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"Pencemaran dan kerusakan sungai yang terjadi, baik di Indonesia maupun Selandia Baru telah mencapai titik krisis yang memerlukan kebijakan hukum yang inovatif. Di Selandia Baru, Sungai Whanganui melalui Undang-Undang Te Awa Tupua 2017 ditetapkan sebagai subjek hukum. Penelitian ini dilakukan dengan menggunakan metode hukum normatif-empiris untuk menganalisis konsep pengakuan Sungai Whanganui sebagai subjek hukum di Selandia Baru dan untuk mengevaluasi penanganan pencemaran air pasca pengakuan subjek hukum pada Sungai Whanganui. Selain itu, penelitian ini juga bertujuan untuk menelaah potensi pengakuan subjek hukum pada sungai di Indonesia, baik dari segi perumusan undang-undang maupun penerapannya sebagai langkah menuju penanganan pencemaran sungai yang lebih efektif di masa depan. Sungai Whanganui diakui dalam UU Te Awa Tupua 2017 sebagai subjek hukum penuh yang menyandang hak dan kewajiban, serta memiliki wali yang terdiri dari satu orang wakil suku asli Māori dan satu orang wakil perwakilan negara bagian. Pengakuan hukum terhadap Sungai Whanganui telah menunjukkan dampak positif dalam penanganan pencemaran air. Dengan adanya pengakuan subjek hukum pada sungai di Indonesia dapat berpotensi memberikan sejumlah manfaat bagi penanganan pencemaran sungai, seperti memberikan perlindungan hukum yang lebih kuat dan mendorong tanggung jawab lingkungan yang lebih besar. Akan tetapi, pengakuan ini juga menimbulkan sejumlah tantangan dalam teori hukum dan implementasinya, seperti menentukan mekanisme pengakuan subjek hukum, mengatur kewajiban dan hak yang melekat pada sungai, serta memastikan kepatuhan dan penegakan hukum yang efektif.

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The pollution and damage to rivers, both in Indonesia and New Zealand have reached a crisis point that requires innovative legal policies. In New Zealand, the Whanganui River has been legally recognized as a legal subject subject through the Te Awa Tupua Act 2017. This research utilizes a normative-empirical legal method to analyze the concept of recognizing the Whanganui River as a legal subject in New Zealand and to evaluate the post-recognition measures taken to address water pollution in the river. Additionally, this study aims to explore the potential recognition of rivers as legal subjects in Indonesia, focusing on the formulation and implementation of laws as a step towards more effective river pollution management in the future. The Whanganui River is acknowledged under the Te Awa Tupua Act 2017 as a full legal subject with rights and responsibilities, and it is represented by a legal guardian comprising a representative from the indigenous Māori tribe and a representative from the state government. The legal recognition of the Whanganui River has demonstrated positive impacts in addressing water pollution. The recognition of rivers as legal subjects in Indonesia has the potential to provide several benefits for river pollution management, including stronger legal protection and promoting greater environmental responsibility. However, this recognition also presents various challenges in legal theory and its implementation, such as determining mechanisms for legal subject recognition, regulating the rights and obligations inherent to rivers, and ensuring effective legal compliance and law enforcement."

"Air adalah kebutuhan pokok manusia yang jumlahnya akan bertambah seiring dengan pertumbuhan manusia. Sumber air baku Jakarta berasal dari Waduk Jatiluhur melalui Saluran Tarum Barat. Mutu air baku PAM Jakarta tercemar karena kegiatan antropogenik, padahal air baku yang akan digunakan seharusnya memenuhi baku mutu. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah menganalisis mutu air, kegiatan antropogenik di pinggir sungai yang menyebabkan penurunan kualitas air sungai dan menentukan strategi pemulihan air baku Jakarta. Pendekatan penelitian kuntitatif dan menggunakan metode gabungan kuantitatif dan kualitatif. Hasil penelitian, yaitu rata-rata mutu air pada 8 titik pemantauan dengan metode STORET tahun 2011-2015, yaitu: (-50), (-53), (-53), (-52), dan (-53), sehingga masuk kategori cemar berat. Berdasarkan IP tahun 2011-2015 rata-rata (4,117), (5,04), (5,341), (4,542), dan (4,831), sehingga air masuk kategori cemar ringan dan sedang. Kegiatan antropogenik di pinggir sungai, yaitu kegiatan MCK, membuang air limbah cair di badan sungai, membuang sampah, dan lainnya. Kesimpulannya adalah air Saluran Tarum Barat tercemar karena kegiatan antropogenik masyarakat di sepanjang pinggir sungai.

