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"[ABSTRAKTarif pajak tetap telah menjadi salah satu reformasi pajak yang popular di banyak negara. Kesederhanaan dan tarif pajak tetap yang rendah dapat mengurangi biaya kepatuhan, mengurangi penggelapan pajak, mengurangi disintesif, dan memberikan rasa keadilan. Namun tarif pajak tetap juga diyakini dapat meningkatkan ketimpangan pendapatan di masyarakat. Penelitian ini menguji efek dari tarif tetap pajak penghasilan pribadi terhadap ketimpangan pendapatan di Indonesia dengan menggunakan Survei Sosial Ekonomi Nasional (Susenas) tahun 2012. Dengan menggunakan teknik simulasi mikro, diketahui bahwa efek dari tarif tetap pajak penghasilan pribadi bisa mengakibatkan peningkatan atau penurunan tingkat ketimpangan pendapatan. Penerapan tarif pajak tetap di bawah 9% akan menghasilkan peningkatan ketimpangan pendapatan; Sebaliknya, jika tarif pajak rata lebih dari 10% diterapkan, ketimpangan pendapatan akan berkurang. Dua hasil yang berbeda ini disebabkan lebih dari 53% populasi rumah tangga memiliki penghasilan di bawah penghasilan tidak kena pajak karena beberapa pengurangan dan pengecualian penghasilan yang dikenakan pajak.

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ABSTRACTA flat tax rate has become a popular tax reform in many countries. Simplicity and a lower flat tax rate could reduce compliance costs, reduce evasion, reduce disincentives, and provide fairness. However, it is strongly believed that a flat tax rate could increase inequality in a society. This study examines the effect of a personal income flat tax rate on inequality in Indonesia by using National Socioeconomic Survey (Susenas, Survei Sosial Ekonomi Nasional) 2012. Using a microsimulation technique, the effect of a flat tax rate on personal income could result in an increase or decrease on inequality. Applying a flat tax rate below 9% will result in an increase in inequality; in contrast, if a flat tax rate of more than 10% is applied, inequality will decrease. These two different results take place because more than 53% of households in the population have an income below the taxable tax due to the some deductions and exemptions.;A flat tax rate has become a popular tax reform in many countries. Simplicity and a lower flat tax rate could reduce compliance costs, reduce evasion, reduce disincentives, and provide fairness. However, it is strongly believed that a flat tax rate could increase inequality in a society. This study examines the effect of a personal income flat tax rate on inequality in Indonesia by using National Socioeconomic Survey (Susenas, Survei Sosial Ekonomi Nasional) 2012. Using a microsimulation technique, the effect of a flat tax rate on personal income could result in an increase or decrease on inequality. Applying a flat tax rate below 9% will result in an increase in inequality; in contrast, if a flat tax rate of more than 10% is applied, inequality will decrease. These two different results take place because more than 53% of households in the population have an income below the taxable tax due to the some deductions and exemptions., A flat tax rate has become a popular tax reform in many countries. Simplicity and a lower flat tax rate could reduce compliance costs, reduce evasion, reduce disincentives, and provide fairness. However, it is strongly believed that a flat tax rate could increase inequality in a society. This study examines the effect of a personal income flat tax rate on inequality in Indonesia by using National Socioeconomic Survey (Susenas, Survei Sosial Ekonomi Nasional) 2012. Using a microsimulation technique, the effect of a flat tax rate on personal income could result in an increase or decrease on inequality. Applying a flat tax rate below 9% will result in an increase in inequality; in contrast, if a flat tax rate of more than 10% is applied, inequality will decrease. These two different results take place because more than 53% of households in the population have an income below the taxable tax due to the some deductions and exemptions.]"

"Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui bagaimana pengaruh tarif pajak progresif terhadap perilaku penggelapan pajak penghasilan orang pribadi di Indonesia. Sampel penelitian yang digunakan merupakan data hasil audit pajak Wajib Pajak Orang Pribadi di seluruh Indonesia untuk Tahun Pajak 2001 hingga 2012. Hasil analisis regresi Model Tobit dengan pooled data menunjukkan bahwa penerapan sistem tarif progresif cenderung mendorong perilaku penggelapan pajak di Indonesia. Demikian pula perubahan kebijakan tarif pajak dan braket lapisan penghasilan kena pajak yang ditetapkan melalui Undang-Undang Pajak Penghasilan Nomor 36 Tahun 2008 turut serta berkontribusi terhadap tingkat penggelapan pajak. Oleh karena itu, besaran Marginal Tax Rates maupun rentang braket penghasilan kena pajak menjadi hal yang krusial dalam menekan penggelapan pajak.

