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"ABSTRAKTujuan : Mengetahui perubahan kadar vitamin A plasma dan hubungannya dengan keadaan klinis penderita stroke iskemikMetodologi : Penelitian dengan desain potong lintang dilakukan pada 26 pasien stroke iskemik dengan onset kurang dari 48 jam. Pengambilan subyek penelitian dilakukan dengan cara consecutive sampling. Pemeriksaan kadar vitamin A dengan metode high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), dilakukan pada saat pasien masuk, hari kedua, ketiga dan kelima perawatan. Data yang dikumpulkan meliputi : karakteristik demografi, faktor-faktor risiko, asupan nutrisi dengan metode recall 1 x 24 jam, food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) semik antitatif dan selama dirawat dg food record, indeks massa tubuh (IMT) serta penilaian klinis dengan National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS).Hasil : Jumlah subyek penelitian 26 orang (20 laki-laki dan 6 perempuan) dengan rerata usia 60.58 + 9.36 tahun. Faktor risiko terbanyak adalah hipertensi yaitu 80.1%. Berdasarkan WIT, 53.9% subyek masuk dalam kategori berat badan lebih. Tidak didapatkan hubungan yang bermakna antara asupan vitamin A, lemak dan vitamin E dengan kadar vitamin A plasma Rerata kadar vitamin A plasma masuk dalam kategori nominal dan menunjukkan peningkatan yang bermakna pada hari kelima perawatan (p: 0,035). Perjalanan klinis penyakit berdasarkan NIHSS menunjukkan perbaikan yang bermakna (p: 0,045 - 0,005). Terdapat korelasi negatif dan bermakna antara peningkatan kadar vitamin A plasma dengan penilaian NIHSS pada hari kelima perawatan (r:0,391, p: 0,049).Kesimpulan : Terdapat perbedaan yang bermakna antara kadar vitamin A plasma pada hari pertama dengan hari kelima perawatan. Terdapat perbedaan yang bermakna pada penilaian NIHSS selama lima hari perawatan. Terdapat korelasi negatif bermakna antara kadar vitamin A plasma dengan penilaian NIHSS pada hari kelima perawatan.Kata kunci : Vitamin A, stroke iskemik

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ABSTRACT

Levels Of Vitamin A In Ischemic Stroke Patients

Objective : The purpose of this study was to investigate the time course of plasma vitamin A changes and its relation with clinical state in ischemic stroke patients.

Metodology : A cross sectional study was carried out among 26 patients with ischemic stroke of recent onset (< 48 hours). Consecutive sampling method was used to obtain the subject. Plasma vitamin A level was measured using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) on admission, and days 2, 3, and 5. Data collected were demographic characteristics, risk factors of stroke, nutrient intake using 24 hours recall, semi quantitative food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) and food record method when hospitalized, body mass index (BMI), and clinical condition using National Institutes Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS).

Result, : The subjects consist of 26 patients (20 males and 6 females) with a mean of age 60.58 + 9.36 years. Hypertension was the most modifiable risk factors (80.1%) that found. Based on SMI, 53.9% subjects had overweight. There were no relationship between nutrient intake (vitamin A, fat and vitamin E) and plasma vitamin A level. Plasma vitamin A level was still in the normal range and gradually increased in the following days, it showed a significant increase on day 5 since admission (p: 0.035). The score of NIHSS was significantly decreased along hospitalized (p: 0.045 - 0.005)_ A significant negative correlation between plasma vitamin A levels and NIHSS score on day 5 was found (r: -0.391, p: 0.049).

Conclusion : There was significant difference in plasma vitamin A level between day 5 and at admission. Scores of NIHSS were significantly different in the following days. A significant negative correlation between plasma vitamin A levels and scores of NIHSS on day 5 was found."

"Program jangka panjang dengan "Pendekatan berbasis pangan" untuk penanggulangan kekurangan vitamin A (KVA) semakin penting peranannya."

