari total fase gas dan lebih dari setengah dari total komponen partikulat. Oleh sebab itu perlindungan terhadap perokok pasif dapat dilakukan dengan menciptakan suatu alat penyaring yang dapat mengurangi jumlah partikel yang dihasilkan oleh Sidestream Smoke. Cigarette Smoke Filter merupakan rangkaian alat penyaring yang terdiri dari filter udara konvensional, karbon aktif, dan thermal precipitator.Pengujian yang dilakukan ialah guna mengetahui efisensi penyaringan yang dihasilkan oleh Cigarette Smoke Filter. Pengujian dilakukan menggunakan variasi rangkaian filter, karbon aktif, dan thermal precipitator. Analisa hasil pengujian yang dilakukan ialah untuk mengetahui rangkaian filter dan karbon aktif yang memberikan efisiensi penyaringan terbaik serta perbedaan temperature pada thermal precipitator yang menghasilkan gaya thermophoresis optimal. Dengan dilakukannya pengujian dan analisa hasil pengujian pada Cigarette Smoke Filter maka diharapkan alat tersebut mampu mengurangi jumlah partikel yang dihasilkan oleh Sidestream Smoke sehingga upaya untuk melindungi perokok pasif dapat terwujud.

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Cigarette smoke called Environmental Tobacco Smoke, containing gas and component of particle. Environmental Tobacco Smoke consist of Mainstream Smoke which is smoke from the mouth of smoker and Sidestream Smoke which is smoke that resulted from the corner of burned cigarette. Sidestream Smoke is main component of Environmental Tobacco Smoke, with contained almost all of gas phase and a half of its contaminant is particle. Because of, protection to passive smoker can be done through the invention of device filter that can reduce an amount of particle, resulted from Sidestream Smoke. Cigarette Smoke Filter is series of device filter and it consits of filter components like common air filter, activated carbon, and thermal precipitator.The aim of testing Cigarette Smoke Filter to know the filtering eficiency. The testing is varied in series of filter component, activated carbon, and thermal precipitator being used. Analysis of testing results is aimed to know the efficiency that resulted from the variety of series and activated carbon that used to series. It also to know temperature difference which giving optimum thermophoresis force. Within the testing and analyzing testing results of Cigarette Smoke Filter so this device is expected has ability to reduce an amount of particle resulted from Sidestream smoke, finally effort to protecting passive smoke can be realized."

"Latar Belakang: Asap rokok mengandung berbagai bahan dan zat kimia yang mempunyai sifat antara lain sebagai iritan. Pajanan asap rokok terhadap saluran napasa bisa bersifat akut dan kronik. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk melihat efek akut asap rokok terhadap sel epitel saluran napas kecil secara in vitro dan saluran napas mencit secara in vivo. Metode: Sel epitel saluran napas kecil didapat dari donor orang sehat. Sedangkan mencit yang digunakan sebanyak enam ekor dibagi atas dua kelompok yaitu kelompok percobaan dan kelompok kontrol. Sel epitel saluran napas kecil yang dibiak hingga 6 passage. Kelompok percobaan dipajankan terhadapekstrak asap rokok konsentrasi 2,5% selama 24 jam. Sedangkan mencit dipajani dengan asap rokok selama 5 hari. Hasil: Didapatkan hasil percobaan in vitro peningkatan ekspresi COX-2 baik pada level RNA maupun protein sebanyak 3,1x dibandingkan dengan kontrol. Pada jaringan paru mencit yang dipajankan terhadap asap rokok didapatkan peningkatan bermakna sel epitel saluran napas kecil yang mengeskpresikan protein COX-2 secara bermakna dibandingkan kelompok kontrol. Kesimpulan: Dari temuan ini dapat disimpulkan bahwa sel epitel saluran napas kecil merupakan target awal perubahan inflamasi bila dipajani dengan asap rokok.

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Introduction: Cigarette smokes contain various particles and chemical substances that can irritate airway. The irritation process can be acute or chronic. The aim of this study to observe the acute effect of cigarette smoke on small airway epithelial cells in vitro and mouse airway in vivo. Methods: Small airway epithelial cells were obtained from healthy donors and mice. Six mice involved in this study were distributed into experimental and control groups. Their epithelial cells were cultured up to six passages. Experimental group was exposed to 2.5% of cigarette smoke extract for 24-hours incubation for five consecutive days. Results: There was a 3.1-fold increased expression of COX-2 in RNA and protein level in experimental group compared to control group. Furthermore, exposure of cigarette smoke increased the protein expression of COX-2 small airway epithelial cells. Conclusions: It is concluded that small airway epithelial cells were the initial target of inflammation changes due to cigarette smoke exposure"

