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Pertambangan menjadi sektor penting yang berperan dalam mendukung pembangunan dan perekonomian Indonesia. Salah satu perusahaan tambang terbesar di dunia adalah PT Freeport Indonesia yang terletak di Kabupaten Mimika, Papua. Dalam operasi pertambangannya, PT Freeport Indonesia menghadapi sejumlah masalah lingkungan, salah satunya adalah perubahan lahan bervegetasi menjadi lahan tandus yang minim vegetasi. Kerusakan lingkungan hidup yang terjadi akibat aktivitas pertambangan dapat dipulihkan melalui kegiatan reklamasi. Reklamasi lahan di wilayah pertambangan memerlukan waktu dalam jangka panjang untuk mencapai struktur dan fungsi ekosistem yang berkembang, stabil, dan matang sehingga diperlukan monitoring perubahan kondisi tutupan vegetasi di lahan bekas tambang menggunakan teknologi yang efektif dan efisien, yaitu penginderaan jauh. Dalam penelitian ini, citra penginderaan jauh yang digunakan adalah citra Sentinel-2 yang dikumpulkan dari tahun 2016 hingga 2023 untuk mendapatkan distribusi nilai indeks tutupan vegetasi (NDVI) dan tingkat kehijauan vegetasi di Area Reklamasi Grasberg. Variabel yang digunakan untuk menganalisis perubahan tutupan vegetasi selama proses revegetasi di Area Reklamasi Grasberg adalah indeks vegetasi (NDVI), jenis vegetasi, tahun reklamasi, ketinggian, kemiringan lereng, dan arah lereng. Penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa semakin bertambah waktu reklamasi, maka semakin bertambah luas area yang tertutupi vegetasi dengan tingkat kehijauan sedang dan tinggi yang ditunjukkan dari hasil regresi linier yang bernilai posistif. Perubahan tutupan vegetasi di Area Reklamasi Grasberg menunjukkan tren peningkatan tutupan vegetasi seluas 379,66 hektar atau 98,71% dari total luas area reklamasi dan sisanya mengalami tren penurunan berdasarkan hasil analisis tren Sen’s Slope+Mann Kendall. Perubahan tutupan vegetasi di Area Reklamasi Grasberg tidak dipengaruhi oleh jenis vegetasi karena karakteristik vegetasi di area tersebut cenderung sama. Sedangkan perubahan tutupan vegetasi di Area Reklamasi Grasberg berdasarkan hasil uji korelasi dipengaruhi oleh faktor kondisi topografi. Ketinggian wilayah tidak menunjukkan pengaruh yang kuat terhadap tutupan vegetasi tetapi kemiringan lereng yang curam akan memicu terjadinya tingkat kehijauan tutupan vegetasi yang rendah dan sebaliknya. Sedangkan vegetasi yang berada di lereng yang menghadap ke arah timur memiliki tingkat kehijauan yang tinggi karena mendapatkan penyinaran matahari yang cukup. Pemantauan perubahan tutupan vegetasi di area reklamasi bekas tambang sangat bermanfaat untuk kebijakan pengelolaan lahan di area pertambangan dan perencanaan reklamasi.