"Program jangka panjang, dengan "pendekatan berbasis pangan" untuk penanggangan kekurangan vitamin A (KVA) semakin penting peranannya. Telah dilakukan penelitian dalam rangka sistim pemantauan Vitamin A di Jawa Tengah yanig menghubungkan asupan vitamin A dengan kadar serum retinal pada ibu-ibu laktasi dengan Batita (anak bawah tiga tahun) selama krisis. Median asupan vitamin A 319 RE/d buta senja : 0,34%. Kadar serum retinal (rerata 1,23 jMnol/L} berhubungan dengan asupan vitamin A model multiple logistic regresi untuk memprediksikan peluang terjadinya pengaruh berbagai faktor determinant menunjukkan : Asupan vitamin A dari pangan nabati (OR/95% Cl] per quartile, 1 : LOO, 2': 1,63 fO.99-2.80/, 3rd: 1.99 11,58-2,991, dan 4'1': 2.62 [1,68-4,04], dari pangan hewani (V dan T1: 1,00. 3 : 137 [0,89-2,09] dan 4'h: 2,86 [1,59-3,98 j). Kebun gizi (tidak 1.00, ya 1.88 f1,08-2,68J ) dan pendidikan ibu ( sekolah lanjutan: 1,46 /1,00-2.16J ). Kontribusi asupanan vitamin A sumber nabati 16 kali lebih besar dibanding sumber hewani, sama pentingnya dalam mempengaruhi status vitamin A. Kebun gizi dan tingkat pendidikan ibu merefleksikan konsumsi pangan sumber nabati dan hewani dalam jangka panjang. (MedJ Inidones 2006; 15:259-66)

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For the Longer term food-based approaches for controlling vitamin A deficiency and its consequences, become increasingly important. A nutrition survailance system in Central-Java, Indonesia assessed vitamin A intake and serum retinal concentration of lactating women with a child <36 mo old during crisis. Median vitamin A intake was 319 RE/d and night blindness 0,34%. Serum retina! concentration (mean : 1,23 jMnol/L] was related to vitamin A intake in a dose-concentration manner. The multiple logistic regression model for predicting the chance far a scrum retinal concentration > observed median of the population (27,27 funol/L) intended determinant factors, vitamin A intake from plant foods (OR/95% Cl) per quarttie, 1" : 1.00, 2"d: 1.63 [0.99-2,80], 3nl: 1.99 [1.58-2,99], and /'': 2,62 [1,68-4,04], from, animal foods (T and 2'"': 1,00. 3"': 1,37 [0,89-2,09] and 4th: 2,86 [1,59-3,98]). Home gardening (no 1,00, yes 1.88 f 1,08-2.68}) and woman's education level (< primary school : 1,00 >secondary school: 1,46 [1,00-2,16]). Tints, although contributing 16 times more to total vitamin A intake plant foods were as important for vitamin A status as animal foods. Home gardening and woman's education level seem to reflect longer-term consumption of plant and animal foods respectively. (Med J Indones 2006; J 5:259-66)"

"Vitamin A merupakan vitamin larut lemak yang memiliki berbagai fungsi biologis, termasuk dalam mengurangi kemungkinan infeksi dan mengatur pertumbuhan. Kondisi kekurangan vitamin A pada balita dapat berakibat pada meningkatnya angka kesakitan, perburukan status gizi, bahkan kematian. Oleh karena itu, dibutuhkan suplementasi vitamin A sebagai upaya melindungi kelompok rentan dari dampak kekurangan vitamin A. Sayangnya, pemberian suplementasi vitamin A belum memberikan hasil yang optimal hingga saat ini. Penelitian ini ingin mengetahui faktor-faktor yang berhubungan dengan kepatuhan pemberian suplemen vitamin A pada balita usia 6-59 bulan di Indonesia berdasarkan analisis data SDKI 2017. Penelitian ini adalah penelitian kuantitatif dengan desain studi cross-sectional yang melibatkan 1.728 balita usia 6-59 bulan di Indonesia. Hasil penelitian membuktikan adanya hubungan yang signifikan antara pendidikan ibu, usia balita, riwayat imunisasi balita, kunjungan Antenatal Care (ANC), kunjungan Postanatal Care (PNC), tempat persalinan, dan keterpaparan media televisi dengan kepatuhan pemberian suplemen vitamin A. Riwayat imunisasi adalah faktor yang paling dominan berhubungan dengan kepatuhan pemberian suplemen vitamin A pada balita. Dengan demikian, penelitian ini menyarankan agar penguatan program imunisasi pada balita, edukasi kesehatan, kualitas kunjungan ANC dan PNC, serta pemanfaatan fasilitas kesehatan dan media terus ditingkatkan guna mencapai cakupan suplementasi vitamin A pada balita yang lebih baik.

