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"The future of modern societies depends on their ability to deal with the challenge of climate change. This book focuses on sustainability innovations in renewable energies, combined heat and power, and energy service contracting, and analyses the institutions, actors and functions within the innovation system. ;"

"This book makes use of existing scenarios to sketch a new structure for Germany's and Europe's electricity system that will be able to cope simultaneously with the fundamental demands for economic efficiency, environmental sustainability and supply security. "

"ABSTRAKModel optimisasi telah menjadi salah satu instrumen penting dalam menentukan bauran energi masa depan dan sebagian besar dibuat dalam pendekatan nasional. Indonesia memiliki sumber daya energi primer yang berlimpah, baik berupa energi fosil maupun energi terbarukan. Namun, tingginya disparitas kepadatan penduduk, infrastruktur, level ekonomi, dan perbedaan antara lokasi sumber energi dan konsumen energi antar dan intra-area berdampak pada ketimpangan performa sistem energi antara Indonesia bagian barat dan timur yang memicu ketidakberlanjutan sistem energi, dalam hal ini adalah listrik. Sehingga pada penelitian ini, analisis sistem ketenagalistrikan di Indonesia di masa depan hingga tahun 2050 dengan model optimisasi multi-objektif dilakukan dengan menggunakan indikator keberlanjutan. Penelitian diawali dengan mengembangkan model optimisasi pada pendekatan nasional dan spasial untuk menunjukkan besar deviasi antara pendekatan nasional dan spasial. Selanjutnya model optimisasi spasial digunakan untuk analisis lebih lanjut dengan memperhatikan perbedaan karakteristik regional dengan membagi Indonesia menjadi enam regional: Sumatera, Jamali, Kalimantan, Sulawesi, Maluku-Nusa Tenggara (Maluku & NT), dan Papua. Lima skenario tujuan pengembangan dianalisa: (a) BAU, (b) orientasi lingkungan secara pasif, (c) trade-off ekonomi-lingkungan, (d) perlindungan lingkungan secara aktif, dan (e) orientasi lingkungan hijau secara total. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa skenario orientasi lingkungan secara pasif menghasilkan performa indikator keberlanjutan terbaik. Skenario ini sangat sedikit mengorbankan aspek ekonomi energi untuk meningkatkan performa sistem ketenagalistrikan Indonesia pada apek lingkungan dan ketahanan sumber daya energi dengan meningkatnya penetrasi energi terbarukan dan tingkat keberagaman.

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ABSTRACTIn the present study, a multi-objective optimization model was developed to find the best scenario for Indonesian power generation planning up to 2050. Indonesia has abundant fossil and renewable energy resources. However, high disparity on population density, infrastructure, economic level, and the difference between energy source and energy consumer location among and inter-region inflict to discrepancy on electricity system performance between western and eastern part of Indonesia. In order to capture more accurately regional characteristics, the model was developed in spatial as well as national approach by dividing Indonesia become six regions: Sumatera, Java-Madura-Bali (Jamali), Kalimantan, Sulawesi, Maluku-Nusa Tenggara (Maluku & NT), and Papua. Five development objective scenarios were proposed: (A) business as usual, (B) passively environment oriented, (C) economic-environmental trade-off, (D) actively environment protection, and (E) totally towards green society. Energy mix, cost of generation, CO2 emission, and fuel consumption output from optimization model were inputted in sustainability indicator simulation which consist of eleven indicators which are represent three sustainability aspect: economic, social, and environment to be analyzed. The results show that national approach could utilize more renewable energy than spatial approach due to no limitation on potential coverage area. Passively environment oriented provide the best sustainable indicator performance. The scenario slightly compromise cost of electricity generation to highly increase social, environment, and resource security indicators by increasing penetration of renewable energy."

