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"Strategic decision makin (SDM) is still a mystery and need to be elaborated more deeply for both scholars and practitioners. Therefore,the main aim of this paper is to propose how we can measure the quality of strategi c-decision....."

"Product manufacturing cost estimation in the early stages of the design process is useful for accelerating product time to market, reducing costs, and increasing quality in order to obtain products with a high level of competitiveness in the free market. Complexity and machining cost are important variables to estimate the final cost of the product. However, current cost estimation models only consider their calculations based on the design which has been determined beforehand, so that it is difficult to apply a cost estimation model early on in the design process because of minimal information. Therefore, in this research, a new method to produce a cost estimation model during the early stage of the design process is proposed. The new model was developed by correlating the cost calculation with the complexity of the machining process based on product features. By using this model, the designers are able to put through design changes quickly by modifying revisions at the manufacturing stage. In this paper, the development and implementation of the proposed cost estimation model which involves the milling process is known as the SPMF (Single Product Multi-Features) Product model is explained in detail. The proposed method shows that the SPMF Product model can be used to produce a manufacturing cost estimation based on process complexity."

"The goal of this book is to uncover techniques that will aid in overcoming complexity and enable us to produce reliable, dependable computer systems that will operate as intended, and yet are produced on-time, in budget, and are evolvable, both over time and at run time. We hope that the contributions in this book will aid in understanding the nature of software complexity and provide guidance for the control or avoidance of complexity in the engineering of complex software systems."

"This brief is an essay at the interface of philosophy and complexity research, trying to inspire the reader with new ideas and new conceptual developments of cellular automata. Going beyond the numerical experiments of Steven Wolfram, it is argued that cellular automata must be considered complex dynamical systems in their own right, requiring appropriate analytical models in order to find precise answers and predictions in the universe of cellular automata."

"Tantangan industri berupa biaya produksi lebih rendah, pendeknya waktu produksi dengan kualitas produk tinggi, salah satunya dapat dicapai dengan adanya peluang untuk menyatukan DFMA dalam model kompleksitas produk dan proses El-Maraghy, yang memiliki pendekatan yang sama yaitu feature. Penggabungan dilakukan dengan memasukkan parameter DFMA langsung ke dalam model kompleksitas produk dan proses. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah pemaparan metodologi penggabungan dan pengujian metodologi pada contoh kasus produk sand casting. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan metode gabungan mampu mengindekskan komponen otomotif hasil sand casting secara mudah dan parameter DFMA tergambar lebih detail, sehingga memudahkan analisa apabila terjadi perubahan desain produk.

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Worldwide industrial challenges are low cost, short time, and high quality, can be achieved by fulfilling an opportunity to merge DFMA in to product and process complexity. Both DFMA and El-Maraghy complexity modeling, are using feature approach. The merger is conducted by inputting DFMA parameter directly in to complexity model. The purpose of this research, are: exposing step by step of merging method, and testing the unification method to index sand casting product. The outputs are: the method can simply index automotive component made by sand casting process, and the DFMA parameter is clearly shown so it can ease product design changes analysis."