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"Roti adalah produk pangan yang dibuat melalui proses pemanggangan dengan temperatur yang cukup tinggi dan menjadi salah satu sumber utama karbohidrat dalam bentuk pati yang dikonsumsi manusia di penjuru dunia yang umumnya menggunakan tepung terigu sebagai bahan baku. Berdasarkan respons glukosa yang cepat setelah dikonsumsi, roti adalah makanan yang berperan luar biasa dalam perkembangan obesitas dan diabetes serta permasalahan berat badan. Terjadinya proses cerna yang cepat terutama terjadi karena besarnya jumlah kandungan pati yang dapat dicerna dengan cepat (rapidly digestible starch), sedangkan jumlah pati resisten yang kecil yakni sekitar 2,5 %. Permasalahan terkait masalah kesehatan akibat mengkonsumsi roti diharapkan dapat diatasi dengan meningkatkan resistensi pati pada tepung terigu yang ditandai dengan menurunnya daya cerna pati. Pada penelitian ini dilakukan modifikasi pati pada tepung terigu sebagai bahan baku roti guna meningkatkan resistensi pati. Modifikasi ikat silang dilakukan dengan menggunakan natrium trimetafosfat sebagai agen pengikat silang, natrium fosfat, natrium hidroksida dan asam klorida. Dilakukan optimisasi dengan melakukan variasi pada kadar natrium trimetafosfat. Pati hasil modifikasi dan pati tanpa modifikasi sebagai kontrol diuji sifat fungsionalnya dengan mengukur persen kelarutan dan swelling power, dikarakterisasi menggunakan instrumen FTIR, di uji daya cerna-nya, serta dilakukan penentuan kadar fosfor dan derajat substitusi. Produk hasil modifikasi dengan daya cerna terendah dan pati tanpa modifikasi digunakan sebagai bahan baku pembuatan roti. Roti yang dihasilkan kemudian dianalisis kualitasnya dengan mengukur massa, volume dan nilai baking expansion, diamati dan dikonsumsi untuk mengetahui tekstur, aroma, dan rasanya, serta dilakukan pengukuran kemampuan daya cernanya.

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Bread is a food product that is made by roasting process at high temperatures. Bread has become a source of carbohydrates and is consumed by people all over the world. Wheat flour starch is the primary ingredient in bread. According to the fast glucose response after consumption, bread is classified as a high-GI food and plays a remarkable role in the development of obesity and diabetes as well as weight gain. Bread is rapidly digested and fast glucose release and absorption happen after its consumption mainly due to a large amount of rapidly digestible starch content and the small amount of resistant starch about 2.5 %. Problems caused by bread consumption is expected to be resolved by increasing the starch resistant content in wheat flour which is attributed to decreasing the starch digestibility. In this study, wheat starch as the primary ingredient for bread is modified to increase the resistance starch content. In this study, crosslinking modification is using sodium trimetaphosphate as the crosslinker agent, sodium phosphate, sodium hydroxide, and hydrogen chloride. Optimization is being done by varying the amount of sodium trimetaphosphate. Native starch and crosslinked starch are being evaluated for the swelling power, solubility, starch digestibility, and the amount of phosphorus and being characterized by using FTIR spectroscopy. Crosslinked starch that has the lowest starch digestibility and native starch are used for breadmaking. The bread that has been made is being analyzed for the mass, volume, and baking expansion, and being observed and consumed for evaluating the texture, the scent, and the taste, also being measured for the digestibility."

