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"Tugas Karya Akhir ini akan membahas mengenai masalah penurunan suara Partai Buruh dari tahun 2007 sampai pemilu federal 2010 dan pembentukan minority government oleh Partai Buruh dengan dukungan dari MP Independen dan Partai Hijau di parlemen. Partai Buruh merupakan partai mayor yang biasanya memegang pemerintahan di Australia. Pada pemilu 2010, Partai Buruh tidak dapat meraih suara mayoritas di parlemen federal. Partai Liberal-Nasional ? yang merupakan rival Partai Buruh merebut pemerintahan ? juga tidak berhasil mencapai suara mayoritas di parlemen federal. Pada situasi tersebut, minority government menjadi opsi dari partai mayor dengan mencari dukungan dari MP Independen dan/atau partai minor di parlemen federal. Partai Buruh akhirnya berhasil mendapat dukungan dari 3 MP Independen dari Partai Hijau. Dukungan tersebut berhasil diwujudkan lewat tiga perjanjian politik : perjanjian Partai Buruh dengan MP Andrew Wilkie, perjanjian Partai Buruh dengan MP Tony Windsor dan MP Rob Oakeshott, dan perjanjian Partai Buruh dengan Partai Hijau.

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This Mini Thesis will study the matters of decrease votes for Labor Party that happen from 2007 to federal election 2010 and forming minority government under Labor Party by gaining supports from MP Independent and Green Party in parliament. Labor Party is a major party that regularly hold the government in Australia. In election 2010, Labor Party couldn‟t reach majority vote in federal parliament. In the other side, Liberal-National Party ? where being the rival of Labor Party winning the government authority ? couldn‟t reach majority vote in federal parliament too. In that situation, minority government is become an option for major parties by gaining the support from MP Independent and/or minor parties in federal parliament. In the end, Labor Party succeeded receive supports from 3 MP Independent and green Party. The supports completed through three political agreements : agreement between Labor Party with MP Andrew Wilkie, agreement between Labor Party with MP Tony Windsor and MP Rob Oakeshott, and agreement between Labor Party with Green Party."

"Australia melaksanakan Pemilihan Umum Federal pada tahun 2016 untuk memilih 150 anggota Dewan Perwakilan, dimana pemenang mayoritas mutlak memiliki hak untuk membentuk Parlemen ke-45. Pemungutan suara yang dilaksanakan pada 2 Juli 2016, melalui proses dimana selama penghitungan suara muncul banyak spekulasi bahwa hasil dari pemilu adalah tidak ada satu partai atau koalisi partai yang menang secara mayoritas mutlak. Partai Koalisi Liberal-Nasional yang merupakan petahana dan juga sebagai salah satu partai terbesar di Australia, menjalankan strategi pembentukan minority government sebagai langkah antisipasi dalam Pemilu Federal Australia tahun 2016 apabila tidak dapat memperoleh sedikitnya 76 bangku di Parlemen. Penelitian ini membahas bagaimana pembentukan minority government merupakan langkah antisipasi yang dijalankan oleh Partai Koalisi Liberal-Nasional melalui negosiasi ajakan berkoalisi kepada crossbench di Parlemen Australia. Penelitian kualitatif ini menggunakan teori Minority Governments, Minimal Winning Coalitions and Surplus Majorities in Parliamentary Systems oleh Christophe Crombez. Berdasarkan temuan, tiga dari lima anggota crossbench pada Parlemen ke-45 Australia menerima ajakan dan memilih untuk mendukung Partai Koalisi Liberal-Nasional. Faktor-faktor yang dapat menjadi latar belakang ketiga anggota crossbench memutuskan untuk mendukung Partai Koalisi Liberal-Nasional dilihat dari latar belakang anggota crossbench dimana Partai Koalisi Liberal-Nasional mendominasi di wilayah pemilihan mereka, pengalaman dan partisipasi anggota crossbench dalam minority government tahun 2010, serta posisi kedua pihak dalam isu nasional Australia.

