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"This microbiology monograph provides an overview of methods for studying microbial stress tolerance for biofuels applications using a systems biology approach.Topics covered range from mechanisms to methodology for yeast and bacteria, including the genomics of yeast tolerance and detoxification, genetics and regulation of glycogen and trehalose metabolism, programmed cell death, high gravity fermentations, ethanol tolerance, improving biomass sugar utilization by engineered Saccharomyces, the genomics on tolerance of zymomonas mobilis, microbial solvent tolerance, control of stress tolerance in bacterial host organisms, metabolomics for ethanologenic yeast, automated proteomics work cell systems for strain improvement, and unification of gene expression data for comparable analyses under stress conditions."

"Concerns over dwindling fossil fuel reserves and impending climate changes have focused attention worldwide on the need to discover alternative, sustainable energy sources and fuels. Biofuels, already produced on a massive industrial scale, are seen as one answer to these problems. However, very real concerns over the effects of biofuel production on food supplies, with some of the recent increases in worldwide food costs attributable to biofuel production, have lead to the realization that new, non-food substrates for biofuel production must be bought online. This book is an authoritative, comprehensive, up-to-date review of the various options under development for the production of advanced biofuels as alternative energy carriers. "

"Microbial Fuel Cell (MFC) merupakan salah satu teknologi yang dikembangkan untuk mendapatkan sumber energi baru terbarukan. Namun teknologi ini tergolong mahal, sehingga penelitian pun banyak diarahkan untuk menjadikan teknologi ini lebih efisien, ekonomis dan berkelanjutan. Pada penelitian sebelumnya telah dilakukan uji coba MFC dual chamber dengan substrat air limbah tempe. Namun, disain ini kurang efektif dan efisien disebabkan penggunaan membran yang kurang kompatibel dengan air limbah. Oleh karena itu dikembangkan disain reaktor tunggal yang disebut Single Chamber Microbial Fuel Cell. Penelitian ini difokuskan untuk evaluasi kinerja sistem Single Chamber MFC menggunakan model limbah tempe sebagai inokulum dan substrat pada tahap start-up, serta sebagai sumber inokulum pada studi dengan susbtrat tunggal glukosa. Aspek kajian meliputi kinetika dan efisiensi MFC yang terdiri dari efisiensi Coulomb dan efisiensi energi pada variasi hambatan eksternal. Data eksperimen berhasil dimodelkan menurut persamaan kinetika Monod, dengan konstanta kinetika PMax 0,033 mW/ m2 dan 0,021 mW/m2 serta nilai Ks 124 mg/L dan 64 mg/L untuk hambatan eksternal berturut-turut 100 dan 1000 Ohm. Efisiensi Coulomb tertinggi diperoleh pada hambatan 100 Ohm, sebesar 9,50% untuk proses start-up dan 0,39% dengan substrat tunggal glukosa. Sementara efisiensi energi maksimum sebesar 0,001% pada hambatan 100 Ohm.

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Microbial Fuel Cell (MFC) is a technology developed to obtain new sources of renewable energy. But the technology is quite expensive; so many researches were directed to make this technology more efficient, economical and sustainable. Previous studies have been conducted with dual chamber MFC using tempeh wastewater as substrate. However, this design was less effective and efficient due to the use of membrane that was less compatible with the waste water. Therefore, in this study we developed a single reactor design called Single Chamber Microbial Fuel Cell.

This study focused on evaluating the performance of a single chamber MFC using model tempeh waste as inoculum and the substrate for startup stage, as well as the source of inoculum in study with single susbtrat, that was glucose. Aspects of the study include the kinetics and efficiency of MFC, which consists of Coulombic efficiency and energy efficiency on the external resistance variations.

