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"Berbagai macam tindak terorisme telah terjadi di antara umat manusia. Kamera keamanan untuk mendeteksi bahan-bahan berbahaya dikembangkan manusia untuk mencegah terjadinya tindak terorisme. Teknologi yang sudah ada seperti kamera sinar X memiliki kelemahan yaitu efek samping yang berbahaya bagi tubuh manusia. Untuk itu, manusia mengembangkan teknologi kamera dengan menggunakan rentang Terahertz. Rentang yang digunakan adalah inframerah dan gelombang Terahertz 0.3 - 5 Thz. Inframerah digunakan untuk mendeteksi benda asing yang diselipkan pada tubuh manusia, sedangkan rentang gelombang Terahertz digunakan untuk mendeteksi material berdasarkan proses spektroskopi. Mikrobolometer digunakan untuk mendeteksi gelombang inframerah. Sedangkan antena Terahertz digunakan untuk mendeteksi frekuensi gelombang antara 0.3 sampai 5 Thz. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengabungkan dan mengintegrasikan mikrobolometer dengan antena Terahertz. Kedua komponen ini digunakan secara terpisah namun dalam satu struktur. Sensor diharapkan akan menjadi lebih murah dengan hasil yang cukup baik. Metode yang digunakan adalah simulasi dan menganalisa hasil dan nilai-nilai parameter yang penting. Desain baru antena mikrobolometer yang digandeng dengan antena Teraherzt memilki penyerapan inframerah yang lebih kecil dibandingkan dengan mikrobolometer tanpa antena. Namun desain baru memiliki keunggulan yaitu mampu mendeteksi gelombang Thz 1.96 sampai 1.97 Thz dan inframerah. Desain juga memiliki waktu siklus yang singkat dan dapat digunakan untuk aplikasi kamera tepat waktu anti terorisme.

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A wide range of acts of terrorism have occurred among mankind. Security camera is used to detect dangerous materials, is developed in order to prevent acts of terrorism. Existing technologies such as X-ray camera has the disadvantage such of its side effects that are harmful to the human tissue. Because of that, people are developing the camera technology using the terahertz range. Range used is infrared and terahertz waves 0.3 - 5 Thz.

Infrared is used to detect foreign objects which are inserted in the human body and Terahertz waves are used to detect material from spectroscopy process. Microbolometer used to detect infrared waves. While the antenna is used to detect terahertz waves frequency between 0.3 to 5 Thz.

This study has purpose to combine and integrate microbolometer with terahertz antenna. Both of these components are used separately but within in one structure. Sensors are expected to become cheaper with good results.

The method is simulate and analyze result and important parameter. The new antenna coupled microbolometer design has infrared absorption smaller than microbolometer without antenna. But, new design has the advantage which are capable of detecting Thz frequency from 1.96 to 1.97 Thz and Infrared. Design has short cycle time so it can be used to real time camera for antiterorism application."