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The aim of this research was finding out how the progressive personal income tax had impact on the tax evasion behavior in Indonesia. The research sample used was the tax audit result data of personal taxpayer in the whole Indonesia for tax year 2001 to 2012. The result of Tobit Model regression analysis with pooled data showed that the progressive tariff system was inclined to drive tax evasion behavior in Indonesia. Likewise, the change of tax rates and taxable income bracket enforced through the Law of Income Tax No. 36 of 2008 also contributed on the level of tax evasion in Indonesia. Therefore, the magnitude of Marginal Tax Rates as well as the range of taxable income bracket are being crucial on suppressing tax evasion."

"Banyaknya jumlah UMKM di Kota Depok tidak sebanding dengan angka penerimaan pajak dari para pelaku UMKM di Kota Depok. Maka dari itu, petugas pajak di Kota Depok perlu melakukan sosialisasi pajak agar pelaku UMKM di Kota Depok diharapkan mendapatkan pengetahuan, pemahaman dan kecakapan agar dapat melaksanakan kewajiban perpajakannya secara mandiri. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengukur tingkat literasi pajak pelaku UMKM di Kota Depok terkait dengan Pajak Penghasilan Orang Pribadi (PPh OP) dan untuk mengetahui pengaruh sosialisasi pajak terhadap tingkat literasi PPh OP pelaku UMKM di Kota Depok. Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan kuantitatif. Teknik pengumpulan data melalui metode kuantitatif yaitu dengan melakukan survei. Responden dalam penelitian ini berjumlah 100 responden yang merupakan pelaku orang pribadi pelaku UMKM di Kota Depok. Hasil dari penelitian ini menunjukan bahwa pelaku UMKM di Kota Depok memiliki tingkat literasi PPh OP yang tinggi. Selain itu, penelitian ini juga menunjukan bahwa terdapat pengaruh yang positif antara sosialisasi pajak terhadap tingkat literasi PPh OP pelaku UMKM di Kota Depok dengan nilai pengaruh sebesar 52,5% yaitu cukup kuat.

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This purpose of this research is to measure the level of tax literacy of MSME actors in Kota Depok retaled to personal income tax and to determine the effect of tax socialization on personal income tax literacy of MSME actors in Kota Depok. The large number of MSME in Kota Depok is not proportional to the number of tax revenues from MSME sector in Kota Depok. Therefore, tax officers in Kota Depok need to conduct tax socialization so that MSME actors in Kota Depok are excepected to gain knowledge, understanding and skills in order to carry out their tax obligations independently. This research uses a quantitative approach. The technique of collecting data is through quantitative methods, namely by conducting surveys. Respondents in this research amounted to 100 respondents who are MSME in Kota Depok. The results of this research indicate that MSME actors in Kota Depok have a high level of personal income tax literacy. In addition, this research also shows that there is a positive effect between tax socialization on the level of personal income tax literacy of individual MSME in Kota Depok with an effect value of 52.5%.

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"Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh penggunaan internet terhadap pendapatan per kapita pada kelompok kabupaten/kota dengan mengelompokkan kelas pendapatan 40% pendapatan rendah, 40% pendapatan sedang, dan 20% pendapatan tertinggi serta pengaruh penggunaan internet terhadap ketimpangan pendapatan. Penelitian ini dilakukan pada 34 provinsi dengan 507 kabupaten, pada rentang waktu tahun 2018 – 2020, data diperoleh dari Survey Sosial Ekonomi Nasional (SUSENAS) dan Survey Angkatan Kerja Nasional (SAKERNAS), Badan Pusat Statistik (BPS), dan dari instansi Direktorat Jenderal Perimbangan Keuangan Kementerian keuangan. Metode analisis yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah fixed effect model. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian penggunaan internet pada kelompok pendapatan rendah berpengaruh positif signifikan terhadap pendapatan per kapita, pada kelompok pendapatan menengah berpengaruh positif signifikan terhadap pendapatan per kapita, sedangkan penggunaan internet pada kelompok pendapatan tinggi tidak berpengaruh terhadap pendapatan per kapita. Penggunaan internet berpengaruh negatif signifikan terhadap ketimpangan pendapatan.