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Vitamin A is a fat-soluble vitamin that has a variety of biological functions, including reducing the infection and growth regulators. Vitamin A deficiency in child under five can result in increased morbidity, poor nutritional status, and even death. Therefore, vitamin A supplementation is needed as an effort to protect vulnerable groups, especially children from the impact of vitamin A deficiency. Unfortunately, vitamin A supplementation has not shown optimal results. This study wanted to determine the factors associated with compliance of vitamin A supplementation in child aged 6-59 months in Indonesia based on the 2017 IDHS data analysis. This is a quantitative research with cross-sectional design involving 1,728 child aged 6-59 months in Indonesia. The results prove a significant association between maternal education, child’s age, history of child’s immunization, Antenatal Care (ANC) and Postanatal Care (PNC) visits, place of delivery, and television media exposure with compliance to vitamin A supplementation. Child’s immunization history is the most dominant factor associated with compliance of vitamin A supplementation in child. Thus, this study suggests that child’s immunization program, health education, the quality of ANC and PNC, the utilization of health facilities and media should be improved to achieve better coverage of vitamin A supplementation."

"Defisiensi vitamin A merupakan masalah kesehatan masyarakat pada anak di negara berkembang. Di Indonesia, dalam rangka memberantas defisiensi vitamin A Departemen Kesehatan (Depkes) memberikan Kapsul Vitamin A (KVA) secara gratis setiap bulan Februari dan Agustus kepada anak umur 6-59 bulan.Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk melihat faktor-faktor yang berhubungan dengan pemberian KVA di Jawa Tengah (Jateng) dan di Sulawesi Sela tan (Sulsel). Data yang digunakan adalah data dari Nutrition and Health Surveillance System (NSS) yang dikumpulkan oleh Helen Keller International (HKI) bekerjasama dengan Balitbangkes, Depkes pada bulan Maret - Juni 2003.Cakupan pemberian KVA di Jateng adalah 90.8 % dan di Sulsel adalah 66.8 %. Di Jateng anak umur 6-11 bulan mempunyai peluang yang lebih besar untuk menerima KVA dibandingkan anak umur 48-59 bulan (OR= 1.51, 95% CI 1.09 - 2.08), Di Jateng status gizi yang diukur dengan BBIU berhubungan dengan penerimaan KVA, anak yang underweight mempunyai peluang yang lebih kecil untuk menerima KVA (OR=0.83, 95%CI, 0.70-0.98). Ada hubungan antara status gizi yang diukur dengan BB/TB dalam penerimaan KVA, anak yang wasting mempunyai peluang yang lebih kecil untuk menerima KVA (OR = 0.68, 95% CI, 0.51 - 0.91). Ada hubungan antara ISPA dengan penerimaan KVA. Anak yang menderita ISPA mempunyai peluang yang lebih kecil untuk menerima KVA (OR=0.84, 95%CI:0.70-1.00).Di Sulsel semakin muda umur anak, peluang untuk mendapatkan KVA semakin besar. Ada hubungan antara diare dengan penerimaan KVA, anak yang diare mempunyai peluang yang lebih kecil untuk menerima KVA. (OR =0.55, 95% CI: 0.42-0.73).Di kedua propinsi, tidak ada hubungan antara jenis kelamin dengan penerimaan KVA, semakin rendah pendidikan semakin tinggi peluang untuk menerima KVA, semakin rendah