"[ABSTRAKPerkembangan bisnis dan martketing yang sangat cepat mendorong naiknyakebutuhan akan media telekomunikasi yang reliable, menarik, dan dinamis. Metodedalam penyebaran informasi yang populer digunakan saat ini adalah penyiaran. Dimanapenggunaan spektrum frekuensi radio untuk keperluan penyiaran mengacu pada definisilayanan penyiaran pada peraturan radio ITU. Layanan penyiaran adalah suatu serviskomunikasi radio dimana transmisinya ditujukan untuk penerimaan langsung olehmasyarakat umum. Penyiaran televisi lebih sering digunakan sebagai sarana penyebaraninformasi dibandingkan dengan radio, karena dapat menyampaikan informasi secara jelasdengan suara dan gambar. Semakin luas daerah jangkauan siaran suatu stasiun TV, makaakan semakin banyak manfaat yang dapat dirasakan karena informasi dapat diterimadengan baik oleh masyarakat.Terdapat dua stasiun TV swasta di Bandung yang akan melakukan perluasanwilayah ke kota yang berdekatan, yaitu di kota Garut dan Sukabumi denganmenambahkan repeater baru serta menaikkan daya pancarnya. Kedua stasiun TV swastadi Bandung tersebut menempati kanal 42 dan 44. Kedua stasiun TV tersebut merupakanpemancar TV analog dan akan menggunakan kanal yang sama pada kota Garut danSukabumi. Kedua stasiun TV analog ini memiliki kanal bersebelahan dengan stasiun TVanalog dan stasiun TV digital. Penambahan repeater baru dan menaikkan daya pancarnyadapat memungkinkan terjadinya interferensi kanal bersebelahan. Untuk mengatasi haltersebut, maka dibuat sebuah aturan bahwa kuat medan penerimaan televisi siaran UHFpada lokasi titik pengujian atau pengukuran setiap wilayah layanan dibatasi paling besar70 dBμV/m untuk band V.Skripsi ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis simulasi daya pancar untuk perluasanwilayah siaran TVdari Bandung ke Garut dan Sukabumi, dengan menentukan pola radiasidan menaikan daya pancar repeater baru dengan batasan rasio proteksi agar daerahjangkauan dan populasi di kota Garut dan Sukabumi terlayani. Hasil dari simulasidiperoleh daya pancar pada kanal 42 dan 44 di kota Garut sebesar 42 dBW denganantena 4-1 dan daya pancar pada kanal 42 dan 44 di kota Sukabumi sebesar 38,3 dBWdengan antena 730 372. Dengan penggunaan daya pada masing-masing pemancartersebut telah memenuhi wilayah cakupan yang terlayani pada kota Garut dan Sukabumidan pemancar yang digunakan tidak menginterferensi kanal yang bersebelahan. Namunterdapat beberapa wilayah yang tidak tercakup sinyal pancar karena kontur wilayah yangbergunung-gunung.Kata kunci : interferensiABSTRACTThe rapid growth of various business and marketing leads to the needs of reliable,attractive, and dynamic telecommunication media. Broadcasting is one of the popularmedia which ever used in centuries. In the practical utilities, the broadcasting services usea particular radio spectrum frequency with respect to the ITU-T standard. Thebroadcasting services provide the essential informations which are directly served to thepublic user. Broadcasting is rather used to publicize the information than the radio due toits perceptibility through the sound and image repsentations. Consequently, the larger thecoverage area of the broadcasting services the more advantages can be obtained becausethe informations can be delivered properly to the user.In this final project, there are two private television provider where both arelocated in Bandung. Theirs location are alongside cities which are Garut and Sukabumi.In order to broaden their coverage area, they increased the number of repeater and thelevel of power used by the transmitter respectively. Unfortunately, this method leads to anadjacent channel interference. In order to withstand this effect, policies are made to limitthe usage of the bandwidth. For every service area the allocation is set to be at amaximum of 70 dBμV/m for V band.This final project is aimed to analyze the power used by the transmission tobroaden the coverage area of the television services from Bandung to Garut andSukabumi. The radiation patterns enhancement and the increase of transmitted power bythe new repeaters are used. As a result, it is proved that for Garut and Sukabumi the 42dBW and 38,3 dBW are appropriate with the use of the 4-1 and 730-372 antennasrespectively in the 42nd and 44th channels. In the attained transmitted power, the adjacentchannel interference can be evaded. In case of the extending the coverage area, there arestill some particular areas which are delicate to overcome due to its geograhical contourwhich are mainly mountains.;The rapid growth of various business and marketing leads to the needs of reliable,attractive, and dynamic telecommunication media. Broadcasting is one of the popularmedia which ever used in centuries. In the practical utilities, the broadcasting services usea particular radio spectrum frequency with respect to the ITU-T standard. Thebroadcasting services provide the essential informations which are directly served to thepublic user. Broadcasting is rather used to publicize the information than the radio due toits perceptibility through the sound and image repsentations. Consequently, the larger thecoverage area of the broadcasting services the more advantages can be obtained becausethe informations can be delivered properly to the user.In this final project, there are two private television provider where both arelocated in Bandung. Theirs location are alongside cities which are Garut and Sukabumi.In order to broaden their coverage area, they increased the number of repeater and thelevel of power used by the transmitter respectively. Unfortunately, this method leads to anadjacent channel interference. In order to withstand this effect, policies are made to limitthe usage of the bandwidth. For every service area the allocation is set to be at amaximum of 70 dBμV/m for V band.This final project is aimed to analyze the power used by the transmission tobroaden the coverage area of the television services from Bandung to Garut andSukabumi. The radiation patterns enhancement and the increase of transmitted power bythe new repeaters are used. As a result, it is proved that for Garut and Sukabumi the 42dBW and 38,3 dBW are appropriate with the use of the 4-1 and 730-372 antennasrespectively in the 42nd