Experimental data successfully modeled by Monod kinetics equation, with the kinetic constant PMax 0.033 mW/m2 and 0.021 mW/m2 and Ks value of 124 mg / L and 64 mg / L for external resistances 100 and 1000 Ohm, respectively. The highest value of Coulombic efficiency obtained at 100 Ohm resistance, amounting to 9.50% for the start-up and 0.39% with single substrate glucose. While the maximum energy efficiency of 0.001% at 100 Ohm resistance."

"Kebutuhan energi listrik di Indonesia yang terus meningkat telah memicu dilakukannya berbagai riset ke arah teknologi inovatif yang lebih efektif, efisien dan ramah lingkungan untuk memproduksi energi listrik. Salah satu teknologi alternatif yang bisa dikembangkan adalah Microbial Fuel Cell (MFC) yang berbasis prinsip bioelektrokimia dengan memanfaatkan mikroorganisme untuk memecah substrat sehingga menghasilkan energi listrik. Pada penelitian kali ini dikaji pengaruh variasi volume limbah yang digunakan dan variasi luas permukaan. Reaktor MFC yang memiliki volume limbah 2000 mL menghasilkan listrik yang lebih tinggi dibandingkan MFC dengan volume limbah 500 mL yaitu sebesar 3,03 mW/m2, namun dengan efisiensi Columbic yang lebih rendah, yaitu 0,14%. Reaktor MFC dengan nilai luas permukaan elektroda tertinggi, yaitu sebesar 92 cm2 menghasilkan densitas daya yang paling tinggi yaitu 0,02 mW/m2, namun dengan efisiensi Columbic yang paling rendah, yaitu 0,07 %, dan pada perhitungan efisiensi Coulombic, konfigurasi paralel pada reaktor MFC mendapatkan nilai yang paling tinggi, yaitu 0,06%. Penggunaan limbah cair industri tempe dapat menghasilkan listrik dalam sistem MFC sekaligus dapat mengurangi kadar COD dalam limbah. Riset lebih lanjut dalam sistem MFC dan pemanfaatan limbah cair industri tempe sebagai substrat dalam sistem MFC dapat mereduksi biaya operasi sistem MFC, sekaligus menjadikan MFC sebagai teknologi penghasil listrik yang ekonomis, ramah lingkungan dan berkelanjutan.

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Electrical energy demand in Indonesia has sparked a growing range of research done in the direction of innovative technologies that are more effective, efficient and environmentally friendly to produce electrical energy. One of the alternative technologies that could be developed is a Microbial Fuel Cell (MFC) based on the principle of bioelectrochemical by utilizing microorganisms to break down the substrate to produce electrical energy.

In the present study examined the influence of variations in the volume of waste that is used and variation of the surface area of the electrode. MFC reactor with a volume of 2000 mL has generated higher electricity than the MFC with 500 mL volume, which is 3.03 mW/m2, but with a lower efficiency Columbic, 0.14%. MFC reactors with the highest value of the electrode surface area, which is equal to 92 cm2 produces the highest power density is 0.020 mW/m2, but with the lowest efficiency Coulumbic, namely 0.07%, and in the Coulombic efficiency calculations, a parallel configuration in MFC reactors get the highest value, which is 0.06%.

The use of tempe industrial wastewater can produce electricity in the MFC system can simultaneously reduce COD levels in the effluent. Further research in the MFC system and utilization of tempe industrial wastewater as a substrate in MFC system can reduce operating costs of MFC system, as well as making electricity-producing technology that is economical, environmentally friendly and sustainable."

"The book aims to introduce the reader to the emerging field of evolutionary systems biology, which approaches classical systems biology questions within an evolutionary framework. In addition, evolutionary systems biology can generate new insights into the adaptive landscape by combining molecular systems biology models and evolutionary simulations. This insight can enable the development of more detailed mechanistic evolutionary hypotheses."