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The needs of clean water will increase in line with growth of human population. Currently, the main source of Jakarta?s raw water comes from Jatiluhur that flowed through West Tarum Channel. The water is polluted by anthropogenic activities, whereas raw water should fulfill first class of water quality. The aim of this study was to analyze the water quality status and anthropogenic activities on the riverbank which affect river?s water quality deterioration, and find the proper strategies to clean raw water in Jakarta. This research uses a quantitative research approach with mix-method.

The results of this research, using water quality of STORET method in 2011-2015 with the average in 8 monitoring samples are (-50), (-53), (-53), (-52), and (-53). They are classified as heavily polluted. Based on years of pollution index method in 2011-2015 had an average (4.117), (5.04), (5.341), (4.542), and (4.831), so that the water classified as light to lightly- and moderately-polluted. Anthropogenic activities along the riverbank, which are bathing, washing, and latrine activities, discharging domestic wastewater into river body, littering to the river, and others affect the the water quality of the river. The conclusion from this research is that the water in the West Tarum Channel has been contaminated by anthropogenic activities along the riverbank."

"Hibah merupakan pemberian dari seseorang kepada orang lain yang diberikan pada saat pemberi hibah masih hidup. Hibah muncul sebagai koreksi terhadap hukum adat yang selama ini berlaku di masyarakat, dimana jika seorang ayah meninggal dunia anak-anaknya tidak akan mewarisi harta ayahnya, yang akan mewarisinya adalah kamanakannya. Untuk itulah agar anak-anaknya dapat menikmati harta ayahnya dilakukan dengan cara menghibahkan hartanya, namun yang dapat dihibahkan hanyalah harta pusako randah/harta pencarian. Harta pusako tinggi tidak dapat dihibahkan karena pengguasaan harto pusako tinggi dilakukan secara bergiliran oleh Mamak dalam suatu kaum, namun hibah dapat dilakukan apabila mendapat persetujuan dari seluruh kaum atau bila semua keturunan sudah habis. Ada kalanya hibah dilakukan oleh seorang ayah kepada anaknya tanpa persetujuan dari kaum, hal inilah yang dapat menimbulkan sengketa dalam suatu kaum. Bagaimana penyelesaian sengketa hibah tersebut diselesaikan dan bagaimana peran Mamak Kepala Waris untuk menyelesaikan sengketa tersebut serta bagaimana bila Mamak Kepala Waris itu yang melakukan hibah harta pusako tinggi tersebut merupakan permasalahan yang akan dibahas dalam tesis ini. Bentuk penelitian dalam tesis ini merupakan penelitian hukum normatif dan penelitian empiris, dimana penelitian ini dilakukan dengan sumbersumber tertulis dan juga dilakukan penelitian lapangan. Sumber data diperoleh dengan menggunakan data sekunder berupa studi kepustakaan, sedangkan data primer penulis peroleh dengan melakukan wawancara dengan nara sumber secara langsung, yaitu dengan Datuk/Kepala Adat. Dari hasil penelitian dapat disimpulkan bahwa penyelesaian dilakukan dengan musyawarah mufakat dengan Mamak Kepala Waris bertindak sebagai penengah dan membantu menyelesaikan masalah. Terhadap Mamak Kepala Waris yang melakukah hibah harta pusako tinggi maka ia dianggap melanggar adat dan akan mendapatkan sanksi sesuai dengan keputusan sidang yang dilakukan oleh para Pemangku adat.