and 44th channels. In the attained transmitted power, the adjacentchannel interference can be evaded. In case of the extending the coverage area, there arestill some particular areas which are delicate to overcome due to its geograhical contourwhich are mainly mountains.;The rapid growth of various business and marketing leads to the needs of reliable,attractive, and dynamic telecommunication media. Broadcasting is one of the popularmedia which ever used in centuries. In the practical utilities, the broadcasting services usea particular radio spectrum frequency with respect to the ITU-T standard. Thebroadcasting services provide the essential informations which are directly served to thepublic user. Broadcasting is rather used to publicize the information than the radio due toits perceptibility through the sound and image repsentations. Consequently, the larger thecoverage area of the broadcasting services the more advantages can be obtained becausethe informations can be delivered properly to the user.In this final project, there are two private television provider where both arelocated in Bandung. Theirs location are alongside cities which are Garut and Sukabumi.In order to broaden their coverage area, they increased the number of repeater and thelevel of power used by the transmitter respectively. Unfortunately, this method leads to anadjacent channel interference. In order to withstand this effect, policies are made to limitthe usage of the bandwidth. For every service area the allocation is set to be at amaximum of 70 dBμV/m for V band.This final project is aimed to analyze the power used by the transmission tobroaden the coverage area of the television services from Bandung to Garut andSukabumi. The radiation patterns enhancement and the increase of transmitted power bythe new repeaters are used. As a result, it is proved that for Garut and Sukabumi the 42dBW and 38,3 dBW are appropriate with the use of the 4-1 and 730-372 antennasrespectively in the 42nd and 44th channels. In the attained transmitted power, the adjacentchannel interference can be evaded. In case of the extending the coverage area, there arestill some particular areas which are delicate to overcome due to its geograhical contourwhich are mainly mountains.;The rapid growth of various business and marketing leads to the needs of reliable,attractive, and dynamic telecommunication media. Broadcasting is one of the popularmedia which ever used in centuries. In the practical utilities, the broadcasting services usea particular radio spectrum frequency with respect to the ITU-T standard. Thebroadcasting services provide the essential informations which are directly served to thepublic user. Broadcasting is rather used to publicize the information than the radio due toits perceptibility through the sound and image repsentations. Consequently, the larger thecoverage area of the broadcasting services the more advantages can be obtained becausethe informations can be delivered properly to the user.In this final project, there are two private television provider where both arelocated in Bandung. Theirs location are alongside cities which are Garut and Sukabumi.In order to broaden their coverage area, they increased the number of repeater and thelevel of power used by the transmitter respectively. Unfortunately, this method leads to anadjacent channel interference. In order to withstand this effect, policies are made to limitthe usage of the bandwidth. For every service area the allocation is set to be at amaximum of 70 dBμV/m for V band.This final project is aimed to analyze the power used by the transmission tobroaden the coverage area of the television services from Bandung to Garut andSukabumi. The radiation patterns enhancement and the increase of transmitted power bythe new repeaters are used. As a result, it is proved that for Garut and Sukabumi the 42dBW and 38,3 dBW are appropriate with the use of the 4-1 and 730-372 antennasrespectively in the 42nd and 44th channels. In the attained transmitted power, the adjacentchannel interference can be evaded. In case of the extending the coverage area, there arestill some particular areas which are delicate to overcome due to its geograhical contourwhich are mainly mountains., The rapid growth of various business and marketing leads to the needs of reliable,attractive, and dynamic telecommunication media. Broadcasting is one of the popularmedia which ever used in centuries. In the practical utilities, the broadcasting services usea particular radio spectrum frequency with respect to the ITU-T standard. Thebroadcasting services provide the essential informations which are directly served to thepublic user. Broadcasting is rather used to publicize the information than the radio due toits perceptibility through the sound and image repsentations. Consequently, the larger thecoverage area of the broadcasting services the more advantages can be obtained becausethe informations can be delivered properly to the user.In this final project, there are two private television provider where both arelocated in Bandung. Theirs location are alongside cities which are Garut and Sukabumi.In order to broaden their coverage area, they increased the number of repeater and thelevel of power used by the transmitter respectively. Unfortunately, this method leads to anadjacent channel interference. In order to withstand this effect, policies are made to limitthe usage of the bandwidth. For every service area the allocation is set to be at amaximum of 70 dBμV/m for V band.This final project is aimed to analyze the power used by the transmission tobroaden the coverage area of the television services from Bandung to Garut andSukabumi. The radiation patterns enhancement and the increase of transmitted power bythe new repeaters are used. As a result, it is proved that for Garut and Sukabumi the 42dBW and 38,3 dBW are appropriate with the use of the 4-1 and 730-372 antennasrespectively in the 42nd and 44th channels. In the attained transmitted power, the adjacentchannel interference can be evaded. In case of the extending the coverage area, there arestill some particular areas which are delicate to overcome due to its geograhical contourwhich are mainly mountains.]"

