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"Tesis ini membahas urgensi ajaran maqâmât dalam tasawuf terhadap Pembentukan moral politik di indonesia. Latar belakang pengambilan judul ini didasarkan pada fakta adanya dekadensi moral politik yang semakin meningkat di Indonesia yang mayoritas penduduknya adalah muslim. Fenomena tersebut menjadi keresahan penulis, sebab tasawuf sebagai cabang ilmu keislaman mengajarkan moral melalui penyucian hati dan pengisian raga dengan nilai-nilai yang baik. Penelitian ini adalah penelitian kualitatif dengan desain deskriptif-analitik. Penelitian kualitatif merupakan penelitian khusus tentang objek yang tidak dapat diteliti secara statistik atau kuantifikasi. Deskriptif berarti menguraikan fakta secara sistematis. Penulis menguraikan data-data itu setelah dilakukan klasifikasi sesuai dengan objek penelitian, yaitu ajaran maqâmât dalam tasawuf dan moral politik di Indonesia. Selanjutnya, penulis melakukan analisis terhadap data-data tersebut berdasarkan teori etika dan teori qalb Al-Ghazali.Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa hubungan antara ajaran maqâmât dalam tasawuf dengan moral politik di Indonesia yang terkandung dalam Ketetapan MPR Nomor VI/MPR/2001 tentang Etika Kehidupan Berbangsa terletak pada sifat dasar moralnya, sama-sama memiliki maksud untuk menciptakan elit politik dan pejabat negara yang baik dan bersih serta aspek legalitasnya secara konstitusi. Sedang ajaran maqâmât dapat dijadikan moral dalam mendekatkan diri kepada Tuhan dan juga moral dalam berinteraksi sesama manusia utamanya dalam bidang politik. Sebagai moral kepada Tuhan, ajaran maqâmât dapat menghadirkan kondisi psikologis yang bersifat spiritual (ahwâl) seperti ketentraman dan ketenangan hati (al-thuma’nînah) serta dapat melahirkan sikap sosial-politik yang baik. Sedang ajaran maqâmât sebagai konsep moral politik dapat diaktualisasikan oleh para elit politik dan pejabat penyelenggara pemerintahan dengan menggunakan reinterpretasi konsep ajaran maqâmât.

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This thesis discusses the urgency stages (maqâmât) teachings of Sufism to the Formation of moral politics in Indonesia. The background of this research is based on the fact of political decadence that is increasing in Indonesia, which is predominantly Muslim. This phenomenon is a concern to the authors, because Sufism as a branch of Islamic knowledge taught morals through the purification of the heart and soul filling with good values​​.

This research is qualitative descriptive-analytic design. Qualitative research is a specialized study of history that can not be studied statistics or quantification. Descriptive means systematically outlines the facts. The author outlines the data after classification in accordance with the object of research, ie the teachings of Sufism and moral maqamat in Indonesian politics. Furthermore, the authors conducted an analysis of these data based on the theory of ethics and the theory of qalb al-Ghazali.

The results showed that the relationship between the teachings of Sufism with moral maqamat in Indonesian politics is contained in Decree No. VI/MPR/2001 on Ethics life of the nation lies in the nature of the moral, both have the intention to create the political elite and state officials good and clean as well as the aspects of legality in the constitution. Medium can be used as a moral teachings in stages draw closer to God and also moral human beings interact primarily in the field of politics. As a moral form of God, the teachings stages can bring spiritual psychological condition (states) such tranquility and peace of mind (al-thuma'nînah) and can generate socio-political attitudes are good. Stages teachings as being a political moral concepts can be actualized by the political elite and government administration officials using the reinterpretation of the concept of stages teachings."

