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"ABSTRAKProses produksi, penanganan, dan penyimpanan berbagai combustible dust di Powder Plant Frisian Flag Indonesia menimbulkan risiko terjadinya dust explosion. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengklasifikasi hazardous area dan menganalisis equipment yang sesuai dengan standar ATEX dan IECEx.Data berupa data primer dan data sekunder. Hasil klasifikasi hazardous area adalah zona 20, 21, dan 22 berdasarkan kemungkinan terbentuknya dust cloud. Hasil analisis equipment berupa ketentuan tentang approval marking, klasifikasi equipment, metode proteksi equipment terhadap ledakan, equipment protection level, dan suhu permukaan maksimum equipment yang diijinkan. Keberadaancombustible dustdan belum dipasangnya equipment yang sesuai untukpenggunaan di explosive atmosphere merupakan suatu kondisi yang sangat berbahaya. Untuk itu perusahaan harus menginstal equipment yang sesuai agar tidak menjadi sumber ignisi sehingga dapat mencegah terjadinya dust explosion.

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ABSTRACTThe production process, handling, and storage of combustible dusts in the Powder Plant Frisian Flag Indonesia cause risk of dust explosion. This study aims to classify hazardous area and analyze equipment comply with ATEXand IECEx standards. Data in the form of primary and secondary data. Area classified for explosive dust atmosphere are divided into zones 20, 21, and 22, based up on the possibility of the occurance of dust cloud. The results of the analysis equipment isprovisions about approval marking, equipment classification, method of explosion protection, equipment protection level, and maximum permissible surface temperature. The existence of combustible dust and installation of equipment which is not suitable for use in explosive atmosphere are very dangerous condition. Therefore, the company must install the appropriate equipment so not to become source of ignition which can prevent the occurrence of dust explosion."

"Industri farmasi merupakan industri yang memiliki risko kebakaran dan ledakan yang sangat besar karena penanganan beragam bahan kimia cair, padatan, dan gas yang mudah terbakar serta bahan kimia berbahaya lainnya. Tujuan umum dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengklasifikasikan area berbahaya berdasarkan standar IEC 60079-10-2 serta menganalisis tingkat risiko kebakaran dan ledakan debu dalam proses granulasi pada fasilitas Non Betalactam (Multi Product Facility). Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian deskriptif semi kuantitatif yang bertujuan untuk mengklasifikasikan area berbahaya pada proses granulasi berdasarkan standar IEC 60079-10-2 dan menentukan tingkat risiko kebakaran dan ledakan debu dalam tahapan pencampuran (mixing) dengan menggunakan metode Dow’s Fire Explosion Index. Populasi ini melibatkan semua bahan kimia berbahaya dan peralatan yang digunakan pada proses pembuatan obat di PT. X. Combustible dust yang digunakan dalam proses granulasi pada fasilitas Non Betalactam Facility (Multi Product Facility) berupa bahan aktif farmasi dan eksipien, seperti methyldopa hydrate, paracetamol, loperamide hydrochloride, diazepam, domperidone, prednisolone micronised, magnesium stearate. polyvidone 30, sodium starch glycolate, dan amylum maydis. Minimum Ignition Energy (MIE) yang dimiliki oleh semua bahan aktif berbeda-beda nilainya sesuai hasil uji laboratorium eksternal dengan nilai yang paling sensitif terhadap penyalaan, yaitu diazepam, methyldopa hydrate, loperamide hydrochloride, domperidone dan prednisolone micronised yang mempunyai nilai MIE 1-3 mj yang dapat menyebabkan ledakan kuat hingga sangat kuat jika memenuhi konsentrasi Minimum Explosive Concentration (MEC). Sehubungan dengan hal itu, sebelum menentukan klasifikasi area berbahaya, sangat penting untuk mengidentifikasi sumber penyalaan di area proses tersebut. Adapun sumber penyalaan tersebut bersumber dari peralatan listrik, listrik statis, dan friction/mechanical spark. Klasifikasi area berbahaya dengan kategori zona dalam proses granulasi pada fasilitas Non Betalactam (Multi Product Facility) terdiri dari zona 20 di setiap dalam chamber/container peralatan, zona 21 di setiap bukaan hopper/charging unit, tempat perilisan debu dengan radius satu meter dan zona 22 di luar zona 21 di dalam ruangan proses granulasi. Tingkat risiko kebakaran dan ledakan debu pada proses granulasi (mixing) dengan menggunakan metode granulasi basah (hybrid mixture) berdasarkan metode Dow’s Fire and Explosion Index adalah risiko sedang (moderate) dengan total skor 95,1762 dengan radius paparannya sebesar 29,010 meter dan estimasi kerugiannya mencapai Rp 1.467.276.735.672. Oleh karenanya, sangat penting untuk melakukan mitigasi risiko sehingga risiko kebakaran dan ledakan debu di area proses ini berada pada risiko yang rendah.