"Kondensasi kromosom memainkan peran penting dalam pembelahan mitosis. Ion Ca2+ diketahui berperan penting dalam proses kondensasi kromosom. Sejauh ini, studi tentang peran Ca2+ dalam kromosom sel hewan telah dilaporkan melalui penggunaan 1,2-bis (2- aminophenoxyethane-N,N,N′,N-tetraacetic acid) (BAPTA) dan Ethylenediamine- tetraacetic acid (EDTA) sebagai agen pengkelat ion Ca2+. Namun, penelitian tentang peran Ca2+ pada kromosom tanaman masih sangat terbatas. Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk mengetahui pengaruh Ca2+ terhadap kromosom gandum (Triticum aestivum) dengan pemberian 1mM BAPTA sebagai agen pengkelat ion Ca2+, 1mM EDTA sebagai agen pengkelat kation divalen umum, dan phosphate buffered saline (PBS) sebagai kontrol menggunakan mikroskop cahaya. Preparasi kromosom dilakukan dengan cara akar gandum dipotong dan diberi perlakuan colchicine sebelum dilarutkan dalam 2% Paraformaldehyde (PFA). Kemudian diinkubasi dengan 2,5% selulase dan 2,5% enzim pectoliase pada suhu 37°C selama 1 jam. Sampel kemudian disaring dan disentrifugasi untuk memperoleh sampel yang mengandung kromosom. Sampel kemudian diberi perlakuan dengan 1 mM BAPTA, 1 mM EDTA, dan PBS, dan diwarnai dengan Aceto orcein. Kromosom kemudian diamati di bawah mikroskop cahaya. Struktur dan kepadatan warna kromosom, serta panjang, lebar dan luas kromosom diamati dan diukur. Hasil pengamatan kualitatif menunjukkan bahwa struktur kromosom pada kontrol lebih rapat dan pendek sedangkan kromosom yang diberi perlakuan 1 mM BAPTA dan 1 mM EDTA mengalami dekondensasi, melebar, dan berwarna pucat. Hasil pengukuran kuantitatif menunjukkan bahwa kromosom Kontrol, BAPTA, dan EDTA masing-masing memiliki panjang 10.763 m, 14.845 m, 17.154 m, lebar 1.570 m, 1.637 m, 1.723 m, dan luas 18.172 m, 24.644 m, 29.687 M. Hasil uji statistik menunjukkan bahwa pengaruh BAPTA dan EDTA terhadap panjang dan luas kromosom berbeda nyata (α < 0,05). Hal ini membuktikan bahwa Ca2+ memiliki peran penting dalam menjaga struktur kromosom gandum.

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Chromosomal condensation plays an important role in the mitotic division. Ca2+ ions are known to play an important role in the chromosome condensation process. So far, studies on the role of Ca2+ in animal cell chromosomes have been reported using 1,2-bis (2-amino phenoxy ethane N, N, N′, N-tetraacetic acid) (BAPTA) and Ethylene diamine tetraacetic acid (EDTA) as Ca2+ ions chelating agents. However, research on the role of Ca2+ on plant chromosomes is still very limited. This study was conducted to determine the effect of Ca2+ on wheat chromosomes (Triticum aestivum) by administering 1mM BAPTA as a Ca2+ ion chelating agent, 1 mM EDTA as a general divalent cation chelating agent, and phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) as a control using a light microscope. For chromosome preparation, the root tips of wheat were cut and pretreated with colchicine before being dissolved in 2% Paraformaldehyde (PFA). The roots were then incubated with 2.5% cellulase and 2.5% pectoliase enzyme at 37°C for 1hour. The sample is then filtered and centrifuged to obtain a sample containing chromosomes. Samples were then treated with 1 mM BAPTA, 1 mM EDTA, and PBS and stained with Aceto orcein. Chromosomes were then observed under a light microscope. The structure and color density of the chromosomes were observed. The length, width, and area of the chromosomes were also measured. The qualitative observations showed that the chromosome structure in control was denser and shorter while the chromosomes treated with 1 mM BAPTA and 1 mM EDTA were decondensed, widened, and had pale color. The quantitative measurement showed that length, width, and area of chromosomes for in control, BAPTA, and EDTA were 10.763 m, 14.845 m, 17.154 m; 1.570 m, 1.637 m, 1.723 m; and 18.172 m, 24.644 m, 29.687 M respectively. The statistical results showed that the effect of BAPTA and EDTA on the length and area of chromosomes were significantly different (α < 0.05). This result proves that Ca2+ has a vital role in maintaining the chromosomal structure of wheat."

"Kondensasi kromosom memainkan peran penting dalam pembelahan mitosis. Ion Ca2+ diketahui berperan penting dalam proses kondensasi kromosom. Sejauh ini, studi tentang peran Ca2+ dalam kromosom sel hewan telah dilaporkan melalui penggunaan 1,2-bis (2-aminophenoxyethane-N,N,N′,N-tetraacetic acid) (BAPTA) dan Ethylenediamine-tetraacetic acid (EDTA) sebagai agen pengkelat ion Ca2+. Namun, penelitian tentang peran Ca2+ pada kromosom tanaman masih sangat terbatas. Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk mengetahui pengaruh Ca2+ terhadap kromosom gandum (Triticum aestivum) dengan pemberian 1mM BAPTA sebagai agen pengkelat ion Ca2+, 1mM EDTA sebagai agen pengkelat kation divalen umum, dan phosphate buffered saline (PBS) sebagai kontrol menggunakan mikroskop cahaya. Preparasi kromosom dilakukan dengan cara akar gandum dipotong dan diberi perlakuan colchicine sebelum dilarutkan dalam 2% Paraformaldehyde (PFA). Kemudian diinkubasi dengan 2,5% selulase dan 2,5% enzim pectoliase pada suhu 37℃ selama 1 jam. Sampel kemudian disaring dan disentrifugasi untuk memperoleh sampel yang mengandung kromosom. Sampel kemudian diberi perlakuan dengan 1 mM BAPTA, 1 mM EDTA, dan PBS, dan diwarnai dengan Aceto orcein. Kromosom kemudian diamati di bawah mikroskop cahaya. Struktur dan kepadatan warna kromosom, serta panjang, lebar dan luas kromosom diamati dan diukur. Hasil pengamatan kualitatif menunjukkan bahwa struktur kromosom pada kontrol lebih rapat dan pendek sedangkan kromosom yang diberi perlakuan 1 mM BAPTA dan 1 mM EDTA mengalami dekondensasi, melebar, dan berwarna pucat. Hasil pengukuran kuantitatif menunjukkan bahwa kromosom Kontrol, BAPTA, dan EDTA masing-masing memiliki panjang 10.763 m, 14.845 m, 17.154 m, lebar 1.570 m, 1.637 m, 1.723 m, dan luas 18.172 m, 24.644 m, 29.687 M. Hasil uji statistik menunjukkan bahwa pengaruh BAPTA dan EDTA terhadap panjang dan luas kromosom berbeda nyata (α < 0,05). Hal ini membuktikan bahwa Ca2+ memiliki peran penting dalam menjaga struktur kromosom gandum.

