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"Edited by the most prominent person in the field and top researchers at US pharmaceutical companies, this is a unique resource for drug developers and physiologists seeking a molecular-level understanding of ion channel pharmacology. After an introduction to the topic, the authors evaluate the structure and function of ion channels, as well as related drug interaction. A section on assay technologies is followed by a section each on calcium, sodium and potassium channels. Further chapters cover genetic and acquired channelopathies, before the book closes with a look at safety issues in ion channel drug development. "

"The volume dwells on the major issues of mechanical stress influencing the ion channels and intracellular signaling pathways. The book presents not only the latest achievements in the field but also brings the problem closer to the experts in related medical and biological sciences as well as practicing doctors. Knowledge of the mechanisms which underlie these processes is necessary for understanding of the normal functioning of different living organs and tissues and allows to predict changes, which arise due to alterations of their environment, and possibly will allow to develop new methods of artificial intervention. This book presents the problem will attract more attention to it both from researchers and practitioners and will assist to efficiently introduce it into the practical medicine."

"Perkembangan teknologi yang pesat memicu bertambahnya produksi ponsel cerdas. Diprediksi pada tahun 2017, pengguna ponsel cerdas di Indonesia mencapai 39,8 dari total penduduk atau sebesar 101,56 juta jiwa. Tentunya, peningkatan penggunaan ponsel cerdas ini diiringi dengan peningkatan jumlah limbahnya, di mana salah satu yang perlu diperhatikan adalah limbah baterai yang tergolong sebagai limbah B3. Dari analisis kandungan zat baterai ponsel cerdas, dapat terlihat bahwa terdapat sejumlah logam kobalt 5 ndash;20 sebagai komposisi logam terbesar dalam baterai ponsel cerdas yang masih dapat dimanfaatkan kembali, dilihat dari nilai ekonomi logam kobalt tergolong tinggi, yaitu sebesar Rp 825.208/kg.Proses daur ulang yang sering digunakan adalah proses hidrometalurgi leaching. Pelarut yang digunakan biasanya berupa asam kuat, seperti asam nitrat HNO3. Untuk meningkatkan kemurnian perolehan kembali logam berharga, dapat diteruskan dengan proses ekstraksi. Ekstraksi yang banyak digunakan adalah membran cair emulsi MCE. Optimisasi proses dilakukan dengan memvariasikan konsentrasi asam nitrat dan suhu operasi.Hasil menunjukkan bahwa kondisi optimum leaching diperoleh pada waktu 30 menit leaching menggunakan HNO3 3,0 M pada suhu 90°C, diperoleh efisiensi leaching kobalt sebesar 98,01. Studi kinetika reaksi juga dilakukan dan dihasilkan bahwa perolehan kembali logam kobalt dari limbah baterai lithium-ion menggunakan asam nitrat dikendalikan oleh reaksi permukaan dengan nilai energi aktivasi sebesar 44,67 kJ/mol. Kobalt kemudian diekstraksi dari larutan hasil leaching pada pH 3 menggunakan Cyanex 272 0,1 M dengan 2 w/v Span 80 sebagai ekstraktan dan surfaktan secara berurutan di dalam fasa membran dengan H2SO4 0,1 M sebagai larutan stripping, menghasilkan efisiensi sebesar 46,96.

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Relentless development of technology triggers the smartphone production. In 2017, it is predicted that the smartphone users in Indonesia reach about 39.8 of the total population or equals about 101.56 millons of people. The increasing number of smartphone use is followed by escalation of its waste, where its battery is classified as a toxic and hazardous waste. The analysis of the battery content shows that it is consist of cobalt metal about 5 ndash 20 as the major component that can be utilised, based on its relatively high economic value, which valued Rp 825,208 kg.

The recycle process that is usually used to recover cobalt metal is called hydrometallurgy, specifically leaching hydrometallurgy. To execute leaching, it is common to use strong acids as a solvent, e.g. HNO3. To elevate the purity of the recovery process of valuable metals, the process could be continued to extraction process. Most extraction process in the industry uses emulsion liquid membrane ELM. Process optimization is done by varying concentration of nitric acid and reaction temperature.

The result shows that the optimum leaching condition is earned in 30 minutes of leaching reaction using 3,0 M HNO3 at the reaction temperature of 90°C, resulting 98.01 of cobalt leaching efficiency. Reaction kinetics study is also done in this research and the result demonstrates that recovery of cobalt from spent lithium ion batteries by nitric acid leaching is controlled by surface reaction with activation energy value of 44.67 kJ mol. Cobalt is then extracted from leach liquor on pH 3 using Cyanex 272 0.1 M with 2 w v Span 80 as extractant and surfactant respectively in membrane phase with H2SO4 0.1 M as stripping acid, resulting 46.96 efficiency."