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The pharmaceutical industry is an industry that has a very large risk of fire and explosion due to the handling of a variety of flammable liquid, solid and gaseous chemicals as well as other hazardous chemicals. The general objective of this study is to classify hazardous areas based on IEC 60079-10-2 standards and to analyze the risk level of fire and dust explosion in the granulation process at the Non Betalactam facility (Multi Product Facility). This research is a semi-quantitative descriptive study that aims to classify hazardous areas in the granulation process based on IEC 60079-10-2 standards and determine the risk level of fire and dust explosion in the mixing stage using the Dow's Fire Explosion Index method. This population includes all hazardous chemicals and equipment used in the drug manufacturing process at PT. X. Combustible dust used in the granulation process at the Non Betalactam Facility (Multi Product Facility) is in the form of active pharmaceutical ingredients and excipients, such as methyldopa hydrate, paracetamol, loperamide hydrochloride, diazepam, domperidone, micronised prednisolone, magnesium stearate. polyvidone 30, sodium starch glycolate, and amylum maydis. The Minimum Ignition Energy (MIE) that all active ingredients have a different value according to the results of external laboratory tests with values that are most sensitive to ignition, namely diazepam, methyldopa hydrate, loperamide hydrochloride, domperidone and micronised prednisolone which have an MIE value of 1-3 mj which can cause a strong to very strong explosion if it meets the Minimum Explosive Concentration (MEC) concentration. In this regard, before determining the classification of a hazardous area, it is very important to identify the source of ignition in the process area. The ignition sources come from electrical equipment, static electricity, and friction/mechanical spark. Classification of hazardous areas with the category of zones in the granulation process at Non Betalactam facilities (Multi Product Facility) consists of zone 20 in each equipment chamber/container, zone 21 in each opening of the hopper/charging unit, a dust release area with a radius of one meter and zone 22 outside zone 21 in the granulation process room. The risk level of fire and dust explosion in the granulation process (mixing) using the wet granulation method (hybrid mixture) based on the Dow's Fire and Explosion Index method is moderate risk with a total score of 95.1762 with an exposure radius of 29.010 meters and an estimated loss of IDR 1,467. 276,735,672. Therefore, it is very important to carry out risk mitigation so that the risk of fire and dust explosion in this process area is at a low risk."

"Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui tekanan panas dan keluhan subjektif yang ada di PT Frisian Flag Indonesia Plant Ciracas. Bahaya panas merupakan salah satu hazard yang ada di dunia industri saat ini. Bahaya panas yang tidak ditangani dengan benar akan menyebabkan berbagai gangguan kesehatan yang biasa disebut heat-related disorders. Pajanan panas ke tubuh pekerja akan direspon tubuh melalui heat strain. Indeks WBGT Indoor di area produksi PT Frisian Flag Indonesia menunjukkan nilai antara 23,920C sampai 32,780C. Setelah dilakukan analisis, didapatkan bahwa 50 responden yang menjadi subjek penelitian, 24 responden termasuk kelompok berisiko mengalami tekanan panas. Seluruh responden penelitian pernah mengalami keluhan akibat pajanan tekanan panas tetapi dengan frekuensi yang berbeda-beda.

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This study aims to determine heat stress and subjective complaints in PT Frisian Flag Indonesia Plant Ciracas. Heat is one of the hazards that exist in the industry today. Heat stress that are not addressed properly will cause a variety of health problems commonly called heat-related disorders. Heat exposure to the worker's body will be responded by body through heat strain. Indoor WBGT index in the production area of PT Frisian Flag Indonesia showed values between 32.780C- 23.920C. After analysis, it was found that 50 respondents which is the subject of research, 24 respondents including groups at risk of heat stress. The entire study respondents have experienced complaints due to exposure to heat stress but with different frequencies."