"Penelitian ini bertujuan menganalisis apakah kosumsi tenaga listrik mempunyai dampak yang berbeda pada pertumbuhan ekonomi kelompok provinsi berdasarkan produktivitas. Penelitian ini menggunakan analisis data panel untuk 25 provinsi yang diklasifikasikan menjadi 3 kelompok: (i) kelompok provinsi dengan produktivitas tinggi (terdiri dari Provinsi DKI Jakarta), (ii) kelompok provinsi dengan produktivitas tinggi-menengah (terdiri dari 13 provinsi), (iii) kelompok provinsi dengan produktivitas menengah-rendah (terdiri dari 11 provinsi) selama periode 1996-2011. Hasil estimasi panel memperlihatkan bahwa: (i) dampak konsumsi tenaga listrik terhadap PDRB pada kelompok provinsi dengan produktivitas menengah-rendah bernilai lebih tinggi daripada dampak konsumsi listrik terhadap PDRB pada kelompok provinsi dengan produktivitas tinggi-menengah, (ii) dampak konsumsi tenaga listrik terhadap PDRB pada Provinsi DKI Jakarta bernilai lebih tinggi daripada dampak konsumsi tenaga listrik terhadap PDRB pada kelompok provinsi dengan produktivitas menengah-rendah. Melalui perhitungan Technical Elasticity of Substitution (TES), diketahui bahwa pada Provinsi DKI Jakarta hubungan yang terbentuk diantara faktor input investasi kapital dengan konsumsi listrik adalah substitusi dan hubungan yang terbentuk diantara faktor input tenaga kerja dengan konsumsi listrik adalah komplementer. Sedangkan pada kelompok provinsi dengan produktivitas tinggi-menengah dan kelompok provinsi dengan produktivitas menengah-rendah, hubungan yang terbentuk diantara faktor input investasi kapital dengan konsumsi listrik adalah komplementer.

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The objective of this study is to analyze whether electricity consumption has different effect on economic growth of group provinces by productivity. By employing data panel analysis, it classifies 25 Indonesian provinces into (i) group of high productivity provinces (consist of DKI Jakarta), (ii) group of high-middle productivity provinces (consist of 13 provinces), (iii) group of middle-low productivity provinces (consist of 11 provinces) with observation period 1996-2011.

Referring to panel data estimation result, it shows that (i) the effect of electricity consumption to output in group of middle-low productivity provinces is higher than effect of electricity consumption to output in group of high-middle productivity provinces, (ii) the effect of electricity consumption to output in DKI Jakarta is higher than the effect of electricity consumption to output in group of high-middle productivity provinces.

Through Technical Elasticity of Substitution (TES), the result shows the relation between capital investment and electricity consumption as substitution and relation between employment and electricity consumption as complementary in DKI Jakarta. For group of high-middle productivity provinces and group of middle-low productivity provinces, the TES shows that relation between capital investment and electricity consumption as complementary."

"Negara kesatuan Republik Indonesia memiliki tujuh wilayah besar dengan karakteristik yang berbeda dalam system kelistrikan, perkembangan kebijakan kelistrikan di Indonesia dimulai pada abad ke-19 dan mulai berkembang dengan adanya pemberian hak konsesi oleh Pemerintah kolonial Hindia Belanda kepada swasta di beberapa daerah, kemudian ketika Jepang menguasai Indonesia, sektor kelistrikan berubah fungsi sebagai alat pertahanan dalam peperangan. Indonesia memperoleh kemerdekaan pada tahun 1945 dibarengi dengan proses nasionalisasi aset-aset yang dimiliki oleh Hindia-Belanda dan Jepang, kemudian sektor kelistrikan dikuasai sepenuhnya oleh Negara yang diamanahkan melalui Badan Usaha Milik Negara yaitu PLN. Pada tahun 1966, sektor ketenagalistrikan merupakan bagian dari proses pembangunan yang digaungkan dalam RPLT (Rencana Pembangunan Lima Tahun), di era tahun 1998 terjadilah pergolakan reformasi, yang berdampak pada kebijakan ketenagalistrikan, dimana porsi swasta/Independent Power Producer (IPP) meningkat signifikan menjadi 3.169 MW pada tahun 2003, rentan waktu era reformasi kebijakan sektor ketenagalistrikan mengalami 2 kali perubahan, konsepnya masih sama yaitu demonopolisasi, namun ada beberapa konsep yang diluruskan oleh Mahkamah Konstitusi, sehingga sektor ketenagalistrikan tetap menjadi bagian dari kontrol negara. Indonesia telah meratifikasi Paris Agreement, dimana konsep perencanaan kelistrikan akan berbasis pada energi baru terbarukan, berbagai skenario telah dipersiapkan pemerintah namun baru bersifat pemenuhan kebutuhan supply-demand dengan mengoptimalkan pemanfataan energi terbarukan untuk kebutuhan pembangkit listrik, belum ada kebijakan yang mengatur terkait agregasi energi terbarukan sehingga diperlukan proyeksi kebutuhan energi dengan alat bantu perangkat lunak Powersim dan Arena untuk menghitung kebutuhan energi secara skenario BAU (Business As Usual) dan skenario penambahan supply dari 20% dari PLTS Atap dan variabel lainnya dari PLT Energi Terbarukan sebesar 10 s.d 15 TWh dan penambahan demand dari adanya peningkatan penggunaan electric vehicle, kompor induksi dan ekspor listrik ke Singapura dan Timor Leste.