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A grant is something that is given by someone to another person while that someone is still alive. A grant is considered as a correction of traditional law that has stayed in the society for many years. The traditional law stated that when father dies then the children will not inherit his wealth but instead his kamanakan will. Therefore, in order for the children to inherit their father wealth one of the ways is by granting the wealth itself, but the only wealth that can be granted are only the wealth that considered in the lower ranks. In another words harta pusako randah or wealth that comes from income.

High rank inherited wealth cannot be granted because it is being controlled in turns by Mamak in the family clan. But nevertheless a grant still can be given only if all the member of the clan has agreed or if there are no more heir or heiress left. There comes a time when a grant can be given by a father to his child without agreement from the clan, if this happen then it can cause a dispute or conflict inside the family clan. What is the best sollution for such dispute or conflicts and what are the roles of Mamak Kepala Waris in order to settle the dispute and what if Mamak Kepala Waris are the ones that are giving the high inherited wealth, these are the problems that will be discussed in this thesis.

The method of research used in this thesis are normatif and empirical. This research is written with the help from various written sources and also being conducted. The sources of data comes by using secondary data which is librarian study and the primary data is collected by the writer from interviewing the chief of the tribe or commonly known as Datuk.

From this research it can be concluded that the settlement in the family clan is conducted by having a discussion that will lead to agreement with Mamak Kepala Waris playing the role as a middle person between two sides in order to solve the dispute. To Mamak Kepala Waris that grants the high inherited wealth without an agreement, then this is considered as a violation to the culture law. The person that conducts this violation will get the proper sanction or punishment that has been decided in a meeting with Pemangku Adat"

"[ABSTRAKPemerintah Kota Surabaya mempunyai pengaturan tanah yang unik dan tidak dijumpai di kota manapun di Indonesia dengan memberikan Surat Izin Pemakaian Tanah atau sering dikenal dengan ldquo Surat Hijau rdquo yang mendasari penarikan retribusi kepada masyarakat Pengaturan tanah tersebut di atas tanah negara dan sebagian lagi memang di sebagian tanah Aset Daerah Kota Surabaya sendiri Penelitian Kebijakan Penyelesaian Konflik Pertanahan di atas ldquo Surat Hijau rdquo di Kota Surabaya ini menggunakan metode penelitian hukum normatif yaitu penelitian hukum yang dilakukan dengan cara meneliti data sekunder atau bahan pustaka Dalam perkembangannya masalah ldquo Surat Hijau rdquo telah menimbulkan berbagai macam konflik antara pemegang ldquo Surat Hijau rdquo dengan Pemerintah Kota Surabaya Konflik ini timbul karena terdapat perbedaan persepsi antara masyarakat dan Pemerintah Kota Surabaya dalam merujuk peraturan mengenai masalah penguasaan tanah Untuk itu diperlukan solusi yang saling menguntungkan antara pemegang ldquo Surat Hijau rdquo dengan Pemerintah Kota Surabaya.