"Ketersediaan energi menjadi kebutuhan esensial bagi kehidupan manusia, namun saat ini produksi energi masih bergantung pada konsumsi bahan bakar fosil. Meningkatnya permintaan energi yang disertai dengan menipisnya cadangan bahan bakar fosil, menyebabkan ketertarikan untuk mencari sumber energi terbarukan yang berkelanjutan dan ramah lingkungan. Salah satunya melalui penggunaan sistem berbasis biologis, yaitu Microalgae-Microbial fuel cell (MmFC). Microalgae-microbial Fuel Cell (MmFC) merupakan perangkat biokimia yang memanfaatkan,proses fotosintesis mikroalga untuk mengubah energi matahari menjadi listrik melalui reaksi metabolisme simultan dengan bakteri. Bakteri yang digunakan pada sistem ini dapat berupa kultur murni ataupun kultur campuran yang berasal dari limbah. Berangkat dari kondisi tersebut maka terdapat 2 optimasi yang dilakukan pada penelitian ini, yaitu optimasi jenis bakteri (bakteri indigenous limbah tempe dan bakteri Acetobacter aceti) dan optimasi waktu inkubasi limbah tempe (0 hari, 3 hari, 7 hari, dan 14 hari). Kinerja MmFC pada optimasi jenis bakteri ditinjau berdasarkan power density, sedangkan pada optimasi waktu inkubasi limbah tempe ditinjau berdasarkan power density dan bioremediasi limbah (%penurunan BOD dan COD). Hasil optimasi jenis bakteri, menunjukkan bahwa bakteri indigenous limbah tempe memberikan nilai power density lebih besar daripada bakteri A. aceti (PDmaks = 812,746 mW/m2; PDrata-rata = 438,310 mW/m2). Sementara itu, hasil optimasi waktu inkubasi limbah tempe, menunjukkan bahwa inkubasi limbah tempe selama 14 hari merupakan waktu inkubasi yang paling optimal ( PDmaks = 1146,876 mW/m2; PDrata-rata = 583,491 mW/m2; %penurunan COD = 46,011%; %penurunan BOD = 47,172%)

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The availability of energy is an essential need for human life, but currently, energy production still depends on the consumption of fossil fuels. The increasing energy demand, accompanied by the decrease of fossil fuel reserves, has caused interest in finding sustainable and environmentally friendly renewable energy sources. One of them is through the use of a biological-based system, namely Microalgae-Microbial fuel cell (MmFC).Microalgae-microbial Fuel Cell (MmFC) is a biochemical device that utilizes the photosynthetic process of microalgae to convert solar energy into electricity through simultaneous metabolic reactions with bacteria. The bacteria used in this system can be pure cultures or mixed cultures from waste. Based on these conditions, there are 2 optimizations carried out in this research, namely optimization of the type of bacteria (indigenous bacteria of tempeh waste and Acetobacter aceti bacteria) and optimization of incubation time of tempeh waste (0 days, 3 days, 7 days, and 14 days). The performance of MmFC on the optimization of bacterial species was reviewed based on the power density, while the optimization of incubation time for tempeh waste was reviewed based on the power density and waste bioremediation (% decrease in BOD and COD). The results of the optimization of the type of bacteria showed that the indigenous bacteria of tempeh waste showed a power density value greater than that of A. aceti bacteria (PDmax = 812.746 mW/m2; PDaverage = 438.310 mW/m2). Meanwhile, the optimization results of tempeh waste incubation time showed that incubation of tempeh waste for 14 days was the most optimal incubation time (PDmax = 1146.876 mW/m2; PD average = 583,491 mW/m2; % decrease in BOD = 46.011%; % decrease in COD = 47.172%)"