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The purpose of this study is to determine the effect of internet use on income inequality and per capita income in the districts/cities by classifying income groups as 40% low income, 40% middle income, and 20% high income. This study was conducted in 507 districts of 34 provinces for the period of 2018 – 2020. Data were obtained from the National Socioeconomic Survey (Survei Sosial Ekonomi Nasional; SUSENAS), the National Labor Force Survey (Survei Angkatan Kerja Nasional; SAKERNAS), the Statistics Indonesia (Badan Pusat Statistik; BPS), and the Directorate General of Fiscal Balance, the Ministry of Finance, whereas the data analysis applied the fixed effects model. Based on the results of the study, it is known that internet use has a positive and significant effect on income per capita in the low-income and middle- income groups. And high-income groups has no effect on income per capita. Meanwhile, the effect of internet use has a negative significant relationship to income inequality."

"Penelitian ini menganalisis hubungan antara penerimaan pajak dan ketimpangan pendapatan pada tingkat provinsi di Indonesia selama tahun 2011-2019. Dengan menggunakan pendekatan fixed-effect, penelitian ini menyimpulkan bahwa total penerimaan pajak tidak berpengaruh signifikan terhadap ketimpangan pendapatan. Artinya, sistem dan struktur perpajakan yang ada di Indonesia saat ini, baik secara nasional maupun regional belum mampu berkontribusi terhadap upaya pemerataan pendapatan. Sementara itu, jika dilihat secara komposisi, baik penerimaan Pajak Penghasilan dan Pajak Pertambahan Nilai juga tidak berpengaruh signifikan terhadap ketimpangan pendapatan. Namun, rasio Pajak Daerah terhadap PDRB berpengaruh positif dan signifikan terhadap ketimpangan pendapatan menandakan karakteristik dari mayoritas jenis pajak konsumsi pembentuk komponen Pajak Daerah yang cenderung regresif dan menambah ketimpangan.

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This study examines the relationship between tax revenues and income inequality at the provincial level in Indonesia from 2011 to 2019. Applying a fixed-effect approach, this study finds that total tax revenue has no significant effect on income inequality. This result implies that Indonesia's current tax system and structure, both national and regional, have been unable to contribute to efforts toward income distribution. Likely due to their composition, both income tax and value-added tax revenues have an insignificant effect. However, the ratio of local taxes to GRDP has a considerable positive effect on income inequality, indicating that the majority of consumption taxes in the local tax component are regressive and increase inequality."

"[ABSTRAKPajak di Indonesia merupakan kontributor terbesar total penerimaan pemerintah, sementara pajak penghasilan orang pribadi (PPh OP) hanya berkontribusi sekitar 10% dari total penerimaan pajak nasional. Banyak peneliti yang telah menguji hubungan antara tarif progresif PPh OP dan ketimpangan pendapatan. Penelitian ini menginvestigasi dampak dari tarif progresif PPh OP terhadap distribusi pendapatan di Indonesia menggunakan data mikro Susenas 2006 dan 2011. Dengan dekomposisi data Susenas berdasarkan faktor komponen: pengeluaran konsumsi, pajak penghasilan, dan tabungan, efek dari perubahan komponen tersebut terhadap ketimpangan total pendapatan dapat diketahui. Penelitian ini menemukan bahwa satu persen kenaikan komponen PPh OP di Indonesia cenderung untuk meningkatkan indeks Gini ketimpangan total pendapatan sebesar 1,4% di 2006 dan 1,8% di 2011. Hasil ini mengindikasikan bahwa struktur PPh OP tahun 2011 sedikit berkontribusi terhadap meningkatnya ketimpangan pendapatan. Dengan kata lain, PPh OP di Indonesia memiliki efek meningkatkan indeks Gini dari ketimpangan total pendapatan. Namun, komponen pengeluaran konsumsi memiliki efek menurunkan indeks Gini sampai dengan 6,4%.

