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"Though quarantine disinfestation treatments have been exempt from the methyl bromide phase out, it is still required to research and develop alternative treatments for fumigation of plant material in transit...."

"The excessive use of pesticides in Indonesia during the 1970s and 1980s caused serious environmental problems such as acute and chronic human pesticide poisoning, animal poisoning and contaminated agricultural products, destruction of both beneficial natural parasites and pest predators, and pesticide resistance in pests. To overcome these environmental problems, since 1989 the Indonesian government has actively adopted a strategy of integrated pest management (IPM). During the first few years of the 1PM program's implementation, the program has been able to help farmers reduce the use of pesticides by approximately 56 percent, and increase yields by approximately 10 percent. However, economic literature that analyzes the impact of the IPM program on household incomes and national economic performance is very limited. The general objective of this research is to analyze the impact of the IPM program on Indonesian economic growth and household incomes for different socioeconomic groups.Introduction The chronic food shortage during the first two decades of Indonesian independence (1945-1965) stimulated the Indonesian government to establish a comprehensive food intensification program as a national priority. Achieving and maintaining self-sufficiency in food, increasing farmers' income, and providing strong support for the rapidly expanding industrial and service sectors were the main goals of this food intensification program (Oka, 1995). The food intensification program included large-scale adoption of high-yielding modern seed varieties, development of irrigation systems, expansion of food crop producing areas, increased use of chemical fertilizers and pesticides, expansion of agricultural extension services, establishment of farmer cooperatives and input subsidies, and stabilization of national food crop prices (Oka, 1991).During the 1970s and 1980s, this food intensification program caused food crap production to grow at an annual rate of approximately 3.74 percent (CBS, 1973-1991). A major miracle occurred in rice production. Pushing the average annual growth rate of rice production to approximately 4.67 percent, the rice intensification program transformed Indonesia from the world's largest importer of rice, importing approximately two million tons per year by the end of the 1970s, to self-sufficiency in 1983 (Oka, 1991 and 1995)."

"Pengendalian hayati merupakan akar dalam pengelolaan hama secara terpadu. Dalam pengendalian hayati serangga hama, parasitoid dan predator mempunyai peran sangat nyata dalam menjaga perkembangan populasi hama untuk selalu pada tingkat yang tidak merusak tanaman. Serangga hama merupakan salah satu kendala dalam proses produksi serat kapas, sehingga pengendalian hama merupakan kegiatan penting dalam budi daya tanaman kapas. Pemanfaatan parasitoid dan predator dalam program pengendalian hayati hama kapas terbukti dapat mengendalikan populasi hama secara efektif dan ramah lingkungan. Pemanfaatan parasitoid dan predator dilakukan dengan menerapkan tindakan konservasi dan augmentasi musuh alami dalam sistem budi daya kapas sejak awal pertumbuhan tanaman. Konservasi parasitoid dan predator dilakukan melalui peningkatan keanekaragaman vege-tasi dengan menerapkan pola tanam tumpang sari dan konsep ambang kendali dengan mempertimbangkan keberadaan musuh alami. Pemanfaatan parasitoid dan predator dalam pengendalian hama memungkinkan budi daya kapas tanpa insektisida kimia sintetis untuk mendapat hasil yang optimal."

"Bawang merah (Allium ascalonicum L.) adalah komoditas sayuran dengan ancaman penyakit hawar daun bakteri yang disebabkan oleh Pantoea sp. dalam produksinya. Pemanfaatan agen biokontrol dari bakteri yang berasosiasi dengan akar tanaman berpotensi tinggi menghasilkan mekanisme penghambatan patogen pada tanaman. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk memperoleh isolat bakteri agen biokontrol yang mampu menghambat pertumbuhan patogen Pantoea sp., mempelajari karakterisasi dan mekanisme aktivitas agen biokontrol dalam penghambatan patogen Pantoea sp., serta mengidentifikasi isolat bakteri agen biokontrol. Kultur bakteri kandidat agen biokontrol diisolasi dari tanah perakaran tanaman bawang merah di lahan pertanian bawang merah di Cirebon dan Majalengka, Jawa Barat, serta Brebes, Jawa Tengah. Pengujian aktivitas meliputi uji antagonisme dan karakterisasi aktivitas biokontrol (produksi enzim protease, kitinase, selulase, siderofor, hidrogen sianida, ammonia, peroksidase dan aktivitas katalase) secara in vitro. Identifikasi isolat bakteri agen biokontrol dengan dilakukan gen 16S rRNA dan dilanjutkan dengan pembuatan rekonstruksi pohon filogenetik. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian, diperoleh 5 isolat rizobakteri (I-8, L1-9, L1-12, BM-L3(2), dan BM-L3(3)) yang memiliki kemampuan antagonis terhadap patogen Pantoea sp. penyebab penyakit hawar daun bakteri pada bawang merah. Kelima isolat tersebut menunjukkan hasil positif pada uji aktivitas enzim protease, kitinase, selulase, siderofor, hidrogen sianida, ammonia, peroksidase dan aktivitas katalase. Hanya isolat BM-L3(2) yang tidak memiliki kemampuan dalam produksi enzim kitinase. Isolat BM-L3(2) dan BM-L3(3) teridentifikasi sebagai Brevibacillus schisleri dan Bacillus sp., sedangkan isolat I-8, L1-9, dan L1-12 teridentifikasi sebagai Streptomyces rochei berdasarkan sifat morfologi, analisis sekuens 16S rRNA, dan kekerabatan pada hasil rekonstruksi pohon filogeni.

