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"Linguistics : The Cambridge Survey is a comprehensive introduction to current research in all branches of the field of linguistics, from syntactic theory to ethnography of speaking, from signed language to the mental lexicon, from language acquisition to discourse analysis. Each chapter has been written by a specialist particularly distinguished in his or her field who has accepted the challenge of reviewing the current issues and future prospects in sufficient depth for the scholar and with sufficient clarity for the student. Each volume can be read independently and has a particular focus. Volume I covers the internal structure of the language faculty itself, while Volume II considers the evidence for, and the implications of, a generativist approach to language. Psycholinguistics and neurolinguistics are covered in Volume III, and Volume IV concentrates on sociolinguistics and the allied fields of anthropological linguistics and discourse and conversation analysis. Several of the chapters in the work concentrate on the interface between different aspects of linguistic theory or the boundaries between linguistic theory and other disciplines. Thus in both its scope and in its approach, the Survey is a unique and fundamental reference work. It undoubtedly fulfills the editor's aims of providing a wealth of information, insight, and ideas that will excite and challenge all readers with an interest in linguistics."

"The most comprehensive overview available, this handbook is an essential guide to sociolinguistics today. Reflecting the breadth of research in the field, it surveys a range of topics and approaches in the study of language variation and use in society. As well as linguistic perspectives, the handbook includes insights from anthropology, social psychology, the study of discourse and power, conversation analysis, theories of style and styling, language contact and applied sociolinguistics. Language practices seem to have reached new levels since the communications revolution of the late twentieth century. At the same time face-to-face communication is still the main force of language identity, even if social and peer networks of the traditional face-to-face nature are facing stiff competition of the Facebook-to-Facebook sort. The most authoritative guide to the state of the field, this handbook shows that sociolinguistics provides us with the best tools for understanding our unfolding evolution as social beings."

"Penolakan merupakan sebuah respon atau reaksi negatif yang diberikan untuk menjawab sebuah permintaan, ajakan, maupun tawaran. Dalam melakukan sebuah tuturan penolakan, penutur biasanya menggunakan strategi tertentu untuk menyampaikan maksud penolakan kepada mitra bicara daripada hanya sekedar mengatakan kata "Tidak". Hal ini dilakukan untuk tetap menjaga hubungan baik dengan mitra bicara. Strategi penolakan dapat direalisasikan secara berbeda pada bahasa dan budaya yang berbeda. Perbedaan tersebut misalnya pada urutan penggunaan strategi penolakan di dalam sebuah tuturan penolakan yang pada budaya tertentu dipengaruhi oleh faktor-faktor tertentu yang berhubungan dengan mitra bicara. Oleh karena itu, penelitian ini mencoba menganalisis bagaimanakah urutan strategi yang dipakai oleh penutur asli bahasa Indonesia, penutur asli bahasa Jepang, dan pemelajar bahasa Jepang pada penolakan terhadap situasi ajakan yang dibedakan atas status usia dan keakraban dengan mitra bicara. Apakah urutan strategi yang dipakai pemelajar bahasa Jepang telah serupa dengan penutur asli bahasa tersebut. Dari perbandingan tersebut dapat diketahui apakah terdapat transfer pragmatik pada tuturan penolakan pemelajar bahasa Jepang akibat pengaruh dari pemakaian strategi yang berlaku pada bahasa Indonesia sebagai bahasa pertama pemelajar.Hasil yang didapatkan adalah penutur asli bahasa Indonesia dan penutur asli bahasa Jepang pada penelitian ini mempunyai urutan strategi yang serupa dalam melakukan penolakan hampir di semua situasi yang disajikan. Urutan strategi yang dipakai oleh pemelajar bahasa Jepang ternyata saling menyerupai antara penutur asli bahasa Jepang dan penutur asli bahasa Indonesia. Dapat disimpulkan bahwa terdapat transfer pragmatik posistif karena terdapatnya kesamaan urutan strategi tersebut.

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Refusal is a negative reaction or response given to answer a request, invitation, or an offer. In making a refusal, the speaker usually use a certain strategy to his/her hearer than saying "No" directly. This is usually done to keep a good relationship between the speaker and the hearer. Refusal strategy could be accomplished differently in various language and culture such as the order of the refusal strategy. This is influenced by certain factors in relation with the hearer.Therefore, this study analyze how the order of refusal strategy used by Indonesian native speaker, Japanese native speaker, and Japanese language students in making a refusal based on the situation of invitation categorized by age and familiarity with the hearer. This study learns whether the Japanese language students used the order of refusal strategy similar with Japanese native speaker. From this comparison, it could be discerned if there are any pragmatic transfer in the refusal by the Japanese language students because of the influence from Indonesian language as the native language of the students.It can be concluded from this study that the Indonesian native speaker and Japanese native speaker used similar order of refusal strategy in almost all of the situation presented. The refusal strategy used by Japanese language students are also similar with Indonesian and Japanese native speaker. Therefore, the pragmatic transfer is positive because of the similarity of refusal strategies. "