"DETERMINATION OF MATERIAL AND ITS THICKNESS FOR Cs - 137 GAMMA SOURCE SHEILDING. Its has been determined the sheilding material and its thickness necessarily conducted due to every material will have different half - thickness characteristics, and by the selection a suitable material and its thickness will be obtained...."

"Tujuan: Membandingkan distribusi dosis respon akhir RE dan efek samping akut RE teknik konvensional dan teknik konformal pada kasus kanker serviks lokal lanjut Metode Dilakukan studi kohort retrospektif terhadap pasien kanker serviks II B dan III B yang mendapat RE pra brakiterapi di Dept Radioterapi RSCM. Hasil: Didapat 51 pasien menjalani RE teknik konvensional 25 dengan Cobalt 60 26 dengan Linac dan 29 pasien menjalani teknik konformal Sesuai ketentuan ICRU 50 dan 62 prescribed dose dan cakupan volume target teknik konvensional Cobalt lebih kecil p 0 001 dan 1 kasus dari 25 pasien mendapatkan PTV 95 Prescribed dose dan cakupan volume target teknik konvensional Linac lebih besar p 0 001 dibanding teknik konformal Rerata conformity index teknik konvensional sebesar 2 dan teknik konformal 1 02 p 0 001 Dosis dan volume pada buli rektosigmoid dan bowel teknik konvensional lebih besar p 0 001 Respon komplit akhir RE teknik konvensional adalah 42 dan teknik konformal adalah 58 p 0 001 Faktor independen respon akhir RE yaitu stadium FIGO dini dan ukuran tumor sebelum RE kecil le 4cm Pada semua kasus tidak didapatkan efek samping akut lokal yang berat RTOG grade 3 4 Proporsi efek samping ringan RTOG grade 1 2 pada gastrointestinal vesikourinaria dan kulit lebih banyak pada teknik konvensional secara berurutan 72 Vs 28 p 0 002 78 Vs 22 p 0 003 dan 78 Vs 22 p 0 01. Kesimpulan: RE teknik konformal lebih unggul dibanding teknik konvensional dalam distribusi prescribed dose dan cakupan volume target atau organ kritis yang berdampak pada respon tumor akhir RE dan efek samping.

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Purpose: To compare the dose distribution acute tumor response and acute side effects between conventional and conformal techniques EBRT in locally advanced uterine cervical cancerMethods and materials Retrospective cohort study was done in stage II B and III B uterine cervical cancer underwent EBRT before brachytherapy in Dept Radioterapi RSUPN Cipto Mangunkusumo.

Results: Fifety one patients underwent conventional technique EBRT and 29 patients of conformal technique EBRT The average of target prescribed dose and volume coverage of 2 techniques EBRTwas in accordance with criteria of ICRU 50 and 62 smaller p 0 001 only 1 case of Cobalt conventional technique EBRT showed PTV 95 Conformity index of conventional technique EBRT was 2 and conformal technique EBRT was 1 02 p 0 001 Dose and volume of vesicourinary rectosigmoid and distal large bowel of conventional technique EBRT was greater p 0 001 Complete response of conventional technique was 42 and conformal technique was 58 p 0 001 Independent factors were early FIGO stage and tumor size before EBRT le 4cm There were no severe acute side effects RTOG grade 3 4 in both groups Acute side effects RTOG grade 1 2 of conventional techniques was more than conformal gastrointestinal vesikourinaria and skin respectively 72 vs 28 p 0 002 78 vs 22 p 0 003 and 78 vs 22 p 0 01.