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Chromosomal condensation plays an important role in the mitotic division. Ca2+ ions are known to play an important role in the chromosome condensation process. So far, studies on the role of Ca2+ in animal cell chromosomes have been reported using 1,2-bis (2-amino phenoxy ethane N, N, N′, N-tetraacetic acid) (BAPTA) and Ethylene diamine tetraacetic acid (EDTA) as Ca2+ ions chelating agents. However, research on the role of Ca2+ on plant chromosomes is still very limited. This study was conducted to determine the effect of Ca2+ on wheat chromosomes (Triticum aestivum) by administering 1mM BAPTA as a Ca2+ ion chelating agent, 1 mM EDTA as a general divalent cation chelating agent, and phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) as a control using a light microscope. For chromosome preparation, the root tips of wheat were cut and pretreated with colchicine before being dissolved in 2% Paraformaldehyde (PFA). The roots were then incubated with 2.5% cellulase and 2.5% pectoliase enzyme at 37℃ for 1hour. The sample is then filtered and centrifuged to obtain a sample containing chromosomes. Samples were then treated with 1 mM BAPTA, 1 mM EDTA, and PBS and stained with Aceto orcein. Chromosomes were then observed under a light microscope. The structure and color density of the chromosomes were observed. The length, width, and area of the chromosomes were also measured. The qualitative observations showed that the chromosome structure in control was denser and shorter while the chromosomes treated with 1 mM BAPTA and 1 mM EDTA were decondensed, widened, and had pale color. The quantitative measurement showed that length, width, and area of chromosomes for in control, BAPTA, and EDTA were 10.763 m, 14.845 m, 17.154 m; 1.570 m, 1.637 m, 1.723 m; and 18.172 m, 24.644 m, 29.687 M respectively. The statistical results showed that the effect of BAPTA and EDTA on the length and area of chromosomes were significantly different (α < 0.05). This result proves that Ca2+ has a vital role in maintaining the chromosomal structure of wheat."

"Kromosom metafase dalam keadaan terkondensasi diperlukan untuk menjaga kelestarian materi genetik yang diturunkan pada sel anakan. Kondensasi kromosom pada kromosom hewan diketahui dipengaruhi oleh beberapa faktor, salah satunya keberadaan ion magnesium (Mg2+). Pada konsentrasi yang berbeda, Mg2+ memberikan efek yang berbeda terhadap struktur kromosom hewan. Akan tetapi, pengaruh konsentrasi Mg2+ kromosom tumbuhan belum diketahui. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh konsentrasi Mg2+ (0, 2, 5, dan 20 mM) terhadap struktur kromosom gandum (Triticum aestivum) yang diisolasi menggunakan teknik squashing dan diamati dengan mikroskop cahaya. Hasil pengamatan menunjukkan bahwa secara kualitatif kromosom dengan perlakuan tanpa penambahan Mg2+ (0 mM) memiliki struktur yang kurang terkondensasi, perlakuan 2 mM Mg2+ memiliki struktur yang mulai terkondensasi namun belum merata, perlakuan 5 mM Mg2+ memiliki struktur yang paling padat terkondensasi dibandingkan perlakuan lainnya, dan perlakuan 20 mM Mg2+ kromosom terkondensasi namun mulai menunjukkan tanda kerusakan. Berdasarkan hasil uji statistik Kruskal-Wallis dan Anova pada data panjang dan lebar kromosom, perlakuan variasi konsentrasi Mg2+ yang ditambahkan memberikan hasil yang signifikan (p<0,05) terhadap perlakuan kontrol. Hasil tersebut menunjukkan bahwa Mg2+ memiliki pengaruh yang signifikan terhadap struktur kromosom gandum (Triticum aestivum) dengan 5 mM Mg2+ menghasilkan struktur kromosom yang paling padat terkondensasi.