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ABSTRACTTax in Indonesia contributes as the largest share to total government revenue while personal income tax (PIT) only contributes nearly 10 percent to total national tax revenue. Many researchers have tried to examine the correlation between progressive personal income taxation and income inequality. This research investigates the impact of progressive PIT rates on income distribution in Indonesia by using micro data Susenas 2006 and 2011. By decomposing Susenas data by factor components: consumption expenditure, income tax, and savings, the effect of a marginal change on these components on total income inequality are captured. This study finds that a one percent increase in income tax in Indonesia tends to increase the Gini index of total income inequality 1.4% in 2006 and 1.8% in 2011. This implies that the income tax structure in 2011 slightly increases its contribution to the income inequality. In other words, income tax in Indonesia has unequalizing effect to the Gini index of total income inequality. However, consumption expenditure has the equalizing effect to the Gini index up to 6.4%.;Tax in Indonesia contributes as the largest share to total government revenue while personal income tax (PIT) only contributes nearly 10 percent to total national tax revenue. Many researchers have tried to examine the correlation between progressive personal income taxation and income inequality. This research investigates the impact of progressive PIT rates on income distribution in Indonesia by using micro data Susenas 2006 and 2011. By decomposing Susenas data by factor components: consumption expenditure, income tax, and savings, the effect of a marginal change on these components on total income inequality are captured. This study finds that a one percent increase in income tax in Indonesia tends to increase the Gini index of total income inequality 1.4% in 2006 and 1.8% in 2011. This implies that the income tax structure in 2011 slightly increases its contribution to the income inequality. In other words, income tax in Indonesia has unequalizing effect to the Gini index of total income inequality. However, consumption expenditure has the equalizing effect to the Gini index up to 6.4%., Tax in Indonesia contributes as the largest share to total government revenue while personal income tax (PIT) only contributes nearly 10 percent to total national tax revenue. Many researchers have tried to examine the correlation between progressive personal income taxation and income inequality. This research investigates the impact of progressive PIT rates on income distribution in Indonesia by using micro data Susenas 2006 and 2011. By decomposing Susenas data by factor components: consumption expenditure, income tax, and savings, the effect of a marginal change on these components on total income inequality are captured. This study finds that a one percent increase in income tax in Indonesia tends to increase the Gini index of total income inequality 1.4% in 2006 and 1.8% in 2011. This implies that the income tax structure in 2011 slightly increases its contribution to the income inequality. In other words, income tax in Indonesia has unequalizing effect to the Gini index of total income inequality. However, consumption expenditure has the equalizing effect to the Gini index up to 6.4%.]"

"Laporan magang ini membahas evaluasi pelaporan SPT Tahunan Pajak Penghasilan Orang Pribadi yang dilakukan oleh divisi Individual Tax DV Indonesia. Subjek evaluasi laporan magang ini adalah seorang ekspatriat dari India bernama Mr. B yang dipilih berdasarkan keunikan kasusnya yang melaporkan SPT Tahunan berstatus Kurang Bayar meskipun hanya menerima penghasilan dari satu pemberi kerja dan sudah dipotong PPh 21. Hasil evaluasi menunjukkan perlakuan perpajakan sebagai Wajib Pajaka Dalam Negeri, penghitungan pajak penghasilan terutang, pengisian Formulir SPT Tahunan, pembayaran PPh kurang bayar hingga pelaporan SPT Tahunan secara e-filing sudah dilakukan sesuai dengan peraturan perpajakan yang berlaku di Indonesia. DV Indonesia juga melakukan prosedur verifikasi data penghasilan dan harta untuk menjamin pengisian SPT Tahunan Mr. B telah memenuhi kriteria benar, lengkap dan jelas. Meskipun bukan ranah konsultan pajak, perhitungan PPh 21 yang dilakukan oleh pemberi kerja juga dibahas pada laporan magang ini untuk mencari penyebab masih terdapatnya pajak kurang bayar pada SPT Tahunan Mr. B.

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This internship report discusses the evaluation of reporting of Individual Annual Income Tax Return conducted by the Individual Tax division of DV Indonesia. The subject of this internship report evaluation is an expatriate from India named Mr. B, who was chosen based on the uniqueness of his case, who reported his Annual SPT underpayment status even though he only received income from one employer and had been deducted with Income Tax Art. 21. The evaluation results show that the tax treatment as a domestic taxpayer, the calculation of income tax payable, the filling of the Annual Income Tax Return, the payment of underpaid income tax to the reporting of the Annual Income Tax Return through e-filing have been carried out in accordance with the applicable tax regulations in Indonesia. DV Indonesia also performs procedures for verifying income and assets data to ensure that the filling of Mr. B's Annual Income Tax Return has met the correct, complete and clear criteria. The calculation of Income Tax Art. 21 is also discussed in this internship report, although it is not the realm of tax consultants to find out the cause of the underpayment income tax in Mr. B' Annual Income Tax Return."