Conclusion: Conformal technique EBRT was superior to conventional technique EBRT in prescribed dose distribution target volume coverage and organ at risk dose that impact on acute tumor response and side effects "

"ABSTRAKSweet sorghum is a kind of sorghum that contains high content of sugar in its stem. Sweet sorghum has a big potential to be developed in Indonesia owing to its wide adaptation and the fact that it can be used as raw material for liquid sugar, syrup, ethanol, and also as animal feed. Sweet sorghum has not been developed in Indonesia because of lack of a sweet sorghum variety. Improvement of available sweet sorghum genotype can be done among others through plant breeding program. First step on the plant breeding program is to increase the plant genetic variability. This might be done by introduction of varieties or by breeding to create new varieties. Induced mutation using Gamma irradiation can be used to increase the genetic variability of sweet sorghum. Mutation breeding using Gamma irradiation in sweet sorghum was aimed at improving the yield and quality of sweet sorghum. This research was conducted to study the effect of Gamma irradiation on sweet sorghum growth in the M1 generation, and to estimate the optimal dose range suitably for the breeding program. Beside, the objective of this research was to evaluate the genetic variability for the purpose of plant selection in the M2 generation. Plant materials consisted of 2 sweet sorghum lines introduced from ICRISAT namely line No. 79 and No. 83. Non-saccharin sorghum of local variety Higari was used as a control. The doses of Gamma irradiation treatment were 0, 100, 200, 300, 400, 500, 600, 700, 800, 900, and 1000 Gy. The M1 plants were sown in greenhouse at PATIR-BATAN Jakarta, and then were transplanted in the experimental field at Balitbiogen, Bogor. The M2 plants were grown in the experimental field at Lubang Buaya, Jakarta. Important agronomic traits such as plant height, spike length, stem diameter, and grain weight/spike were observed. The results indicated that sorghum lines gave different response to Gamma irradiation, and all measured variables were significantly affected. Irradiation gave morphology and physiology damages on sorghum like abnormality, sterility, and lethality in the M1 generation. The increase of irradiation doses increased physiological damage. Effective doses of Gamma irradiation for sweet sorghum was to be around 400?500 Gy, and the lethal doses 50% of sweet sorghum was around 800?1000 Gy. Putative mutation sometimes could be observed in the M2 generation. The treatment of Gamma increased genetic variability of plant height, spike length, stem diameter, and grain weight/spike. The highest genetic variability was found in the dose treatment of 200?300 Gy. Within this interval dose, there might be high probability to find desirable mutants for further breeding purpose. A number of 38 plants had been selected from the M2 population as putative mutants.

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"Telah dikembangkan alat yang dapat digunakan untuk membantu menetukan sudut pada pembuatan lead brick (plain brick). Sudut yang dimaksud adalah sudut luar dan dalam pada lead brick (plain brick) male and female yang harus memenuhi standart ISO 7212-1986 dengan toleransi sudut male 90o o+15 dan female 90o o-15. Ketepatan pengerjaan sudut ini menjadi sangat penting untuk menjaga keseimbangan supaya susunan lead brick tidak miring atau rubuh. Oleh karena itu setiap pengerjaannya menggunakan rotary table karena memudahkan dalam setting benda kerja dan kepresisian pengukuran bisa dijaga. Namun dikarenakan banyaknya operator yang belum bisa menggunakan alat ini sebagai alat bantu untuk mencapai toleransi sudut yang disyaratkan, maka diperlukan adanya metode pengukuran yang tepat pada proses machining lead brick menggunakan alat bantu rotary table sehingga dapat digunakan sebagai acuan untuk mencapai tingkat ketelitian sudut 0,03o pada pembuatan sudut luar dan dalam (male and female) lead brick (plain brick)."