"Di era modern ini, berbagai pertentangan mengenai hukum dan kebiasaan kuno berkaitan isu-isu yang dihadapi perempuan di dunia muslim telah memantik berbagai perdebatan di kalangan cendekiawan muslim terutama berkaitan dengan kesetaraan bagi perempuan muslim. Salah satu pendekatan yang dapat digunakan untuk membahas mengenai masalah tersebut adalah melalui diskusi tasawuf modern yang mengajarkan manusia bagaimana memposisikan diri dalam situasi di mana urusan duniawi bersinggungan dengan ukhrawi. Diantara perkembangan tersebut, tokoh Hamka dipandang sebagai pendiri dan juru bicara tasawuf modern karena dua karyanya tentang evolusi dan kemurnian tasawuf yang banyak digunakan sebagai acuan oleh masyarakat Indonesia. Tasawuf modern Hamka menunjukkan bahwa tasawuf tidak dapat dipisahkan dari Islam dan ia juga berbicara tentang laki-laki, perempuan, dan masalah rumah tangga. Dengan dasar tersebut, muncul ketertarikan bagi peneliti untuk mengkaji lebih jauh terkait pemikiran Hamka mengenai emansipasi perempuan. Dengan menerapkan metode penelitian kualitatif dan pendekatan hermeneutika terhadap karya-karya Hamka, diketahui jika Hamka berpendapat bahwa perempuan dan laki-laki dalam sebuah masyarakat haruslah bekerja sama agar bisa menjadi masyarakat yang sempurna dan adil. Perempuan memiliki potensi yang sama dengan laki-laki sebagaimana mereka juga memiliki hak dan kewajiban yang sama dengan laki-laki. Dalam Islam sendiri, seseorang dilihat dari ketakwaannya bukan dari apakah ia laki-laki atau perempuan. Sementara itu, hasil analisis skema AGIL menunjukkan bahwa proses adaptasi terhadap penanaman nilai-nilai ajaran agama Islam yang mendukung tercapainya emansipasi perempuan dapat dilakukan melalui pendidikan dan pembiasaan yang tepat. Hal ini berkaitan dengan tujuan emansipasi perempuan yakni untuk mendefinisikan, membangun, dan melindungi hak-hak politik, ekonomi, dan sosial perempuan yang setara. Sementara itu, proses integrasi di masyarakat berkaitan dengan tujuan emansipasi perempuan masih belum sepenuhnya berlangsung. Masih ada sejumlah aspek yang memerlukan peningkatan integrasi yang lebih baik demi tercapainya tujuan emansipasi. Kedepannya, dapat dilakukan upaya untuk mendorong tercapainya tujuan tersebut melalui pendidikan keagamaan yang tepat dan mengacu pada pedoman agama seperti Al-Quran dan Hadits yang diinternalisasikan bagi generasi muda sehingga nilai tersebut akan tertanam dan menjadi hal yang biasa dalam kehidupan masyarakat.

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In this modern era, various conflicts regarding ancient laws and customs related to issues faced by women in the Muslim world have sparked various debates among Muslim scholars, especially with regard to equality for Muslim women. One of many approaches that can be used to discuss this problem is through the approach of modern Sufism which teaches humans how to position themselves in situations where worldly affairs intersect with ukhrawi. Among these developments, Hamka is seen as the founder and spokesperson of modern Sufism because of his two works on the evolution and purity of Sufism that are widely used as a reference by the Indonesian people.  Modern Sufism Hamka shows that Sufism is inseparable from Islam and he also talks about men, women, and domestic issues. On this basis, there is an interest for researchers to study further Hamka's thoughts on the emancipation of women. By applying qualitative research methods and hermeneutic approaches to Hamka's works, it is known that Hamka argues that women and men in a society must work together to become a perfect and just society. Women have the same potential as men as they also have the same rights and obligations as men. In Islam itself, a person is seen from his piety not from whether he is male or female.  Meanwhile, the results of the analysis of the AGIL scheme show that the  process of adaptation to the cultivation of Islamic religious values that support the achievement of women's emancipation can be carried out through proper education and habituation. This relates to the purpose of women's emancipation, namely to define, establish, and protect women's equal political, economic, and social rights. Meanwhile, the process of integration in society related to the goal of women's emancipation is still not fully underway. There are still a number of aspects that require improved integration for the achievement of the goal of emancipation. In the future, efforts can be made to encourage the achievement of these goals through proper religious education and referring to religious guidelines such as the Quran and Hadith which are internalized for the younger generation so that these values will be embedded and become commonplace in people's lives."

"Perempuan merupakan salah satu elemen penting dalam tasawuf. Tasawuf merupakan aspek esoteris Islam yang mengandung tradisi kearifan dan tradisi suci, termasuk yang berkaitan dengan perempuan. Tarekat Alawiyah, sebuah ordo sufi dari Hadramaut yang berpengaruh di Indonesia, sebagai bagian dari tasawuf juga memiliki tradisi tersebut. Salah satu tradisi perempuan yang khas dalam tarekat ini adalah memelihara sifat ḥayā’, suatu tradisi yang dalam sudut pandang feminisme modern kerap dianggap sebagai pemarginalan dan menyebabkan inferioritas perempuan. Padahal, di balik ketertutupannya, perempuan Alawiyah memiliki peran yang tidak dapat diabaikan. Penelitian ini membahas bagaimana transformasi dan kesinambungan tarekat Alawiyah di Hadramaut dan di Indonesia, ajaran tarekat Alawiyah terkait dengan kedudukan dan peran perempuan serta kontekstualisasinya pada masa kontemporer, dan pandangan para ulama tarekat Alawiyah tentang gagasan kesetaraan gender. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode etnografi serta teori ekofeminisme dan feminisme multikultural. Temuan penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa keterbukaan praktik spiritual tarekat Alawiyah untuk kaum perempuan terus berkesinambungan. Perempuan dalam tarekat Alawiyah memiliki kedudukan yang setara dengan laki-laki dalam keilmuan dan spiritualitas. Di samping peran utamanya sebagai sumber inspirasi religius pertama bagi para sufi, perempuan Alawiyah juga memiliki peran sebagai otoritas keagamaan, sastrawan sufi, cultural broker, dan filantropis. Ditemukan pula tokoh-tokoh perempuan yang secara sadar memilih peran publik sebagai peran utamanya. Modernisasi mendorong peningkatan peran perempuan dalam memegang otoritas keagamaan dan kontekstualisasi prinsip ḥayā’. Meskipun demikian, di Kota Tarim, tempat asal tarekat ini, prinsip ḥayā’ dan peran gender masih direalisasikan secara tradisional sesuai dengan karakter dan kondisi spiritual penduduk kota tersebut. Sifat ḥayā’ dan pembagian peran gender dalam tarekat ini merupakan bagian dari femininitas positif yang memiliki signifikansi dalam perkembangan spiritual dan menjadi jalan menuju terwujudnya kesetaraan transendental antara laki-laki dan perempuan. Pemikiran ulama tarekat Alawiyah mengenai gender terklasifikasi menjadi dua kecenderungan, yaitu tradisionalisme dan neotradisionalisme.