"Latar belakang: Mengetahui efek pemberian bubuk ?pomegranate? selama 14 hari terhadap peroksidasi lipid berdasarkan pengukuran kadar malondialdehida (MDA) pada tikus yang dipaparkan asap rokok.Metode: Rancangan acak lengkap diterapkan pada penelitian ini. Tigapuluh tikus Sprague-Dawley dibagi menjadi tiga kelompok, yaitu: kelompok tanpa penambahan bubuk pomegranate (kontrol), kelompok R1 dengan penambahan 5% (kandungan fl avonoid 0,351%/100g) dan kelompok R2 dengan penambahan 10% (kandungan fl avonoid 0,566%/100g) bubuk pomegranat ke dalam ransum. Ransum diberikan ?ad libitum? selama 14 hari. Tikus dipaparkan pada asap rokok selama tiga kali sehari. Kadar MDA diukur sebelum pemaparan, hari ke-8 dan -15 pemaparan. Data dianalisis menggunakan uji ANOVA setelah pengujian normalitas data.Hasil: Kadar MDA sebelum pemaparan adalah 0.35±0.06 nmol/mL, 0.38±0.06 nmol/mL dan 0.38±0.06 nmol/mL berturut-turut untuk kelompok kontrol, R1 dan R2 (P= 0.65). Pada hari ke-8, kadar MDA adalah 0.70±0.06 nmol/mL, 0.57±0.06 nmol/mL dan 0.56±0.06 nmol/mL berturut-turut untuk kelompok control, R1 dan R2. Kadar MDA pada hari ke-15 berturut-turut untuk kelompok kontrol, R1 dan R2 adalah 1.02 ±0.06 nmol/mL, 0.89±0.06 nmol/mL dan 0.80±0.06 nmol/mL. Terdapat perbedaan bermakna (P= 0,001) rerata kadar MDA hari ke-8 dan hari ke-15 antar kelompok. Rerata kadar MDA pada kelompok kontrol paling tinggi dibandingkan kelompok R1 dan R2 baik pada hari ke-8 maupun hari ke-15. Rerata kadar MDA pada kelompok R2 paling rendah dibandingkan kelompok R0 dan R1 pada hari ke 8 maupun hari ke 15. Peningkatan kadar MDA pada hari ke delapan dibandingkan sebelum pemaparan pada kelompok R0, R1 dan R2 berturut-turut adalah 97%, 52% dan 48%, sedangkan peningkatan MDA pada hari ke 15 dibandingkan sebelum pemaparan pada kelompok R0, R1 dan R2 berturut-turut adalah 187%, 137% dan 113%. Peningkatan kadar MDA terbesar adalah pada kelompok R0.Kesimpulan: Pemberian bubuk pomegranat pada kadar 5% dan 10% dapat menekan terjadinya peroksidasi lipid yang ditunjukkan dengan kadar MDA dibandingkan dengan kelompok kontrol.

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AbstractBackground: To analyze the effect of pomegranate (P. granatum) powder consumption for 14 days on lipid peroxidation as shown by malondialdehyde (MDA) level in cigarette smoke exposed rats.Methods: Thirty Sprague-Dawley male rats were randomly divided into three groups, i.e.: a control group and two treatment groups. The treatment groups either received 5% (R1: 0.351% fl avonoids/100g) or 10% (R2: 0.566% fl avonoids/100g) pomegranate extract powder, respectively. The diets in the form of pellets were freely consumed (ad libitum) and were given for 14 days. Rats were exposed to cigarette smoke three times per day. Blood samples were taken on day 0, day 8th and 15th for MDA analyses. Comparison of MDA levels was done by ANOVA?s test on normal data.Results: On day 0, the MDA levels were 0.35±0.06 nmol/mL, 0.38±0.06 nmol/mL and 0.38±0.06 nmol/mL for control, 5% and 10% pomegranate powder group, respectively (P=0.65). On day 8th, the MDA levels were 0.70±0.06 nmol/mL, 0.57±0.06 nmol/mL and 0.56±0.06 nmol/mL, and on day 15th, the MDA levels were 1.02 ±0.06 nmol/mL, 0.89±0.06 nmol/mL and 0.80±0.06 nmol/mL in control, 5% and 10% pomegranate powder group, respectively. There was a signifi cant difference (P< 0.001) in MDA levels on day 8th and 15th between groups. The average MDA level for rats consuming control diet was the highest on day 8th and 15th. On the other hand, the lowest average MDA level on day 8th and 15th was observed in rats given 10% pomegranate extract powder. In comparison to MDA level before cigarette smoke exposure, the increases in MDA levels for rats consuming control diet, 5% and 10% pomegranate extract powder were 97%, 52% and 48% on day 8th, and 187%, 137% and 113% on day 15th, respectively. The highest increase in MDA level was observed in control group.Conclusion: The use of pomegranate powder at 5% and 10% concentration was able to prevent the occurrence of lipid peroxidation as shown by the MDA levels and the effect was dose dependent."

"Asap rokok yang dihasilkan perokok sangat merugikan orang yang tidak merokok namun menghisap asap rokok (perokok pasif). Tidak hanya menghisap bau asap yang mengganggu, namun perokok pasif bahkan menerima resiko gangguan kesehatan lebih besar karena asap rokok mengandung zat-zat kimia yang bersifat karsinogen.Tujuan penelitian adalah merancang dan membuat sebuah penyaring asap rokok (Cigarette Smoke Filter) dengan memanfaatkan filter udara konvensional, karbon aktif dan gaya thermophoresis, sehingga bau dan partikel asap rokok yang dihasilkan dapat dikurangi. Dari penelitian ini dihasilkan Cigarette Smoke Filter yang berfungsi dan didapat sistem analisis pengujian berupa perbandingan massa partikel asap rokok yang tersaring sehingga dapat diperoleh data penyaringan partikel asap rokok.

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Cigarette smoke has always been a great problem for the people within the environment (passive smoking). Not only they have to inhale the disturbing odour, they also face greater health risk because cigarette smoke is known to contain carcinogenic chemicals.

The objective of this research is to design and manufacture a cigarette smoke filter by using conventional air filter, activated carbon and thermophoretic force to reduce odour and number of particles of cigarette smoke. The result of this research is a cigarette smoke filter that works, and the testing method to compare filtered smoke particle mass from cigarette smoke to determine the performance of the filter."