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Australia conducts a Federal Election in 2016 to elect 150 members of the House of Representatives, in which the absolute majority winner has the right to form the 45th Parliament. The voting which took place on July 2nd, 2016, went through a process whereby during the vote counting there was many speculations that the result of the election was that no party or coalition of parties would win an absolute majority. The Liberal National Coalition Party as the incumbent and also one of the largest political party in Australia, runs a minority government formation strategy in anticipation of the 2016 Federal Election if they can rsquo t achieve 76 seats in the Parliament. This study discusses how the formation of a minority government as an anticipation runs by The Liberal National Coalition Party if they can rsquo t achieve 76 seats in the Parliament through negotiating a coalition formation to the crossbench members in the Australian Parliament.

This qualitative research uses Minority Governments, Minimal Winning Coalitions and Surplus Majorities in Parliamentary Systems by Christophe Crombez. Based on the findings, three of the five members of the crossbench at the 45th Parliament of Australia accepted the call and voted to support the National Liberal Coalition Party. The factors that could be the background of the three crossbench members decided to support the National Liberal Coalition Party are from the background of crossbench members in which the Liberal National Coalition Party dominates in their constituency, the experience and participation of crossbench members in minority government in 2010, and both sides in Australia 39 s national issue."

"Focus of this thesis is the policy of Labour Party Closing the Gap as a form of strengthening the existence of the Aborigines in Australia. The impact of discrimination received by Aboriginal people since the first cause of life perceived gap Aborigines, especially in Northern Territory. Aboriginal-related issues is an issue that became a national agenda and very important in the political life in Australia. The public policy theory by William Dunn applied in this thesis to analize what consist beyond the definition of public policy in Closing the Gap. The invention from this thesis are the implementation of the policy of Labour Party Closing the Gap has a share in an effort to reduce the gap experienced by Aboriginal people living mainly in the reign of Kevin Rudd (2008-2010) in the Northern Territory. Australian Labor Party (ALP) as a major party not only emphasized their program in Aborigines issue as an election program for the Closing the Gap commencement in parliament but also affirm issue to become national agenda."

"Pada tahun 2015, Australia membentuk kebijakan China-Australia Free Trade Agreement untuk merealisasikan kerja sama bilateral dengan negara Cina. Di Australia, kebijakan China-Australia Free Trade Agreement merupakan program dari partai Koalisi (Liberal, Nasional, Liberal Nasional Queensland, dan Country Liberal) untuk meningkatkan pertumbuhan ekonomi lokal. Terkait hal itu, partai Buruh sebagai oposisi menentang kebijakan tersebut karena potensi masuknya tenaga kerja asal Cina yang dapat mengganggu lapangan pekerjaan masyarakat lokal dan penyertaan ketentuan Investor-State Dispute Settlement. Penelitian ini membahas mengenai proses politik dalam pembentukan kebijakan China-Australia Free Trade Agreement yang dibentuk pada tahun 2015. Penelitian ini menggunakan teori formulasi kebijakan yang dikemukakan oleh Werner Jann dan Kai Wegrich dan teori kepentingan nasional yang dikemukakan oleh Daniel S. Papp. Berdasarkan temuan, kerja sama China-Australia Free Trade Agreement menghasilkan kebijakan bipartisan yang disetujui oleh partai Koalisi dan partai Buruh. Hal ini karena partai Koalisi memasukkan agenda partai Buruh mengenai regulasi perlindungan tenaga kerja. Sebagai timbal balik, partai Buruh menyetujui rancangan kebijakan China-Australia Free Trade Agreement. Temuan lain pada penelitian ini yakni kebijakan bipartisan tersebut didorong oleh adanya kepentingan nasional Australia dalam bidang ekonomi seperti untuk melakukan diversifikasi ekonomi, intensifikasi ekspor, dan menciptakan lapangan kerja.