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Women are an important element in Sufism. Sufism is an esoteric aspect of Islam that contains sapiental and sacred tradition, including those relating to women. The Tariqa Alawiya, a Sufi order from Hadramaut which is influential in Indonesia, as part of Sufism also has these traditions. One of the unique traditions of women in this order is maintaining the nature of ḥayā’ (high modesty), a tradition which from the perspective of modern feminism is often seen as marginalising and causing women's inferiority. In fact, behind their concealment, Alawiya women have roles that cannot be ignored. This research discusses the continuity and change of the Alawiyah order in Hadramaut and in Indonesia, the teachings of the Alawiyah order related to the position and role of women and their contextualisation in contemporary times, and the views of the Alawiya order clerics regarding the idea of gender equality. This research uses ethnographic methods and the theories of ecofeminism and multicultural feminism. The findings of this research indicate that the openness of the spiritual practices of the Alawiya order to women continues to be sustainable. Women in the Alawiya order have an equal position with men in knowledge and spirituality. Apart from their main role as the first source of religious inspiration for Sufis, Alawiya women also have roles as religious authorities, sufi poets, cultural brokers, and philanthropists. It was also found that some female figures consciously chose a public role as their main role. Modernisation encourages an increase in the role of women in holding religious authority and the contextualisation of ḥayā’ principle. However, in Tarim City, the place of origin of this order, the principle of ḥayā’ and gender roles are still realised traditionally in accordance with the character and spiritual condition of the city's residents. The nature of ḥayā’ and the division of gender roles in this order are part of positive femininity which has significance in spiritual development and is a path towards realizing transcendental equality between men and women. The thoughts of Alawiya religious scholars regarding gender is classified into two tendencies, namely traditionalism and neotraditionalism."

"The Indonesian people are now witnessing the rise of religion in many parts of their daily lives. This phenomenon can be seen TV. mass media, and the internet which presents various religious activies such as dhikr, player, and religious talk shows. Interestingly, the pilgrims who participate in the activities of urban sufism is not just made up of ordinary people, but also hte actors, celebrities, government officials and the middle class. He is a social movement since the pilgrims have general responsibility to change the morality of society by practising an inclusive form of Islam. Therefore, sufism is not really a religious belief that a focus on individual interests, but also very encouraging pilgrims to contribute positively to society. Sufism had an important position in Indonesian society, though for a long period of declining role of modernity. However, sufism back up and draw pilgrims in urban areas because of ist positive and beneficial values for society. Indeed, urban sufism actually has played an important role in social change in Indonesia. Although he is not a political institution, but the principles and characteristics have encouraged and influence people to become good citizens and participate actively in the consolidation of democracy. As a result, urban sufism has a positive and significant influence on sosial chenga in Indonesia."

"The study of historiography has a great contribution to understand the dynamics of lslamic society in the past both cultural and intellectual. The emergence trend of the persona themes and how many works are coming up that should be conceived as an ideological character which places the important position of figure in the Islamic history. The relationship between a work and the cultural dynamics at any time and space reflects their respective historical work which is highly motivated by the cultural interest complexity. The study of persona in the lslamic historiography occupies a strategic position, particularly in strengthening and forming the schools. in the Islamic world, especially in the field of fiqh and Sufism. The study of biographical persona is not only restricted to thabaqat, tarjamah, and ansâb, but also to the study of persona that leads to the formation of hagiography (Manaqib), putting someone as a top figure of both intellectual and spiritual in the religious world. The Manaqib Book is a symbol in the schools tie and forms a psychological cohesiveness for the disciples of madzhab."

"In the period c. 1880-1940, Sufism in East Africa was the vehicle both for conversion to Islam and for reform of Islamic practice. In this book, Sufi expansion is traced and situated within the wider framework of Islamic reform."