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ABSTRACTThe Municipal City of Surabaya has a unique arrangement on land which are not found in any other city in Indonesia Land Usage Permit or commonly known as the Surat Hijau that underlie the withdrawal of levy to the public is managed and issued to the local population of Surabaya by the Municipal City of Surabaya This regulation is implemented upon the State Land and some upon the land that are part of Regional Asset of Surabaya itself The research about land conflict resolution policy of The Use of Land Permit uses Normative Juridical Research Method which focuses on the data collection tool and the study of literature After sometime the issues surrounding Surat Hijau has given rise to various sorts of conflicts between holders of Surat Hijau with the Municipal City of Surabaya This conflict arises because there is a difference in perception between the public and the city officials of Surabaya in reference to the regulation on land tenure This currently heated conflict required a solution that is mutually beneficial between the holders of Surat Hijau with the Municipal City of Surabaya ;The Municipal City of Surabaya has a unique arrangement on land which are not found in any other city in Indonesia Land Usage Permit or commonly known as the Surat Hijau that underlie the withdrawal of levy to the public is managed and issued to the local population of Surabaya by the Municipal City of Surabaya This regulation is implemented upon the State Land and some upon the land that are part of Regional Asset of Surabaya itself The research about land conflict resolution policy of The Use of Land Permit uses Normative Juridical Research Method which focuses on the data collection tool and the study of literature After sometime the issues surrounding Surat Hijau has given rise to various sorts of conflicts between holders of Surat Hijau with the Municipal City of Surabaya This conflict arises because there is a difference in perception between the public and the city officials of Surabaya in reference to the regulation on land tenure This currently heated conflict required a solution that is mutually beneficial between the holders of Surat Hijau with the Municipal City of Surabaya ;The Municipal City of Surabaya has a unique arrangement on land which are not found in any other city in Indonesia Land Usage Permit or commonly known as the Surat Hijau that underlie the withdrawal of levy to the public is managed and issued to the local population of Surabaya by the Municipal City of Surabaya This regulation is implemented upon the State Land and some upon the land that are part of Regional Asset of Surabaya itself The research about land conflict resolution policy of The Use of Land Permit uses Normative Juridical Research Method which focuses on the data collection tool and the study of literature After sometime the issues surrounding Surat Hijau has given rise to various sorts of conflicts between holders of Surat Hijau with the Municipal City of Surabaya This conflict arises because there is a difference in perception between the public and the city officials of Surabaya in reference to the regulation on land tenure This currently heated conflict required a solution that is mutually beneficial between the holders of Surat Hijau with the Municipal City of Surabaya , The Municipal City of Surabaya has a unique arrangement on land which are not found in any other city in Indonesia Land Usage Permit or commonly known as the Surat Hijau that underlie the withdrawal of levy to the public is managed and issued to the local population of Surabaya by the Municipal City of Surabaya This regulation is implemented upon the State Land and some upon the land that are part of Regional Asset of Surabaya itself The research about land conflict resolution policy of The Use of Land Permit uses Normative Juridical Research Method which focuses on the data collection tool and the study of literature After sometime the issues surrounding Surat Hijau has given rise to various sorts of conflicts between holders of Surat Hijau with the Municipal City of Surabaya This conflict arises because there is a difference in perception between the public and the city officials of Surabaya in reference to the regulation on land tenure This currently heated conflict required a solution that is mutually beneficial between the holders of Surat Hijau with the Municipal City of Surabaya ]"

"Undang-undang No. 5 Tahun 1999, yang baru diberlakukan disambut baik oleh kalangan dunia usaha. Hal ini dianggap baik karena di waktu yang lalu, seolah-olah kesempatan berusaha telah dimonopoli oleh kelompok tertentu. Namin demikian, hal itu tidak terlalu tepat. Untuk sebagian kecil mungkin terjadi, apalagi untuk usaha pemerintah (BUMN) telah melakukan monopoli. Ditinaju dari segi eknomi, monopoli dilakukan oleh 1 (satu) perusahaan dan sangat sulit perusahaan lain untuk masuk ke dalam pasar. Secara keseluruhan kalau dilihat keadaan pasar di Indonesia, tidak tepat telah terjadi monopoli, kecuali untuk kepentingan negara dan masyarakat. Mengenai monopoli ini, UU No. 5 tahun 1999 mengaturnya dalam pasal (17) dan disinyalir kurang mencerminkan rasa keadilan dan kepastian hukum masyarakat. Uraian berikut dapat menjadi pertimbangan untuk perubahannya."

""Dumping" adalah suatu persaingan curang dalam diskriminasi harga yaitu suatu produk yang ditawarkan di pasar negara lain dengan harga yang lebih rendah dibandingkan dengan harga normalnya atau harga jual di negara ketiga. Untuk mengatasi masalah "dumping" sejumlah negara telah memberlakukan perangkat hukum "anti-dumping". Masyarakat Eropa (ME) melalui oerangkat hukum "anti-dumping" telah menetapkan komisi khusus yang menangani masalah "dumping". Pembuktian "dumping" oleh komisi khusus ini meliputi "dumping" itu sendiri, kerugian (injury), dan kepentingan masyarakat (community interest)."