"Latar Belakang: Tingginya pertumbuhan kasus keganasan ginekologi dan organ panggul menyebabkan penggunaan terapi radiasi meningkat. Akan tetapi, terapi radiasi juga cukup banyak menimbulkan proktitis radiasi sebesar 30%. Tatalaksana menggunakan agen topikal seperti SCFA, sukralfat, steroid, formalin, dan 5-ASA diketahui memiliki hasil yang baik, namun belum banyak studi yang membandingkan terapi mana yang lebih superior. Tujuan: Menilai efektivitas beberapa terapi topikal terhadap perbaikan gejala klinis dan gambaran endoskopi pasien proktitis radiasi. Sumber Data: Pencarian utama dilakukan secara elektronik pada basis data PubMed, Cochrane/CENTRAL, Scopus, dan Science Direct antara September hingga November 2020. Pencarian sekunder dilakukan secara snowballing pada referensi studi yang terkait, dan melalui register uji klinis yang tersertifikasi lainnya seperti Global Index Medicus, Garba Rujukan Digital (GARUDA), ClinicalTrial.gov, dan International Clinical Trials Registry Platform (ICTRP) WHO. Seleksi Studi: Studi uji klinis acak terkontrol dengan intervensi terapi topikal dibandingkan plasebo atau terapi topikal lainnya atau kombinasi terapi medikamentosa, yang menilai luaran berupa respon gejala klinis dan gambaran endoskopi, serta dapat disertai luaran lain, ataupun tidak. Tidak ada batasan terhadap tahun publikasi dan bahasa. Penilaian judul, abstrak, dan studi dilakukan oleh dua orang peninjau independen. Dari total 1786 studi, didapatkan 9 studi memenuhi kriteria eligibilitas.Ekstraksi Data: Ekstraksi data dilakukan oleh dua peninjau independen dan dikonfirmasi pada peninjau ketiga. Konfirmasi data dilakukan dengan menghubungi peneliti dari studi terkait. Tidak didapatkan data tambahan. Hasil: Studi yang melaporkan efektivitas terapi berupa banyaknya jumlah subjek yang mengalami perbaikan atau penurunan skor klinis dan endoskopi dirangkum secara kualitatif. Masing-masing studi saling membahas antar terapi, dan memiliki heterogenitas yang tinggi. Dua studi mengenai formalin dapat dilakukan meta-analisis dengan hasil perbaikan klinis dan endoskopi, namun tidak bermakna terhadap dua studi tersebut (RR 0.97, 95% CI: 0.82-1.15) dan tidak terdapat terapi yang lebih superior dibanding terapi lain dalam meta-analisis tersebut. Empat studi yang membahas formalin 4% memiliki kualitas hasil studi menengah dengan risiko bias rendah. Terdapat 3 dari 9 studi yang membandingkan terapi SCFA dengan plasebo sehingga sulit untuk menyimpulkan terapi mana yang berefek lebih baik, dan memiliki risiko bias tidak jelas, namun dengan jumlah pasien yang sedikitsehingga kualitas studi rendah. Satu studi mengenai efektivitas sukralfat menunjukkan hasil bermakna dengan estimasi risiko rendah (RR 0.57, 95% CI: 0.35-0.92, P = 0.02). Akan tetapi studi mengenai 5-ASA topikal tidak ditemukan dalam inklusi telaah sistematis ini. Secara umum, kualitas hasil studi berdasarkan GRADE dapat dimasukkan ke dalam kategori sedang.Kesimpulan: Penggunaan terapi SCFA enema, formalin topikal, steroid topikal, dan sukralfat enema efektif dalam memperbaiki gejala klinis dan gambaran endoskopi proktitis radiasi. Namun, hingga saat ini belum ada studi klinis berkualitas baik sehingga sulit untuk menilai terapi yang terbaik. Sedangkan dari 2 studi formalin 4% yang dapat dilakukan meta-analisis, menunjukkan bahwa tidak ada terapi yang lebih superior dibandingkan lainnya. Selain itu, tidak ditemukan tidak ditemukan efek samping berat pada penggunaan terapi SCFA enema, formalin topikal, steroid topikal, dan sukralfat enema dalam mengobati proktitis radiasi.

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Background: The high incidence of gynecological and pelvic malignancies has led to the usage of radiation therapy. Nonetheless, radiation therapy also causes a significant complication, about 30% of radiation proctitis. Treatments using topical agents such as SCFA, sucralfate, steroids, formalin, and 5-ASA are known to have good results. However, there are only a few studies comparing the superiority of those therapies.

Objectives: To assess the effectiveness of topical therapies in the clinical and endoscopic improvement of radiation proctitis patients.