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Shallot (Allium ascalonicum L.) is vegetable commodity that has the threat of bacterial leaf blight caused by Pantoea sp. in its production. Utilization of biocontrol agents from bacteria associated with plant roots has high potential to produce pathogen inhibition mechanisms in plants. This research aims to obtain bacterial isolates of biocontrol agents that are able to inhibit the growth of Pantoea sp., study the characterization and mechanism activity of biocontrol agents, and identify bacterial of biocontrol agents. Bacterial of biocontrol agent candidates were isolated from root soil of shallot plants in Cirebon, Majalengka, and Brebes. The activity of the antagonism and biocontrol charaterization (enzyme production of protease, chitinase, cellulase, siderophore, HCN, ammonia, peroxidase and catalase) was tested by in vitro. Identification of biocontrol agent bacterial with the 16S rRNA gene was carried out and continued with phylogenetic tree reconstruction. Based on the results of the study, 5 rhizobacterial isolates (I-8, L1-9, L1-12, BM-L3(2), and BM-L3(3)) were obtained that have antagonism activity as biocontrol agent bacteria against the pathogen Pantoea sp. causing bacterial leaf blight in shallots. The five isolates showed positive results in the enzyme activity tests of protease, chitinase, cellulase, siderophore, hydrogen cyanide, ammonia, peroxidase, and catalase. Only isolate BM-L3 (2) does not have the ability to produce chitinase enzyme. Isolates BM-L3(2) and BM-L3(3) were identified as Brevibacillus schisleri and Bacillus sp., while isolates I-8, L1-9, and L1-12 were identified as Streptomyces rochei based on morphological characters, 16S rRNA sequence analysis, and kinship on phylogeny tree reconstruction results."

"Solanesol adalah alkohol terpen alifatik yang terdiri dari sembilan unit isoprene dan ditemukan pada tanaman Solanaceae seperti tembakau (Nicotiana tabacum). Kandungan vitamin K dan koenzim Q10 pada solanesol memiliki berbagai manfaat seperti sifat antioksidan, anti-inflamasi, dan sifat anti-mikrobial. Solanesol memiliki rantai karbon C45, dan sejauh ini masih sulit untuk di sintesis. Oleh karena itu banyak peneliti masih menggunakan ekstraksi untuk memperoleh solanesol. Seiring perkembangan teknologi, metode ekstraksi modern seperti ekstraksi berbantuan gelombang mikro diperkenalkan untuk menawarkan ekstraksi dalam waktu yang lebih singkat dengan kebutuhan pelarut yang lebih sedikit. Dalam ekstraksi solanesol dengan metode ekstraksi berbantuan gelombang mikro, terdapat beberapa parameter yang dapat menentukan efektivitas hasil ekstraksi diantaranya adalah durasi ekstraksi, daya gelombang mikro, dan rasio umpan per pelarut. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendapatkan kondisi optimum metode ekstraksi berbantuan gelombang mikro untuk mengekstraksi solanesol dari daun tembakau dengan variabel bebas berupa rasio umpan per pelarut 0,15; 0,25 dan 0,35 gr/ml, durasi ekstraksi 0,5; 1 dan 1,5 menit serta daya gelombang mikro sebesar 200, 400 dan 600 Watt. Analisis yang dilakukan dengan HPLC untuk mengevaluasi kandungan solanesol yang terekstraksi melalui pengaruh kadar air, durasi ekstraksi dan daya gelombang mikro. Berdasarkan penelitian yang telah dilakukan, ekstraksi solanesol paling optimal dengan metode ekstraksi berbantuan gelombang mikro pada daya gelombang mikro 200 Watt, rasio umpan per pelarut 0,25 gr/ml dan durasi 1,5 menit dengan berat kering solanesol sebesar 1,3% (b/b).

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Solanesol is an aliphatic terpene alcohol consisting of nine isoprene units, mainly found in Solanaceae plants such as tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum). The content of vitamin K and coenzyme Q10 in solanesol has various benefits such as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-microbial properties. Solanesol has a C45 carbon chain, and so far it is still difficult to synthesize. Therefore, many researchers still use extraction technique to obtain solanesol. As technology develops, modern extraction methods such as microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) are introduced to offer shorter durations with less solvent requirements. In the extraction of solanesol with the MAE method, there are several parameters that can determine the effectiveness of the extraction result such as duration, microwave power and feed per solvent ratio. This study aims to obtain the optimum conditions for the MAE method for extracting solanesol from tobacco leaves with independent variables such as feed per solvent ratio 0,15; 0,25 and 0,35 gr/ml, duration of 0,5; 1 and 1,5 minutes and microwave power of 200, 400 and 600 Watts. The analysis that will be carried out is by using HPLC to evaluate the extracted solanesol content through the effect of feed per solvent ratio, duration and microwave power. Based on the research that has been done, it was found that the most optimal solanesol extraction using the MAE method was at 200 Watt microwave power, the feed per solvent ratio of 0.25 gr/ml and a duration of 1.5 minutes with solanesol dry weight of 1,3% (w/w)."