"Latar belakang. Ketuban pecah dini (KPD) merupakan komplikasi yang paling sering pada kehamilan, yang dapat berakibat terhadap kejadian sepsis neonatorum. Sepsis neonatorum masih merupakan penyebab utama morbiditas dan mortalitas pada bayi, terutama di negara berkembang. Faktor-faktor pada ibu, pemberian antibiotik dan pemeriksaan mikrobiologi dapat mempengaruhi kejadian sepsis neonatorum pada bayi yang lahir dari ibu dengan KPD. Metodelogi penelitian. Penelitian ini merupakan studi potong lintang terhadap pasien dengan KPD dan bayi yang dilahirkannya di RSCM, Jakarta, Indonesia periode September 2012 – Agustus 2013. Dilakukan evaluasi terhadap faktor-faktor pada ibu, pemberian antibiotik dan pemeriksaan mikrobiologi yang dapat mempengaruhi kejadian sepsis neonatorum. Hasil. Diantara 3438 persalinan, terdapat 958 kasus KPD pada periode tersebut. Sebanyak 29 rekam medis ibu yang tidak ditemukan dan 85 dieksklusi. Dari 844 rekam medis ibu, hanya ditemukan 677 rekam medis bayi, dengan 12 gemeli sehingga total sampel yang dapat dianalisis adalah 689. Insiden KPD di RSCM adalah sebesar 24,55%. Ditemukan 146 kasus sepsis neonatorum. Pemeriksaan mikrobiologi masih belum merupakan prosedur tetap dalam penatalaksanaan pasien KPD. Antibiotik yang paling banyak digunakan untuk pasien KPD adalah ampisilinsulbaktam. Ambang waktu lama ketuban pecah yang berpotensi untuk terjadinya sepsis neonatorum adalah 12 jam. Faktor pada ibu yang berpengaruh terhadap kejadian sepsis neonatorum adalah usia kehamilan <37 minggu, infeksi intra uterin, warna ketuban yang tidak jernih, indeks cairan amnion 2,5-4,9 dan lama ketuban pecah >12 jam. Kesimpulan. Insiden sepsis neonatorum terkait KPD di RSCM masih cukup tinggi. Perlu dibuat panduan penatalaksanaan KPD dengan memperhatikan faktor pada ibu. Pemeriksaan mikrobiologi sebaiknya dijadikan prosedur tetap dalam penatalaksanaan pasien KPD, yang dapat juga menjadi panduan dalam pemilihan antibiotik.

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Background. Premature rupture of membranes (PROM) is one of the most common complications of pregnancy that has an impact on neonatal septic. Neonatal septic remains one of the main causes of neonatal mortality and morbidity, particularly in developing countries. Maternal factors, antibiotic administration and microbiology detection can influence on neonatal septic following PROM.

Methods. This cross-sectional study was performed at CM hospital, Jakarta, Indonesia from September 2012 to August 2013 to evaluate neonatal septic that were born from mother with PROM. Maternal risk, antibiotic administration, microbiology detection and its influences on neonatal septic were evaluated.

Results. Among 3438 deliveries, there were 958 cases of PROM in CM hospital during September 2012 - August 2013. Out of 958 PROM cases, 29 medical records were not found and 85 were excluded. Of the remaining 844 women, we just found 677 medical records of the babies, including 12 twin babies and leaving 689 babies eligible for analysis. The incidence rate of PROM was 24,55%. Overall, there were 146 neonatal septic cases. The microbiological examination is still not a remains procedure in the management of PROM. Ampicillin-sulbactam is the most widely used antibiotics for PROM. Prolonged rupture threshold potential for the occurrence of neonatal sepsis is 12hours. Maternal factors that influence the incidence of neonatal sepsis are gestational age <37 weeks, intrauterine infection, discolored amniotic fluid, amniotic fluid index of 2.5 to 4.9 and a long membrane rupture >12 hours.

Conclusion. The incidence of PROM related neonatal septic in CM hospital is still high. The management of PROM guidelines needs to be made by taking maternal factors into account. The microbiological examination should be a remains procedure in the management of PROM, which can also provide guidance in the selection of antibiotics."