Data Sources: Primary searching was conducted on electronic databases such as PubMed, Cochrane/CENTRAL, Scopus, and Science Direct between September and November 2020. Secondary searching was done by snowballing method on the relevant study references and through other certified clinical trial registries (Global Index Medicus, Garba Digital Reference (GARUDA), ClinicalTrial.gov, and WHO's International Clinical Trials Registry Platform (ICTRP).

Study Selection: A randomized controlled trial comparing topical therapies versus placebo or other topical therapies or combination with medical therapies that evaluating the clinical response and endoscopic response. There is no restriction regarding the year of publication and language. Each study were assessed by two independent reviewers. From a total of 1,786 studies identified, 9 studies met the eligibility criteria.

Data Extraction: Data extraction was performed by two independent reviewers and confirmed by a third reviewer. Data confirmation was made by contacting the first researchers from related studies. No additional information was obtained.

Results: Studies reporting the effectiveness of therapy in the form of a large number of subjects experiencing improvement or reduction in clinical symptoms and endoscopy were summarized qualitatively. Each study discussed the therapies and the heterogeneity that could not be calculated due to the different outcomes. Two studies on formalin were subject to meta-analysis with clinical and endoscopy improvement. However, they were not significant in the two studies (RR 0.97, 95% CI: 0.82-1.15), and no better treatment compared with others in those studies. Further, four studies discussing 4% formalin had medium study quality results with a low risk of bias. There are 3 out of 9 studies that compared SCFA therapy with placebo so it is difficult to conclude which therapy has a better effect, and has an unclear risk of bias, but with a small number of patients so that the quality of the study is low. One study using sucralfate showed significant results with a low-risk estimate (RR 0.57, 95% CI: 0.35-0.92, P = 0.02). However, the study of topical 5-ASA was not found in the inclusion of this systematic review. The level of evidence for the majority of outcomes was downgraded using GRADE to a moderate level, due to imprecision and study limitation.

Conclusion: The usage of SCFA enema, topical formalin, topical steroid and sucralfate enema are effective in improving the clinical and endoscopic response in radiation proctitis patient. However, until now, there are no good quality studies, making it difficult to prove the best therapy. A meta-analysis from 2 studies using 4% formalin versus irrigation and antibiotics, shows no therapy is superior to another. Otherwise, no serious side effects were found in the usage of these topical therapies"

"Telah dilakukan pengukuran persentase dosis kedalaman ( PDD ) dan profil berkas sinar-X 6 MV dan 10 MV pesawat linear accelerator Siemens Primus 2D Plus untuk lapangan simetris dan asimetris 10 x 10 cm2 dan 20 x 20 cm2 SSD 100 cm. Pengukuran profil dilakukan di kedalaman dosis maksimum ( dmax ), 5 cm, 10 cm, dan 20 cm. Hasil pengukuran menunjukkan terjadi perubahan nilai PDD sampai sekitar 5 % untuk kedua kualitas sinar-X akibat pembentukan lapangan asimetris. Profil berkas sinar-X arah inplane dan crossplane juga mengalami perubahan yang mengakibatkan terjadinya degradasi nilai flatness, symmetry, dan penumbra. Selain itu juga terjadi kenaikan asimetrisitas dosis relatif pada titik-titik tertentu sepanjang profil terutama arah crossplane yang dapat mencapai 7,85 %. Hal ini harus diperhatikan dalam aplikasi klinis penggunaan lapangan asimetris.

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Measurement of percentage depth dose ( PDD ) and X-ray beam profiles were done for 6 MV and 10 MV of Siemens Primus 2D Plus Linear accelerator for 10x10 cm2 and 20 x 20 cm2 symmetric and asymmetric fields at SSD 100 cm. Measurement of profiles were verified at depth of maximum dose ( dmax ), 5 cm, 10 cm, and 20 cm. The result showed changes of PDD value reaching about 5% for both of X-ray qualities. Inplane and crossplane X-ray beam profiles have also undergone changes that caused the degradation of flatness, symmetry,and penumbra values. Besides that there is also an increase in the relative dose asymmetricity on certain points along the profile, it happens mainly in the crossplane direction that can reach 7,85 %. In using the asymmetric fields on the clinical implementation, this changes must be put into consideration."