"ABSTRAKScope and Research method : In order to find out the prevalence rate of respiratory obstruction due to exposure to jute's dust and other risk factors, such as work place, age group, length of work, smoking habit, usage of personal protection device, clinical symptom and allergy history, a cross sectional study regarding the influence of jute's dust on lung function among jute factory worker has been done in Tangerang. Total sample of respondent for this study is 135 workers, who are working in 4 working unit in the factory. There are 4 methods of data collection used in this study. First, interview by using Pneumomobile Project Indonesia questioner. Second, physical examination to all employees especially related to respiratory disorder. Third, measurement of lung function using spirometer. Fourth, examination of jute's dust at work place used low volume dust sampler. Result and Conclusion: This study find out the concentration of total jute's dust in high exposure working place is 13,3mg/m3, while in low exposure working place is 1,5 mg/m3. Result of statistic soon significant different (p<0,05). The study also finds out that the prevalence rate of chronic respiratory obstruction among the workers who work in high concentration dust environment is 25,9% and with low exposure is 2,8%. Statistically it is significantly different (p<0,05). There are a significant relationship between occurrence of chronic respiratory obstruction disease and dust concentration, while there are no relationship with age group, length of work, education level, height of body, smoking habit, use of personal protection device, previous clinical symptom and allergy history. The prevalence rate of acute respiratory obstruction among the workers who work in high concentration dust environment is 11,1%, while in low concentration dust environment is 3,7%. Statistically has not significantly different (p0,05). There are no relationship between acute respiratory obstruction disease and work place, age group, length of work, educational level, height of body, smoking habit, use of personal protection device, previous clinical symptom and allergic history. Analysis of smoking habit as risk factor and its relationship with obstruction can't be done since the prevalence rate of smoking habit among the workers is low (1,5%). "

"Salah satu pekerjaan yang paling banyak menimbulkan cedera adalah manual handling. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis postur dan faktor risiko MSDs di PT. Frisian Flag Indonesia Jakarta serta memaparkan faktor yang berkontribusi terhadap pekerjaan manual handling yang dilakukan oleh pekerja UHT Packing. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian kualitatif deskriptif menggunakan teknik observasi dan pengukuran serta kajian literatur dengan desain penelitian cross sectional study. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa fakor risiko MSDs pada aktivitas stacking di area UHT Packing yaitu pekerjaan, postur, durasi, frekuensi, beban, dan mesin/peralatan. Semua variabel tersebut saling berinteraksi satu sama lain. Postur janggal, beban, frekuensi yang tinggi dan durasi yang lama disebabkan oleh tuntutan kerja dan lingkungan kerja yang terdapat pada UHT packing. Pekerja UHT packing bekerja berdasarkan target produksi dengan jumlah produksi dalam satu shift sebanyak 18.000 karton.

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Manual handling is one of the most cause injury. The purpose of this research is to analyse posture and risk factor of MSDs in PT. Frisian Flag Indonesia and describes causes of those risk factor on manual handling job that be done by UHT Packing workers. This research is qualitative-descriptive with observation, measurement and literatur review as data collection techniques and uses cross sectional study as design research.

The result shows that risk factor of MSDs on manual handling job area UHT packing is posture, weight, duration, frequency, and equipment/machine. All variables are connected each others. Awkward posture, weight, long duration, high frequency, and poor design of equipment/machine are caused by task requirement and and work environment. UHT packing worker working by production targets where the amount of production is 18.000 cartons in one shift."

"Penelitian ini membahas defect yang muncul dalam proses pengemasan susu bubuk 400gr pada mesin Wolf di Departemen Powder Packing PT. Frisian Flag Indonesia. Dalam kasus ini, defect merupakan segala ketidaksuaian kualitas, bentuk, dan dimensi kemasan dengan standar yang telah ditetapkan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendapatkan usulan-usulan solusi untuk mengatasi defect yang muncul pada mesin Wolf 4/5 di departemen Powder Packing PT. Frisian Flag Indonesia. Analisa defect dilakukan dengan menggunakan metode DMAIC (Define, Measure, Analyze, Improve, Control) dengan alat bantu 7 tools of quality dan metode FMEA. Metode FMEA digunakan untuk menemukan prioritas penanganan terhadap penyebab defect pada tahap Analyze DMAIC. Hasil yang dicapai adalah prioritas penanganan berdasar nilai Risk Priority Number (RPN) terbesar untuk kemudian dijadikan dasar pada tahap Improve. Tahap Control dilakukan dengan cara membuat standar pemeriksaan baru terhadap pemeliharaan dan operasional mesin.