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In 2015, Australia formed the China-Australia Free Trade Agreement to obtain a bilateral agreement with China. In Australia, the China-Australia Free atrade Agreement is a program from coalision party (Liberal, National, Liberal National Queensland and Country Liberal Party) to increase the local economic growth. Hence, Labour Party as an opposition rejected the policy due to the potential of Chinese workers that might disrupt the job opportunities of local workforce and the conditions of Investor-State Dispute Settlement. This journal explores the political process in the formation of China-Australia Free Trade Agreement that was formed in 2015. This research uses the policy formulation theory adopted by Werner Jann and Kai Wegrich and the theory of national interests by Daniel S. Papp. The findings show that China-Australia Free Trade Agreements resulted in bipartisan policy which is approved by Coalision Party and Labour Party. It is because the Coalision Party has included the agenda of Labour Party regarding the protection of labour force regulation. On the other hand, Labour Party has approved the China-Australia Free Trade Agreement bill. It is also found that the bipartisan policy is driven by economic factors such as economic diversification, export intensification and creating more jobs opportunities.

"

"ABSTRAKSkripsi ini meneliti proses legislasi dari Australia Act 1986 cth. No. 142 of 1985 yang dibahas dan disahkan pada tahun 1985 di masa pemerintahan partai buruh pimpinan Perdana Menteri Robert Hawke. Penelitian ini menjabarkan secara kualitatif proses legislasi yang terjadi di parlemen Commonwealth di tahun 1985 dengan mengacu kepada kerangka konsep republikanisme dan kerangka teori sistem Washminster di Australia. Ditemukan bahwa peranan pemerintahan partai buruh pimpinan Perdana Menteri Robert Hawke ini dapat dikategorikan dalam dua hal, yaitu peranan prosedural dan peranan substansial. Peranan prosedural ini menggambarkan sistem politik Australia yang mendukung adanya dominasi eksekutif dalam melancarkan sebuah proses legislasi. Peranan substansial ini menggambarkan situasi republikanisme yang terkait dengan tradisi aliran republikanisme yang memiliki kekhasan tersendiri di Australia.

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ABSTRACTThis undergraduate thesis examines the legislation process of Australia Act 1986 cth. No. 142 of 1985 which was addressed and was ratified at 1985 under the leadership of Prime Minister Robert Hawke rsquo s Labor government. This research will qualitatively examine the legislation process that took place at the Commonwealth Parliament in 1985 by utilizing the conceptual framework of republicanism and theoretical framework of Washminster system in Australia. It is found that role of Hawke labor government can be classified onto two different categories procedural role and substantial role. For the procedural role, it describes Australian political system that encourages executive dominance in particularly of performing legislation business. For the substantial role, it narrates the Australian republican situation that forms its links with the distinctively Australian republicanism."

"Bangkitnya Asia sebagai kekuatan baru perekonomian dunia pada dekade terakhir ini menjadi isu pertahanan dan keamanan yang penting bagi bangsa Australia. Atas dasar hal tersebut skripsi ini mengangkat tema kebijakan pertahanan dan keamanan Partai Buruh Australia "Australia in The Asian Century White Paper"(2012) pada masa pemerintahan Perdana Menteri Julia Gillard. Teori yang digunakan dalam karya ini adalah teori kebijakan publik dari T. R. Dye dan teori sekuritisasi dari Mely Caballero-Anthony dan Ralf Emmers. Temuan yang didapat dalam penelitian ini adalah terdapat empat faktor yang melatarbelakangi dibentuknya kebijakan "Australia in The Asian Century White Paper" oleh Partai Buruh Australia, yaitu faktor geopolitik, kebangkitan Asia, kepemimpinan Perdana Menteri Julia Gillard, dan ideologi yang membuat kebijakan pertahanan dan keamanan mereka cenderung berorientasi kepada Asia.

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Asia`s rising as a novel world economic power during the last decade becomes an essential defense and security issue in the persepective of Australia. Based on this issue, the research has a main focus in Australia Labor Party`s Security and Defence Policy "Australia in The Asian Century White Paper 2012" during Prime Minister Julia Gillard`s Government. This study employs T. R Dye`s theory of public policy and Ralf Emmers and Mely Caballero-Anthony`s securitization theory. The research finds four factors that influence the making of "Australia in The Asian Century White Paper" policy such as geopolitics, Asia`s rising, Julia Gillard leadership, and ideology that make this policy tends to have a greater engagement towards Asia."

