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"In this article the author argues for the need to develop and use a new paradigm in examining the role of women. By considering the significant role women played in the recent economic crisis in Indonesia which has been neglected by various parties, including scholars, the author prefers strongly to use the paradigm 'critics' in the studies about women. She explains further the difference between this paradigm and the 'interpretive' and positivism' paradigms. The use of the new paradigm would enable the researcher to examine the relevant issues, carry out a participative approach, as well as change the disadvantaged situations and roles the women have."

"This article discusses hoe the qualitative approach in the social sciences is applied to the study of education and educational systems. A discussion is given on how the qualitative approach differs from the quantitative approach, with an emphasis on how an understanding of the culture of the people under study becomes of a central importance in the former. Educational institutions must be studied within a wider context, allowing the researcher to identify relevant problem areas that are often deemed irrelevant by quantitative studies using deductive models. It is also noted that research conducted with the qualitative approach requires that the researcher must have sufficient theoretical and conceptual knowledge, as well as knowledge of the methods needed to collect data."

"Dalam tulisan ini, saya tertarik untuk mengetahui bagaimana kehidupan sosial di wilayah Penjaringan dibentuk dalam satu proses panjang interaksi antar manusia. Interaksi manusia sebagai obyek dari penelitian kemudian ditelusuri kompleksitasnya, dan dicoba dilihat prosesnya di dalam ruang dan waktu agar dapat dimengerti bagaimana hubungan masa lalu dalam pemaknaannya di kehidupan masa kini. Saya kemudian memperlakukan negosiasi kultural yang dikembangkan masyarakat Penjaringan dalam menanggapi kekuasaan dari luar sebagai bentuk kompleksitas kehidupan masyarakat Penjaringan itu. Logika kebudayaan masyarakat tersebut kemudian menjadi sangat historis sifatnya, karena dikembangkan masyarakat dengan berpedoman pada masa lalu mereka. Temuan penelitian lapangan saya memperlihatkan bahwa kesadaran sejarah (historisitas) masyarakat Penjaringan mempengaruhi bagaimana interaksi mereka dengan kekuasaan yang datang dari luar menjadi sangat pragmatis sifatnya. Hal ini merupakan sebuah pilihan yang ditempuh masyarakat Penjaringan agar tetap dapat melangsungkan kehidupan mereka yang terkepung dalam kemiskinan.

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For this research project, I am interested in knowing how social life began to form in a single elongated interaction process amongst the people in Penjaringan. Human interaction as the object of this research attempts to be further researched as a form of complexity in life and to be seen as a process on how the past relationships can be used to apprehend current ones.

I have placed cultural negotiation that has been developed by Penjaringan's society in facing power from the outside as a complexity in Penjaringan's social life. The cultural logic of the society then becomes quite historical because of the people who are developing it tend to base it on the past.

My fieldwork findings show that in reality, Penjaringan's sense of historicity affects how the people interact with power that comes from outside the society and becomes very pragmatic. This way of life has been chosen purely by the people of Penjaringan so that they may continue on living their lives trapped in poverty."

"This article aims to analyze the complexity of interactions between Bajo fishermen communities and their sea environment in the form of coral reef resource management in Takabonerate in the past time by application of the paradigm of communalism in human ecology. The question proposed is how to construct the complexity of the interaction between Bajo fishermen communities and their sea environment in the context of belief systems, and socio-economic and political institutions in the early time of their arrival in Takabonerate archipelago up to the of 1940s. The article's material are taken from field research reports in which the data/information was gained by depth interviews and observation according to the focus of study and the chosen approach. The Bajo fishermen communities under study are concentrated in the village of Rajuni Island (as the center of the old Bajo Kingdom). This analysis indicates that the management patterns of sea environment and coral reef resource use applied by Bajo fishernen communities of Takabonerate are based on models of the great Panglima Menteng institution. The management is characterized by strong collective order; the sea resource use management reflects the intersubjective relations between human societies and natural/sea environment spirits; equity of household socio-economic welfare; the constantly controlled condition of environment and the balanced natural resource use."

"Ilmu budaya; budaya dasar, kebudayaan"