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The focus of this study is about the defects that arise in milk powder packing process size 400gr on the Wolf machine at Powder Packing Departement, PT. Frisian Flag Indonesia. In this case, the defect is any out of spec of quality, shape, and dimensions of the standart pouch. This study aimed to obtain a solution proposals of the defects that appear on the machine Wolf 4/5. Analysis to the defect is done by using the DMAIC (Define, Measure, Analyze, Improve, Control) with 7 tools of quality tools and FMEA method. FMEA method is used to find the priority handling to the cause of the defect that found in the Analyze of DMAIC. Then the Risk Priority Number (RPN) value is used as the basis in the Improve of DMAIC to find the solution priority. In the control phase, this study is develop some Standart Operation Procedure (SOP) for the preventif maintenance activity and operational activity, to keep the improvement implementation."

"Permasalahan pengelolaan lingkungan masih menjadi aspek yang belum terimplementasi sesuai dengan regulasi yang berlaku, termasuk pengelolaan limbah bahan berbahaya dan beracun (B3). Untuk mendasari perencanaan pengelolaan limbah B3 yang belum diberlakukan di UI sebagai kampus berkelanjutan (sustainable campus), diperlukan studi analisis potensi limbah yang meliputi perhitungan volume, penentuan jenis, dan karakterisasi limbah B3 potensial untuk dilanjutkan menjadi studi inventarisasi limbah. Studi analisis limbah potensial dipaparkan dengan objek studi Laboratorium Teknik Penyehatan dan Lingkungan sebagai salah satu laboratorium di UI yang menghasilkan limbah B3. Laboratorium tersebut terbagi menjadi dua yaitu 1) Laboratorium Lingkungan dan 2) Laboratorium Mikrobiologi Lingkungan dengan fokus studi pada timbulan limbah B3 dari kegiatan praktikum mahasiswa. Basis analisis adalah PP No. 18 Tahun 1999 jo. PP No. 85 Tahun 1999 serta ditunjang oleh regulasi EPA. Perhitungan dilakukan melalui studi rasional berdasarkan hukum kimia dan karakterisasi limbah berdasarkan material safety data sheets (MSDS) sehingga diperoleh bahwa 1) Laboratorium Lingkungan menghasilkan limbah B3 potensial bersifat eksplosif, mudah terbakar reaktif, iritan, beracun, karsinogenik, korosif, mutagenik, dan ekotoksik dari keseluruhan 23 jenis limbah B3 potensial dengan volume limbah tersestimasi 173, 150 liter per tahun; 2) Laboratorium Mikrobiologi Lingkungan menghasilkan limbah B3 potensial bersifat eksplosif, mudah terbakar, iritan, beracun, karsinogenik, teratogenik, mutagenik, dan ekotoksik dari keseluruhan 8 jenis limbah B3 dengan volume limbah potensial tersestimasi 8,06 liter per tahun.

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Environmental management is still a problem aspect that has not been implemented in accordance with applicable regulations, including the management of hazardous and toxic waste. For underlying hazardous waste management plan that has not been enforced in the UI campus, the necessary studies include analysis of potential waste volume calculations, the determination of the type, and a characterization of the potential to be continued later to hazardous waste into the waste inventory study. Studies of potential waste analysis study presented to the object Sanitary and Environmental Engineering Laboratory as one of the laboratories in the UI generating hazardous waste. The laboratory is divided into two: 1) Environmental Laboratory and 2) Environmental Microbiology Laboratory where this study is focused on the generation of hazardous waste practicum by students. The analysis base is PP. 18 Year 1999 jo. PP. 85 Year 1999 and supported by the EPA regulations. The calculation is done through rational study of law is based on the chemical and potential waste characterization based on Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDS) to obtain that 1) Environmental Laboratory‟s potential hazardous waste are charactherized as explosive, reactive flammable, irritant, toxic, carcinogenic, corrosive, mutagenic, and ecotoxic of the overall 23 type potenstial hazardous waste by estimated volume 173, 150 liters per year; 2) Environmental Microbiology Laboratory‟s potential hazardous waste are charactherized as explosive, flammable, irritant, toxic, carcinogenic, teratogenic, mutagenic, and ecotoxic of total 8 types hazardous waste with estimated potential waste volume 8.06 liters per year."

"Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk melihat gambaran pajanan debu pada pekerja controller di area grinding dan packing PT Semen Padang. Jenis penelitian ini adalah anlisis deskriptif cross sectional dengan menggunakan metode risk analysis paradigm untuk menentukan risiko pada pekerja. Sampel dari penelitian ini adalah 16 orang pekerja controller untuk personal dust sampling dan 50 orang pekerja controller untuk mengetahui karakteristik antropometri dan pola aktifitas. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian menunjukkan tidak ada pajanan debu yang melebihi nilai ambang batas berdasarkan standar Permenaker No. 13/2011 dan OSHA. Pajanan tertinggi umumnya berada di area kerja cement mill.Berdasarkan nilai RQ realtime respirabel dust,pekerja yang berisiko terhadap pajanan respirabel dust mulai dari awal bekerja sampai pada saat dilakukannya penelitian ini adalah sampel pekerja no 14 dan no 12 di area kerja Cement Mill II-III, nomor 1 di area kerja Cement Mill IV, nomor 17 di area kerja Raw Mill V dan nomor 15 di area kerja Cement Mill V. Sementara berdasarkan nilai RQ lifetime menunjukkan peningkatan risiko pada pekerja, dari 16 pekerja hanya 1 pekerja yang tidak berisiko terhadap pajanan selama bekerja 30 tahun. Disarankan pada perusahaan untuk melakukan monitoring dan evaluasi pajanan di debu di area kerja dan personal secara rutin, melakukan engineering control terhadap pajanan debu, menerapkan sistem area basah pada saat pembersihan area, serta meningkatkan kegiatan maintenance.

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This study aim to see picture of dust exposure on controller workers at grinding and packing area PT Semen Padang. This type of reasearch is descriptive analytic cross sectional using risk analysis paradigm method. The sample for this study is 16 controller workers for personal dust sampling and 50controller workers for anthropometric characteristics and activity patterns. Based on the results of the study showed no dust exposure exceeds a threshold value based on the standar Permenaker No. 13/2011 and OSHA. Exposure is generally highest in the cement mill area. Based on the value of RQ realtime respirable dust, workers at risk of exposure to respirable dust from first time until the time this study was a sample of workers No. 14 and No. 12 in the area Cement Mill II-III, No. 1 in the area Cement Mill IV, number 17 in the area Raw Mill V and number 15 in the area Cement Mill V.

While based on the lifetime value of RQ showed an increased risk to workers, the workers only sample no 11 in the Raw Mill II-III who are not at risk of exposure while working 30 years. It is suggested to company to conduct monitoring and evaluation in the area of dust exposure in the workplace and personal, perform the engineering control of exposure to dust, apply a wet area systems when area cleaning, as well as increased maintenance activities."

"Konsep dan ketentuan arm's length terdapat dalam akuntansi dan perpajakan. Akuntansi menggunakannya dalam aspek penilaian elemen laporan keuangan melalui penggunaan nilai wajar (fair value). Sedangkan perpnjakan menggunakan konsep dan ketentuan tersebut dalam penanganan aspek perpajakan pada transaksi antar pihak yang memiliki hubungan istimewa, yaitu sebagai dasar penentuan harga wajar (arm's length price).Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis keselarasan nilai wajar menurut IASIIFRS dengan harga wajar menurut OECD Transfer Pricing Guidelines dan ketentuan pajak Indonesia. Di sarnping itu, penelitian ini juga bertujuan untuk menganalisis kelayakan nilai wajar IASIIFRS sebagai dasar penentuan harga transfer plant dan equipmet untuk tujuan perpajak:an, berdasarkan kriteria akuntansi pajak.Untuk mendeskripsikan, meneliti dan menjawab permasalahan, paradigma yang digunakan adalah positivisme dengan pendekatan mixed method. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukan bahwa terdapat beberapa bagian pada nilai wajar IAS/lFRS yang dapat selaras dengan harga wajar menurut OECD TP Guidelines dan ketentuan pajak Indonesia, khususnya yang berkaitan dengan penilaian plant dan equipment.

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Ann's length concepts and rules could be found in accounting and taxation. Accounting applies the concept and rule by using fair value (FV) in valuation of financial report elements. On the other hand, taxation applies arm's length to resolve tax aspect in transaction between associated enterprises.The first aim of research is to analyse conformity between fair value of IAS/IFRS and ann's fength price of OECD TP Guidelines and Indonesia Tax Rule) in plant and equipment valuation in transfer pricing. The second aim is to analyse acceptability of using IAS/IFRS fair value for tax purpose in transfer pricing, based on tax accounting criterias.This research based on positivism paradigm and applies mixed method approach to desribe, study and answer the problem. The research findings are, some concepts and techniques of IAS/IFRS fair value could conform with ann's length price of OECD TP Guidelines and Indonesia Tax Rules. Besides, IASIIFRS fair value could be used as transfer price of plant and quipment for tax purpose, based on some criterias of tax accounting."