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The unitary state of the Republic of Indonesia has seven large regions with different characteristics in the electricity system, the development of electricity policy in Indonesia began in the 19th century and began to develop with the granting of concession rights by the Dutch East Indies colonial government to the private sector in some areas, then when Japan controlled Indonesia, the electricity sector changed its function as a means of defense in warfare. Indonesia gained independence in 1945 coupled with the process of nationalization of assets owned by the Dutch East Indies and Japan, then the electricity sector was fully controlled by the State mandated through state-owned enterprises, namely PLN. In 1966, the electricity sector was part of the development process echoed in the RPLT (Five-Year Development Plan), in the era of 1998 there was a reform upheaval, which had an impact on electricity policy, where the portion of private / Independent Power Producer (IPP) increased significantly to 3,169 MW in 2003, vulnerable when the era of electricity sector policy reform experienced 2 changes,  The concept is still the same as demonopolisation, but there are several concepts straightened out by the Constitutional Court, so that the electricity sector remains part of state control. Indonesia has ratified the Paris Agreement, where the concept of electricity planning will be based on new renewable energy, various scenarios have been prepared by the government but only meet the needs of supply-demand by optimizing the utilization of renewable energy for electricity generation needs, there is no policy that regulates the aggregation of renewable energy so that it requires the projection of energy needs with Powersim and Arena software tools for electricity generation.  Calculate the energy needs in the BAU (Business As Usual) scenario and the scenario of increasing supply from 20% of roofing power plants and other variables of renewable energy power plants of 10 to 15 TWh and the addition of demand from the increased use of electric vehicles, induction stoves and electricity exports to Singapore and Timor Leste."

"In 2020, renewable energy sources contribution in Indonesia’s energy production mix had only reached 14,71%. The percentage was still far from Indonesia’s renewable energy mix target of 23% in 2025 and 31% in 2050 according to their own national energy plan. To enhance their progress in reaching those targets, one way that can be done is to benefit promising renewable energy potential in many areas, including coastal area such as Muara Bungin Beach located in Pantai Bakti Village, Bekasi. The village mentioned before have an average of 3,26-5,41 m/s wind speed and solar radiation of 5-5,4 kWh/m2/day. To utilize the area’s potential, three units of The Sky Dancer TSD-500 wind turbine and two monocrystalline solar panels with a total capacity of 1800 Watt peak have been installed in that area since 2014, making Muara Bungin Village mostly known as Bungin Techno Village to public. Sadly, the wind turbines have been removed recently in October 2021 due to poor physical condition, and the solar panels rarely being used and maintenanced. A revitalization plan can be done to keep Bungin Techno Village’s existance in utilizing their renewable energy potential alive.

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The revitalization plan will create huge project, which is to install renewable energy power plants that can serve Desa Pantai Bakti’s electricity demand. A modelling result by LEAP shows that Desa Pantai Bakti’s electricity demand will reach 1.965,1 kWh/day in 2031. The planned renewable energy power plants will handle electricity load of 1.021,85 kWh/day or 51,6% from the village’s total electricity demand. A solar power plant consisting 104 units of Monocrystalline Maysun Solar Cell 500 Wp Peak Power with a lifetime of 25 years, a wind power plant consisting 24 units of 2000 W/220 V capacity wind turbines with a lifetime of 20 years, and a waste-to-energy power plant consisting a TG30 gasification machine and a 200 kVa/160 kW capacity diesel genset Caterpillar with a lifetime of 20 years. The total cost for lifetime operation of the planned solar, wind, and waste-to-energy power plant is estimated to be around Rp1.519.049.423; Rp3.238.231.499; and Rp859.733.884 respectively. The investment for the renewable energy technology revitalization plan can be considered economically worthy, judging by the NPV and ROR of every single planned power plants showing positive values or greater than zero."