"Pada periode tahun 2013-2017 telah ditetapkan 3 kali kenaikan Penghasilan Tidak Kena Pajak (PTKP) untuk pajak penghasilan pribadi, namun belum ada studi yang menguji kebijakan tersebut dalam konteks efektivitas dalam meningkatkan pendapatan wajib pajak. Peneliti menguji dampak kenaikan PTKP menggunakan data pendapatan bersih dari Sakernas dan menggunakan metode Pooled OLS untuk mengestimasi pengaruh kenaikan PTKP terhadap pendapatan. Estimasi statistik menunjukkan bahwa kenaikan PTKP berpengaruh positif terhadap pendapatan bersih di kelompok pendapatan bawah dalam 3 kali periode kebijakan. Sedangkan untuk kelompok pendapatan di atasnya hanya signifikan berpengaruh di dua periode pertama. Studi ini memberikan bukti empiris efektivitas dari kebijakan kenaikan PTKP.

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In the period of 2013-2017 the government has carried out three times Personal Income Tax (PIT) Exemption expansions, but there are no studies that examine the policy in the context of effectiveness in increasing taxpayer income. We tested the impact of PTKP increases using net income data from Sakernas and used the Pooled OLS method to estimate the effect of PIT exemption increases on income. Statistical estimates show that the increase in PIT exemption has a positive effect on net income in the lower income group in 3 policy periods. Whereas the higher income group is only significantly affected the income in the first two periods. This study provides empirical evidence of the effectiveness of PIT exemption expansion policy.

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"Penghasilan Tidak Kena Pajak (PTKP) dapat mempengaruhi pilihan fertilitas dengan mengubah biaya atau manfaat melahirkan anak dan menambah disposable income keluarga. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis pengaruh dari Penghasilan Tidak Kena Pajak terhadap penambahan anak di Indonesia. Dengan menggunakan data IFLS gelombang 4 dan 5 serta metode Linear Probability Model, penelitian ini menunjukkan hubungan berbentuk U terbalik antara penambahan anak dan PTKP, yang mengindikasikan bahwa efek marginal dari PTKP menurun seiring dengan bertambahnya nilai dari PTKP. Di samping itu, probabilitas menambah anak juga dipengaruhi oleh karakteristik ibu (usia dan status bekerja), anggota keluarga perempuan dewasa lainnya dalam rumah tangga, dan total anak.

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Personal tax exemption can influence fertility choices through policies by changing costs or benefits of childbearing and increase the family's disposable income. This study aims to analyze the effect of personal tax exemption on the addition of children in Indonesia. Using IFLS data waves 4 and 5 and the Linear Probability Model method, this study shows an inverse U-shaped relationship between the addition of children and personal tax exemption, which indicates that the marginal effect of personal tax exemption decreases as the value of personal tax exemption increases. In addition, the probability of adding children is also influenced by the characteristics of the mother (age and working status), other adult female family members in the household, and the total number of children."

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Dalam ilmu ekonomi pembangunan, infrastruktur fisik dan sosial telah dikenal dapat mempengaruhi ketimpangan pendapatan walaupun hasilnya berbeda-beda. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui dampak pembangunan infrastruktur fisik dan sosial terhadap ketimpangan pendapatan di Indonesia. Penelitian ini menyusun indeks infrastruktur dan mengestimasi dampak infrastruktur menggunakan panel data dari 34 provinsi di Indonesia pada periode 2009-2017. Penelitian ini menemukan bahwa infrastruktur fisik cenderung berkontribusi pada peningkatan ketimpangan pendapatan, walaupun tidak robust secara signifikansi. Pembangunan infrastruktur sosial di Indonesia juga cenderung meningkatkan ketimpangan pendapatan meskipun hasilnya juga tidak robust secara signifikansi.

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In the economic development field, physical and social infrastructures have been argued to affect income inequality despite the mixed results. This study examines the impact of physical and social infrastructure on income inequality in Indonesia. This study constructs infrastructure summary indices and estimates the impacts of infrastructure using 34 provincial unbalanced panel data during 2009-2017 in Indonesia. The main finding of this study is that physical infrastructure tends to increase income inequality in Indonesia, although it is not robustly significant. Similarly, social infrastructure is also positively associated with income inequality increases in Indonesia though not robustly significant.

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