pendapatan semakin tinggi peluang untuk mendapatkan KVA. Status gizi (TBIU) tidak berhubungan dengan penerimaan KVA. Tidak ada hubungan antara asupan vitamin A dengan penerimaan KVA, namun demikian asupan vitamin A sangat rendah. Media kampanye melalui radio dan media cetak berhubungan dengan penerimaan KVA, sedangkan media kampanye TV tidak berhubungan dengan penerimaan KVA.Dari hasil analisis multivariat. faktor-faktor yang berhubungan dengan penerimaan KVA di Jateng adalah terpapar kampanye melalui media cetak (OR = 1.8, 95 %CI 1.51-2,14), partisipasi di Posyandu (OR= 3.57, 95% CI 2.99-4.25) dan wasting (OR=0.68, 95%CI 0.50-0.92). Faktor-faktor yang berhubungan dengan penerimaan KVA di Sulsel adalah terpapar melalui kampanye radio (OR=0.43, 95%CI 1.08-0.90), kampanye melalui media cetak (OR= 96, 95 % CI 1.67- 2.29), partisipasi Posyandu (OR = 4.74. 95% CI 4.03- .57) , Pendidikan : tidak sekolah (OR = 2.35 . 95%CI 1.65-3.34), pendidikan 1-3 tahun (OR=1.76, 95% CI 1.29-2.40), pendidikan 4-6 tahun (OR=1.58, 95 % CI 1.30-1.93) dan pendidikan 7-9 tahun (OR=1.35, 95 % CI 1.08-1.68) Diare (OR 0.52, 95 % CI 0.38- 0.72). Partisipasi ke Posyandu merupakan faktor yang paling berhubungan di kedua propinsi, namun partisipasi ke Posyandu di Sulsel lebih rendah dibandingkan dengan di Jateng . Status gizi dan morbiditas harus mendapat perhatian dalam pemberian KVA, media kampanye panting untuk mensukseskan cakupan pemberian KVA.

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Factors That Were Related To Vitamin A Capsule (VAC) Receipt Among Children Aged 6-59 Months In Central Java And South Sulawesi, 2003 (Secondary Data Analyses of the GO I/HKI NSS data , March - June 2003)Vitamin A deficiency is a public health problem among children in developing countries. In Indonesia, in order to combat vitamin A deficiency, Ministry of Health (MOH) distributes the Vitamin A Capsule (VAC) for free in every February and August to children 6 - 59 months.

The aim of the research was to find out factors that were related to Vitamin A Capsule (VAC) receipt in Central Java and South Sulawesi . The Government of Indonesia /Helen Keller International Nutrition and Health Surveillance System (the GOL' KI NSS) data collected in March-June 2003 had been used for this research,VAC coverage in Central Java was 90.8 % and in South Sulawesi was 66.8 %. In Central Java children 6-11 months had a higher chance to receive VAC than children 48-59 months (OR= 1.51, 95% CI 1.09 - 2.08). There was relationship between nutritional status (weight for age) with VAC receipt., underweight children had a lower chance to receive VAC than normal children (OR=0.83, 95%CI, 0.70-0.98). There was a relationship between nutritional status (weight for height) with VAC receipt, wasting children had a lower chance to receive VAC than normal children (OR = 0.68, 95% CI, 0.51 - 0.91). There was relationship between Acute Respiratory Infection (ARI) and VAC receipt, children with ARI had a lower chance to receive VAC (OR=0.84, 95%CI:0.70-1.00).

In South Sulawesi, younger children had a higher chance to receive VAC. There was a relationship among diarrhea and VAC receipt, children with diarrhea had a lower chance to receive VAC (OR =0.55, 95% CI: 0.42-0.73).

