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"This book presents effective strategies for developing countries to leverage their public sector demand for manufactured imports to promote industrialization, trade, and technology transfer. Technology transfer and its absorption is considered one of the most crucial and complicated challenges for developing countries, which are characterized by insufficient infrastructure, low technological intensity of the domestic capital stock, and high levels of manufactured imports. Which strategies and policy tools can governments employ to link demand with technology transfer, thereby enhancing absorption capacity and development in emerging economies."

"The article aims at examining how policy could be transferred as a complex and dynamic process in terms of internationalization and globalization. In addition, it will explore significant channels for the international movement of ideas, policies, and practices through an international policy learning process formed in policy transfer, lesson drawing, policy diffusion, and policy convergence. Further, it is argued that policy transfer literature is increasingly central, leading to the development of related topics in comparative politics and public policy. This article investigates the involvement of non-government organizations, civil society and political issues in driving the learning process about what government should have done and can be learned with common problems. Finally, the article concludes that globalization has challenged the notion of a nation-state system and the autonomy of nation-states by the velocity of change and the dynamic of interstate and intrastate factors in term of policy transfer."

"Fokus dari studi mandiri ini adalah untuk membahas tantangan ekonomi digital dan kebijakan perpajakan global untuk mengatasi tantangan tersebut. Saat ini, kemajuan teknologi telah meningkatkan produktivitas, memperluas cakupan pasar, dan mengurangi biaya operasional di segala sektor ekonomi. Salah satu bentuk kemajuan teknologi tersebut dibuktikan dengan terbentuknya ekonomi digital. Ekonomi digital memiliki fitur seperti tingkat mobilitas yang tinggi, di mana fungsi bisnis dapat tersebar di berbagai negara karena memiliki ketergantungan tinggi terhadap aset tidak berwujud. Selain itu, aktivitas perusahaan dalam ekonomi digital seperti menyediakan barang dan jasa digital dengan menggunakan internet menimbulkan tantangan berat untuk infrastruktur kebijakan perpajakan internasional, yang dibentuk jauh sebelum adanya perkembangan dunia digital ini. Oleh karena itu, OECD menerbitkan Aksi 1 yang berjudul “Addressing the Tax Challenges of the Digital Economy” dalam Rencana Aksi Proyek BEPS untuk mengatasi tantangan perpajakan tersebut. Walaupun belum menemukan solusi yang sesuai, OECD terus berupaya untuk menemukan solusi final dan konsensus pada tahun 2020.

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The focus of this independent study are to discuss the tax challenges of the digital economy and the global tax policies to address those challenges. Today, technological advancements have increased productivity, enlarged markets and reduced operational costs across all sectors of the economy. One of the evidence of the technological advancements is the creation of digital economy. The digital economy has features such as high level of mobility, where business functions are able to spread in various countries because they rely heavily on intangible assets. The activities of companies in the digital economy, such as providing digital goods and services by using the internet create severe problems for the infrastructure of international taxation policies, which was constructed long before the development of this digitalization. Therefore, to address these challenges, the OECD issued Action 1 in the BEPS Project Action Plan called “Addressing the Tax Challenges of the Digital Economy.” Although the OECD has not yet found a suitable solution, it will work towards a final and consensus solution in 2020.

Keywords: International tax, Digital Economy, BEPS Project Action Plan"