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Mining is an important sector that plays a role in supporting Indonesia's development and economy. One of the largest mining companies in the world is PT Freeport Indonesia, located in Mimika Regency, Papua. In its mining operations, PT Freeport Indonesia faces a number of environmental problems, one of which is the change of vegetated land into barren land with minimal vegetation. Environmental damage caused by mining activities can be restored through reclamation activities. Land reclamation in mining areas takes a long time to achieve a developed, stable and mature ecosystem structure and function so that it is necessary to monitor changes in vegetation cover conditions in post-mining land using effective and efficient technology, namely remote sensing. In this research, the remote sensing images used were Sentinel-2 images collected from 2016 to 2023 to obtain the distribution of vegetation cover index (NDVI) and vegetation greenness in the Grasberg Reclamation Area. The variables used to analyze changes in vegetation cover during the revegetation process in the Grasberg Reclamation Area are vegetation cover index (NDVI), vegetation type, reclamation year, elevation, slope, and slope direction. This study shows that as the reclamation time increases, the area covered by vegetation with medium and high greenness levels increases, as shown by the positive linear regression results. Changes in vegetation cover in the Grasberg Reclamation Area show an increasing trend covering 379.66 hectares or 98.71% of the total reclamation area and the others show a decreasing trend based on the results of Sen's Slope+Mann Kendall trend analysis. Changes in vegetation cover in the Grasberg Reclamation Area are not influenced by vegetation type because the characteristics of vegetation in the area tend to be the same. Meanwhile, changes in vegetation cover in the Grasberg Reclamation Area based on the results of the correlation test are influenced by topographic conditions. The elevation of the area does not show a strong influence on vegetation cover but steep slopes will trigger a low level of vegetation cover greenness and vice versa. The vegetation on the east-facing slope has a high level of greenery because it gets enough sunlight. Monitoring changes in vegetation cover in ex-mining reclamation areas is very useful for land management policies in mining areas and reclamation planning."

"The interaction of the solar and heat radiation with the atmosphere and surface is the subject of the book. The book contains the description of 17 computer studying programs supporting different topics of courses."

"This book about modeling of environment in terms of physical environment related parameters and measuring similar parameters by means of multispectral remote sensing, primarily by means of passive microwave remote sensing technology. Another new step is in the development and utilization of a multilevel approach which includes remote sensing of the land and water parameters like soil moisture, depth to water table, biomass of vegetation, temperature and salinity of water, in situ measurements of similar parameters and incorporation of GIS and data sets into the models of typical environments. "

"The book focuses on the different aspects of sensing technology, i.e. high reliability, adaptability, recalibration, information processing, data fusion, validation and integration of novel and high performance sensors specifically aims to monitor agricultural and environmental parameters. "

"Penerapan teknik remote Photoplethysmography (rPPG) dalam proses underwriting asuransi menawarkan pendekatan inovatif untuk penilaian risiko kesehatan calon nasabah. rPPG adalah metode non-invasif yang memungkinkan pengukuran parameter fisiologis, seperti detak jantung. Metode ini memanfaatkan kemampuan kamera video pada perangkat seluler untuk merekam perubahan warna kulit yang terkait dengan variasi volume pembuluh darah selama siklus detak jantung secara real-time. Pada tahap pengolahan sinyal, algoritma Plame Orthogonal to Skin digunakan untuk menganalisis sinyal rPPG dari rekaman video, memastikan akurasi dan konsistensi hasil pengukuran detak jantung. Penelitian ini mengeksplorasi berbagai parameter eksperimen seperti durasi video yang digunakan, jarak antara kamera dengan subjek saat merekam video, serta proses partisi video menjadi 5 bagian untuk kemudian detak jantung ditentukan oleh partisi mana yang berpengaruh. Hasil terbaik diperoleh ketika jarak yang digunakan antara subjek dengan kamera adalah 30 cm, durasi video yang digunakan adalah 30 detik dan perhitungan detak jantung berdasarkan rata-rata perhitungan 3 partisi dari 5 partisi yang dihilangkan nilai tertinggi dan terendah dengan Mean Absolute Error (MAE) sebesar 5,765 bpm, Root Mean Squared Error (RMSE) sebesar 8 bpm, dan Mean Absolute Percentage Error (MAPE) sebesar 8%. Hasil penelitian diharapkan dapat memberikan kontribusi pada pengembangan metode underwriting yang lebih akurat dan efisien dalam industri asuransi.