"Pemerintah ditargetkan untuk bauran energi terbarukan minimal 23%. Kontribusi kapasitas pembangkit dari energi surya setara sebesar 6,5 GW dari total kapasitas pembangkitan energi terbarukan sebesar 45 GW pada 2025. Energi surya memiliki potensi lebih dari 200 GW dengan efisiensi teknologi photovoltaic yang tersedia saat ini. Namun, pemanfaatan energi surya dalam pembangkitan listrik masih kurang dari 100 MW. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah menganalisis selisih biaya tagihan litrik sebelum dan sesudah pemasangan PLTS, menentukan kecepatan pengembalian investasi pemasangan PLTS atap, mendeskripsikan dampak pemasangan PLTS atap terhadap pelanggan, PLN dan pemerintah. Hasil penelitian pada pelanggan daya 450 VA sebelum PV = Rp. 63.154, sesudah PV = Rp. 78.085 dan pada pelanggan daya 900 VA sebelum PV = Rp. 110.413, sesudah PV = Rp. 112.240. Skema export-import yang paling optimal adalah 85%. Potensi pengalihan subsidi listrik berjumlah Rp46.433.637.049.601 untuk pemasangan PLTS sebanyak 1.797.612 unit.

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The government is targeted to a renewable energy mix of at least 23%. The contribution of generating capacity from solar energy is equivalent to 6.5 GW of the total renewable energy generation capacity of 45 GW by 2025. Solar energy has the potential of more than 200 GW with the efficiency of photovoltaic technology currently available. However, the use of solar energy in electricity generation is still less than 100 MW. The aim of this study was to analyze the difference in the cost of electricity bills before and after PLTS installation, determine the speed of return on investment in PLTS installation, describing the impact of PLTS installation on customers, PLNs and the government. Research results on 450 VA power customers before PV = Rp. 63,154, after PV = Rp. 78.085 and at 900 VA power customers before PV = Rp. 110.413, after PV = Rp. 112.240. The most optimal export-import scheme is 85%. The potential for the shifting of electricity subsidies is Rp. 46,433,637,049,601 for the installation of 1,797,612 PLTS units."

"Kepulauan Seribu dalam bentuk pulau membuat implementasi program pembangunan terhambat. Konsumsi listrik tergantung pada jumlah peralatan listrik yang dimiliki, ukuran tempat tinggal di samping peningkatan konsumsi listrik untuk sektor rumah tangga karena peningkatan populasi dan pendapatan per kapita. Konsep gaya hidup listrik rumah tangga terkait dengan aspek sosial dan perilaku konsumsi energi. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui perbedaan konsumsi listrik berdasarkan pengguna listrik di Pulau Pramuka, Pulau Panggang dan Pulau Tidung dan menjelaskan bagaimana hubungan pendapatan, luas bangunan dan penggunaan peralatan elektronik dengan konsumsi listrik. Kuesioner digunakan untuk mendapatkan data tentang luas bangunan, pendapatan, dan penggunaan peralatan elektronik. Analisis spasial digunakan untuk melihat perbedaan konsumsi listrik spasial, analisis statistik digunakan untuk melihat hubungan antara luas bangunan, pendapatan dan penggunaan peralatan elektronik dengan konsumsi listrik. Hasilnya adalah sektor komersial terletak di sepanjang garis pantai, sektor rumah tangga menyebar di tengah, sedangkan sektor campuran terletak di tengah sektor rumah tangga. Ada hubungan antara pendapatan dan penggunaan peralatan elektronik dengan konsumsi listrik, sedangkan luas bangunan tidak memiliki hubungan dengan konsumsi listrik. Tetapi variabel ini tidak berlaku untuk sektor komersial, karena memiliki perilaku penggunaan listrik yang berbeda dari sektor lainnya.