"[Parameter COD dan TDS merupakan dua parameter yang nilainya paling tinggi pada limbah susu yaitu dengan kisaran 1.000-8.000 mg/L untuk COD dan 1.000-4.000 mg/L untuk TDS. Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk menurunkan kedua nilai parameter tersebut menggunakan bioreaktor Microbial Fuel Cell (MFC) yaitu merupakan sebuah teknologi alternatif pengolahan limbah yang dapat mendegradasi kandungan organik limbah serta menghasilkan energi listrik secara langsung tanpa membutuhkan konversi dan untuk melihat potensi limbah susu secara teoritis dalam menghasilkan energi listrik Penelitian dilakukan selama 2 bulan dengan membuat reaktor. MFC skala laboratorium dengan jenis single chamber tanpa membran berukuran 16/L dengan dimensi 40/20/20 cm Terdapat penambahan bakteri Escherichia coli untuk meningkatkan degradasi kandungan organik limbah. Penelitian yang dilakukan secara batch ini menunjukkan efisiensi penurunan COD sebesar 51 pada waktu tinggal 13 hari sedangkan TDS mengalami peningkatan karena adanya penambahan larutan elektrolit. Dengan konsentrasi COD influen sebesar 3.853 mg/L penurunan rata rata COD dari total yang tersisihkan adalah 7.7 setiap harinya Limbah susu ini memiliki potensi untuk dijadikan substrat dalam reaktor MFC karena secara teoritis dapat menghasilkan arus maksimum sebesar 340 mA dengan efisiensi Coulomb sebesar 13 Hasil ini lebih besar dibandingkan dengan penelitian lain yang menggunakan limbah domestik sebagai substrat.

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COD and TDS are two parameters that have the highest value in dairy wastewater with a COD ranging between 1.000 and 8.000 mg/L and a TDS ranging between 1.000 and 4.000 mg/L. The aim of this study is to reduce the value of these parameters by using a Microbial Fuel Cell (MFC) bioreactor an alternative wastewater treatment technology that can degrade the organic content of the wastewater and produce electrical energy directly without the need of conversion and to see theoretically the dairy wastewater potential in power generation Research is done for 2 months by creating a laboratory scale MFC reactor with single chamber type without a membrane and has reactor volume of 16/L with dimensions of 40/20/20 cm. There is an addition of Escherichia coli bacteria to increase the degradation of the organic content of the wastewater Research which carried out in batch shows COD removal efficiency of 51 at the HRT of 13 days while TDS has increased due to the addition of an electrolyte solution As influent COD concentration is 3.853 mg/L the average decrease of the total excluded COD was 7.7 per day Therefore dairy wastewater has the potential to be used as a substrate in MFC reactor because theoretically it can produce a maximum current of 340 mA with Coulomb efficiency of 13. These result is greater than other research that use domestic wastewater as a substrate., COD and TDS are two parameters that have the highest value in dairy wastewater with a COD ranging between 1 000 and 8 000 mg L and a TDS ranging between 1 000 and 4 000 mg L The aim of this study is to reduce the value of these parameters by using a Microbial Fuel Cell MFC bioreactor an alternative wastewater treatment technology that can degrade the organic content of the wastewater and produce electrical energy directly without the need of conversion and to see theoretically the dairy wastewater potential in power generation Research is done for 2 months by creating a laboratory scale MFC reactor with single chamber type without a membrane and has reactor volume of 16 L with dimensions of 40 20 20 cm There is an addition of Escherichia coli bacteria to increase the degradation of the organic content of the wastewater Research which carried out in batch shows COD removal efficiency of 51 at the HRT of 13 days while TDS has increased due to the addition of an electrolyte solution As influent COD concentration is 3 853 mg L the average decrease of the total excluded COD was 7 7 per day Therefore dairy wastewater has the potential to be used as a substrate in MFC reactor because theoretically it can produce a maximum current of 340 mA with Coulomb efficiency of 13 These result is greater than other research that use domestic wastewater as a substrate ]"

"The systems biology of parkinson’s disease will be underpinned by new measurement techniques. This is particularly true of the pathology of Parkinson's Disease, where recent developments in brain imaging have offered new insights into the morphology of dopaminergic neurons that have profound implications for the special vulnerability and role of this class of neurons."