In both areas, there was no relationship between sex and VAC receipt, there was relationship among maternal education and VAC receipt, children whose mother had lower education had a higher chance to receive VAC , children whose mother had lower income had a higher chance to receive VAC. There was no relationship among vitamin A intake with VAC receipt, however vitamin A intake was very low. Media campaigns of radio and printed materials had relationship with VAC receipt, but media campaign of TV had no relationship with VAC receipt.

Results from multivariate analyses showed that factors that were related with VAC receipt in Central Java was media campaign of printed materials (OR = 1.8, 95 %CI 1.51-2,14), Posyandu attendance (OR= 3.57, 95% CI 2.99-4.25) and wasting (OR=0.68, 95%CI 0.50-0.92). Factors that were related with VAC receipt in South Sulawesi was media campaign of radio (OR=0.43, 95%CI 1.08-0.90), media campaign of printed materials (OR= .96, 95 % CI 1.67- 2.29), Posyandu attendance (OR = 4.74. 95% CI 4.03- .57) , Education: did not go to school (OR = 2.35 .95%CI 1.65-3.34), 1-3 years of education (OR=1.76, 95% CI 1.29-2.40), 4-6 years of education (OR=1.58, 95 % CI 1.30-1.93) and 7-9 years of education (OR=I.35, 95 % CI 1.08-1.68), diarrhea (OR=0.52, 95 % CI 0.38- 0.72). Posyandu attendance was the main factor that was related to VAC receipt in both areas. However, Posyandu attendance was lower in South Sulawesi than in Central Java. Children nutritional status and morbidity need to be considered in distributing the VAC. Media campaign was important for the success of the VAC coverage."

"At the present time, public?s access to news sources is no longer limited. Mass audiences are offered not only different coverage of an issue but also completely different sides of story with opposing beliefs. Essentially, the purpose of this essay is to examine these differences and how they can be very distinct to one another. In this essay, there are two types of media in which become the focuses of study ? they are mainstream and alternative media. These media have their own strong characteristics and contradictory in many aspects, this essay will analyse one media outlet from each type of media ? such as, CNN in which will represent mainstream media and Counterpunch, its alternative counterpart. The methods are applied in this essay are observation and comparisons approaches. Finally, This essay will do an in-depth analysis of how Syrian Conflict is interpreted differently by Mainstream and Alternative media."

"ABSTRAKPasar adalah salah satu dari pusat pelayanan, yang inerupakan bagian dari kegiatan kehidupan kota yang mernpunyai fungsi pelayanan. Artin ya, yang jasanya diper-lukari oleh anggota masyarakat. Sebagai pusat pelayanan ekonomi bagi penduduk di sekitarnya, pasar berfungsi inenyalurkan barang-barang bagi penduduk di wilayah yang berdekatan derigannya.Masalah yang diajukan dalain penelitian mi adalah bagainiana pola persebaran dan hirarkhi pusat pelayanan di Kotamadya Surakarta, serta jangkauan pelayanan kebu- tuhan sehani-hari niaupun kebutuhan bukan sehari-hani tiap-tiap pusat pelayanan tersebut.Dari penelitian diketahui terdapat tiga kelas pasar di Kotamadya Surakarta, yaitu pasar kelas 1, pasarkelas 2 dan pasar kelas 3. Persebaran pasar di Kotamadya Surakarta berdasar- kan pada suatu tradisi belanja penduduknya, bukan atas dasar efisiensi seperti yang dikemukakari oleh Christaller.Jangkauan pelayanan pasar untuk kebutuhan sehari- hari dan kebutuhan bukan sehari-hari, terdekat dimiliki oleh pasar kelas 3. Sedangkan jangkauan pelayanan ter- jauh kebutuhan sehani-hani dan kebutuhan bukan sehari-hari dimiliki oleh pasar kelas 1.

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