"Skripsi ini membahas mengenai keberhasilan Partai Demokrat Swedia masuk parlemen Riksdag tahun 2010. Untuk pertama kalinya dalam sejarah politik di Swedia, Partai Demokrat Swedia berhasil melewati batas ambang (electoral threshold) 4% sehingga perolehan suaranya yaitu 5.7% suara pemilih dalam pemilu dihitung menjadi kursi di parlemen. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode kualitatif dengan melihat dua faktor besar dibalik keberhasilan pemenangan Partai Demokrat Swedia, yaitu (1) faktor eksternal: politisasi masalah sosial dan ekonomi yang mencakup peningkatan jumlah imigran dan persoalan krisisekonomi/keuangan tahun 2008, serta (2) faktor internal yaitu kemampuan kepemimpinan Jimmie Akesson dalam memperkuat partai dan berkomunikasi dengan masyarakat.Dengan menggunakan teori dari Patrick O. Kelly, Kitschlet, Betz, danJens Rydgren (faktor eksternal), serta teori dari David Art dan CasMudde (faktor internal),penelitian ini menemukan bahwa kedua faktor saling mempengaruhi dan faktor internal sebagai faktor paling utama yang berperan dalam memenangkan Partai Demokrat Swedia, sementara faktor eksternal menjadi faktor pendukung.

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This research focuses on the successful of the Sweden Democrat Party entering the parliament crossing the electoral threshold ((4%) in the national parliamentary Riksdag election 2010. For the first time in Sweden’s political history, Sweden Democrat Party got into parliament with 5.7% votes counted in the election into the seats in the Riksdag parliament. This qualitative research analyzes two main factors behind the successful of the Sweden Democrat Party, which consist of (1) the external factors: politicization of the social and economy problems; rising number of immigrants and economic financial crisis in 2008. And (2) the internal factors: leadership of Jimmie Akesson in strengthening the party internally and his ability to communicates with the people. Using Patrick O. Kelly theory, Kitschlet, Betz, and Jens Rydgren’s theories (external factors), also David Art and Cas Mudde theories (internal factors), this research finds that both factors give benefits to the party’s successful and internal factors are the main factors in it. However, the external factors are also important as supportive factors."

"ABSTRAK Skripsi ini membahas faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi keputusan Partai BuruhAustralia untuk memprakarsai kebijakan perumahan National Affordable HousingAgreement (NAHA) pada masa pemerintahan Kevin Rudd (2007-2010). Skripsiini adalah jenis penelitian kualitatif. Dengan menggunakan teori yangdikonstruksikan oleh Katharine Dommett, penulis menegaskan bahwa tiga faktoryang mempengaruhi keputusan Partai Buruh Australia untuk memprakarsaikebijakan NAHA adalah (1) ideologi sosial demokrasi Partai Buruh Australiasebagai prinsip dasar dalam proses pengambilan keputusan; (2) motivasi untukmewujudkan negara kesejahteraan yang dilihat berdasarkan sisi historiskarakteristik kebijakan Partai Buruh Australia; dan (3) tekanan kontekstual berupapermasalahan keterjangkauan perumahan di Australia.

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ABSTRACT This study examines the factors affecting Australian Labor Party’s decision toinitiate National Affordable Housing Agreement (NAHA), a housing policy in theera of Kevin Rudd’s government (2007-2010). This study is a qualitative research.Applying the theory whose constructed by Katharine Dommett, the authorconfirms that there are three factors affecting Australian Labor Party’s decision toinitiate NAHA; (1) social democratic ideology of the Australian Labor Party as abasic principle in the decision-making process; (2) motivation to ensure thewelfare state, based on the historical characteristics of the Australian LaborParty’s policy; and (3) contextual pressures from the housing affordabilityproblems in Australia."