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The Thousand Islands in the form of islands has hampered the implementation of development programs. Electricity consumption depends on the number of electrical equipment owned, the size of the residence in addition to the increase in electricity consumption for the household sector due to increased population and per capita income. The concept of a household electrical lifestyle is related to social aspects and energy consumption behavior. The purpose of this study is to determine the differences in electricity consumption based on electricity users in Pramuka Island, Panggang Island and Tidung Island and explain how the income, building area and use of electronic equipment relate to electricity consumption. The questionnaire was used to obtain data on building area, income, and use of electronic equipment. Spatial analysis is used to see differences in spatial electricity consumption, statistical analysis is used to see the relationship between building area, income and use of electronic equipment with electricity consumption. The result is that the commercial sector is located along the coastline, the household sector is spread in the middle, while the mixed sector is located in the middle of the household sector. There is a relationship between income and use of electronic equipment with electricity consumption, while building area has no relationship with electricity consumption. But this variable does not apply to the commercial sector, because it has a behavior of electricity usage that is different from other sectors."

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ABSTRACTInterdisciplinary in its approach and global in its perspective, Energy Systems and Sustainability: Power for a Sustainable Future, Second Edition, provides a contemporary exploration of the economic, social, environmental, and policy issues raised by current systems of energy use. Emphasizing the important issue of sustainability, it analyzes the historical evolution of the world's energy systems, the principles underlying their use, and their present status and future prospects. Beginning with a survey of basic energy concepts, the book describes the magnitude and patterns of human energy needs at various levels. It moves on to an overview of the fossil and nuclear-fuelled energy that, together with hydroelectric power and traditional biofuels, supply most of the world's commercial energy needs. Sections on economics describe the basic methods through which the monetary costs of energy are calculated, also considering the "external" costs of energy production. Finally, the book looks at the sustainability issues associated with both fossil- and nuclear-fuel use--and considers the technological advancements and social developments that might solve these problems. Providing a truly interdisciplinary approach, Energy Systems and Sustainability: Power for a Sustainable Future, Second Edition, is ideal for undergraduate engineering students and undergraduates studying policy making. "

"Sistem kelistrikan rumah tangga off-grid terus mengalami perkembangan. Dengan berkembangnya teknologi energi terbarukan, teknologi komputasi, teknologi informasi dan teknologi komunikasi, fungsi dan peran sistem kelistrikan rumah tangga dalam menurunkan emisi gas buang dan meningkatkan efisiensi semakin penting. Untuk merancang sistem kelistrikan rumah tangga diperlukan suatu alat. Saat ini pemodelan dan simulasi menjadi alat yang efektif untuk mendapatkan rancangan sistem yang diinginkan. Dalam penelitian ini, dirancang pemodelan dan simulasi sistem kelistrikan rumah tangga. Sistem ini terdiri dari panel surya, turbin angin, baterai dan beban yang terkoneksi melalui konverter. Pemodelan diturunkan dari model matematik sistem sedangkan simulasi menggunakan MATLAB/Simulink. Dalam penelitian ini, rancangan sistem kendali supervisi juga diimplementasikan. Kendali ini berfungsi menyeimbangkan antara pasokan energi dan beban yang terus berubah. Dari hasil simulasi yang dilakukan didapatkan bahwa model dan simulasi dapat bekerja dengan baik. Perubahan beban dan pasokan energi dapat diantisipasi dengan bekerjanya baterai dan juga fuel cell.

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The off-grid household electrical system continues to develop. With the development of renewable energy technology, computational technology, information technology and communication technology, the function and role of off-grid household electrical systems in reducing exhaust emissions and increasing efficiency are increasingly important. To design an off-grid household electrical system, a tool is needed. Currently modeling and simulation are effective tools to get the desired system design.

In this study, a household electrical system modeling and simulation was designed. This system consists of solar panels, wind turbines, fuel cells, batteries and loads connected through a converter. Modeling is derived from system mathematical models while the simulation uses MATLAB / Simulink. In this study, the design of the supervision control system was also implemented. This control functions to balance the energy supply and the ever-changing burden. From the results of the simulations carried out, it was found that the model and simulation could work well. Changes in load and energy supply can be anticipated by the operation of the battery and also the fuel cell."