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Metaphase chromosome is needed to be in a condensed state to conserve the genetic material inherited to daughter cells. Chromosomal condensation in animal chromosomes is known to be influenced by several factors, one of which is the presence of magnesium ions (Mg2+). At different concentrations, Mg2+ exerts different effects on the animal chromosome structure. However, the effect of Mg2+ concentration on plant chromosomes is not yet known. Thus, this study aimed to observe the effect of Mg2+ concentration (0, 2, 5, and 20 mM) on the chromosomal structure of wheat (Triticum aestivum) isolated with squashing technique using a light microscope. The results showed that without the addition of Mg2+ chromosome had a less condensed structure. Chromosomes with 2 mM Mg2+ treatment had a slightly condensed structure, the 5 mM Mg2+ treatment gave the most condensed structure compared to others. Based on the Kruskal-Wallis and one-way Anova tests on the length and width of the chromosomes, the variation in the concentration of Mg2+ added had a significant result (p<0.05) compared to the control treatment. This result shows that Mg2+ has a significant influence on the chromosomal structure of wheat (Triticum aestivum). Optimum condensation resulted in chromosomes with 5 mM Mg2+ treatment."

"Nowadays, trade has become more liberalized, tariff has steadily fallen but many of non-tariff barriers (NTBs) to international trade remain or even increase. Regulatory measures such as technical standards on quality offering protection for human, animal, or environment. However, the purpose sometimes blur with the interest of domestic industry. Thus it can be the impediment of trade, which can decrease welfare. Indonesia also has its own standards, the National Standards of Indonesia (SNI). One of the standards is SNI for wheat flour, which application has been mandatory by Government. The purpose of the regulation is to increase nutritious value of society, however to some extent it is intertwined with the purpose of protecting domestic industry by using SNI as technical barriers, even though it is equally imposed to both domestic and foreign producers. This thesis shows that until 2006 the application of mandatory SNI for wheat flour in Indonesia did not act as technical barriers, although this thesis shows that the application of mandatory SNI has caused an increase in production cost and transaction cost of both local and foreign wheat flour producers. The increase in domestic production cost with the raw materials approach calculates only 0.01 percent from total cost of raw material. While the effect of increase in costs for foreign producer, by using quantity of export approach, shows that countries with high export to Indonesia are not strongly affected and they keep on exporting. Increases !n transaction costs come from the certification cost, certification procedures and quality control mechanism. There is around 380% difference in certification fee between domestic and foreign producer. There are also other potential transaction costs that might incur both to domestic producers or importers such as lobbying cost, queuing cost, information cost and even bribery cost. In average, the quantity of imported wheat after the implementation (2002-2006) increased for around forty percent, although during the first two years of the application it experienced a slight decrease. However, the increase in quantity of Imported wheat flour did not very much infiuence its market share in domestic market. Data shows that the market share of imported wheat flour did not experience any increase during 2002-2006. On the other hand, the average productions of domestic industry has fncreased for around fifty percent during 2002-2006, while its market share still take a dominant position with more than eighty percent. Finally, this research show that the increase in production costs and transaction costs due to the application of mandatory SNI is not significance in influencing domestic production/ quantity of import and market share."

"Keberhasilan mengembangkan varietas terhadap toleransi suatu cekaman dalam program pemuliaan tanaman sangat ditentukan oleh ketersediaan keragaman genetik, ketepatan menerapkan metode seleksi dan kemampuan pemulia dalam mengidentifikasi genotipe yang memperlihatkan ketahanan terhadap cekaman tertentu. Penelitian bertujuan untuk mengetahui keragaman genetik mutan gandum hasil seleksi generasi M3 yang toleran terhadap cekaman suhu tinggi pada ketinggian tempat (elevasi) yang berbeda. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa penampilan tanaman di elevasi > 1000 m dpl lebih baik dibanding elevasi < 400 m dpl. Populasi M3 yang memiliki perubahan nilai tengah tinggi adalah M3Kasifbey, M3Rabe dan M3Basribey. Populasi M3Oasis merupakan populasi yang mampu beradaptasi terhadap cekaman suhu tinggi berdasarkan karakter jumlah floret hampa, jumlah anakan produktif, bobot biji/malai, bobot biji/tanaman dan jumlah biji/tanaman. Keragaman genetik dan heribilitas di elevasi < 400 m dpl (Bogor) lebih luas dan tinggi dibandingkan elevasi > 1000 m dpl (Cipanas)."