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The application of remote Photoplethysmography (rPPG) technique in the insurance underwriting process offers an innovative approach for assessing the health risks of prospective policyholders. rPPG is a non-invasive method that allows for the measurement of physiological parameters such as heart rate. This method leverages the capability of video cameras on mobile devices to record skin color changes associated with variations in blood vessel volume during the cardiac cycle in real-time. During the signal processing stage, the Plane Orthogonal to Skin algorithm is used to analyze the rPPG signal from the video recordings, ensuring the accuracy and consistency of heart rate measurements. This study explores various experimental parameters, such as the duration of the video used, the distance between the camera and the subject during recording, and the process of partitioning the video into five segments to determine which segments influence the heart rate measurement. The best results were obtained when the distance between the subject and the camera was 30 cm, the video duration was 30 seconds, and the heart rate calculation was based on the average of three partitions out of five, excluding the highest and lowest values, yielding a Mean Absolute Error (MAE) of 5.765 bpm, a Root Mean Squared Error (RMSE) of 8 bpm, and a Mean Absolute Percentage Error (MAPE) of 8%. The results of this research are expected to contribute to the development of more accurate and efficient underwriting methods in the insurance industry."

"Penerapan teknik remote Photoplethysmography (rPPG) dalam proses underwriting asuransi menawarkan pendekatan inovatif untuk penilaian risiko kesehatan calon nasabah. rPPG adalah metode non-invasif yang memungkinkan pengukuran parameter fisiologis, seperti detak jantung. Metode ini memanfaatkan kemampuan kamera video pada perangkat seluler untuk merekam perubahan warna kulit yang terkait dengan variasi volume pembuluh darah selama siklus detak jantung secara real-time. Pada tahap pengolahan sinyal, algoritma Plame Orthogonal to Skin digunakan untuk menganalisis sinyal rPPG dari rekaman video, memastikan akurasi dan konsistensi hasil pengukuran detak jantung. Penelitian ini mengeksplorasi berbagai parameter eksperimen seperti durasi video yang digunakan, jarak antara kamera dengan subjek saat merekam video, serta proses partisi video menjadi 5 bagian untuk kemudian detak jantung ditentukan oleh partisi mana yang berpengaruh. Hasil terbaik diperoleh ketika jarak yang digunakan antara subjek dengan kamera adalah 30 cm, durasi video yang digunakan adalah 30 detik dan perhitungan detak jantung berdasarkan rata-rata perhitungan 3 partisi dari 5 partisi yang dihilangkan nilai tertinggi dan terendah dengan Mean Absolute Error (MAE) sebesar 5,765 bpm, Root Mean Squared Error (RMSE) sebesar 8 bpm, dan Mean Absolute Percentage Error (MAPE) sebesar 8%. Hasil penelitian diharapkan dapat memberikan kontribusi pada pengembangan metode underwriting yang lebih akurat dan efisien dalam industri asuransi.

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The application of remote Photoplethysmography (rPPG) technique in the insurance underwriting process offers an innovative approach for assessing the health risks of prospective policyholders. rPPG is a non-invasive method that allows for the measurement of physiological parameters such as heart rate. This method leverages the capability of video cameras on mobile devices to record skin color changes associated with variations in blood vessel volume during the cardiac cycle in real-time. During the signal processing stage, the Plane Orthogonal to Skin algorithm is used to analyze the rPPG signal from the video recordings, ensuring the accuracy and consistency of heart rate measurements. This study explores various experimental parameters, such as the duration of the video used, the distance between the camera and the subject during recording, and the process of partitioning the video into five segments to determine which segments influence the heart rate measurement. The best results were obtained when the distance between the subject and the camera was 30 cm, the video duration was 30 seconds, and the heart rate calculation was based on the average of three partitions out of five, excluding the highest and lowest values, yielding a Mean Absolute Error (MAE) of 5.765 bpm, a Root Mean Squared Error (RMSE) of 8 bpm, and a Mean Absolute Percentage Error (MAPE) of 8%. The results of this research are expected to contribute to the development of more accurate and efficient underwriting methods in the insurance industry."