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"In cases of end-milling removal rate, depth of cut, cutting velocity and feedrate were taken into account as important factors affecting machining quality, tool fracture, tool wear and so on. Generally cutting conditions were determined on the basis of field experiences and many researches about cutting force acquisition by using dynamometer and tool shape design have been actively achieved, however quantitative data of the important influential factors for cutting conditions cannot be actually suggested. In this study axial depth of cut and radial depth of cut were taken into account as design factors among cutting conditions such as spindle RPM, feedrate, axial depth of cut and radial depth of cut by using a 3-axis micro machining system. Choosing width of machining errors as a criterion for machining quality, an approximate model was established by using "Response Surface Design". A relationship between design factors and response values was realized and cutting conditions of micro end-milling processes were optimized by using an optimization program called VisualDOC"

"Abstrak Metode Response Surface terdiri dari pemodelan statistik dan optomisasi motode response surface umumnya digunakan untuk mengoptimalkan suatu proses atau respon . Proses (respon) tersebut dipengaruhi oleh beberapa variabel input (faktor) untuk menentukan variabel -variabel input yang mempengaruhi respon, ..."

"ABSTRAKBenzoin essential oil adalah oleoresin bernilai tinggi yang berasal dari getah kering pohon Styrax benzoin. Di Indonesia, getah kering pohon ini diperdagangkan dengan tiga varian berbeda, yaitu: kemenyan putih, kemenyan tahir madu dan kemenyan hitam super. Sampai saat ini belum ada publikasi tentang karakteristik yang meliputi sifat fisika-kimia ketiga jenis varian essential oil dari ketiga varian kemenyan. Kondisi optimum proses ektraksi essential oil dari ketiga varian kemenyan ini belum diketahui. Pada penelitian ini, benzoin essential oil telah diproduksi menggunakan metode ekstraksi refluks etanol. Dalam studi optimasi, diselidiki pengaruh parameter proses ekstraksi yang meliputi rasio bahan mentah terhadap etanol dan waktu ekstraksi. Dengan bantuan analisis regresi menggunakan Response Surface Methodology (RSM), hasilnya menyarankan bahwa kondisi ekstraksi yang optimal, yaitu: perbandingan bahan mentah terhadap etanol 1:4,80 dan waktu ekstraksi 4,134 jam untuk kemenyan putih, 1:5,13 dan 3,80 jam untuk kemenyan tahir madu serta 1:4,93 dan 4,09 jam untuk kemenyan hitam super. Essential oil yang dihasilkan dari ketiga varian kemenyan pada kondisi tersebut secara berturut-turut adalah 45,30 g; 47,76 g; dan 45,42 g. Penelitian lebih lanjut tentang kualitas ekstrak menggunakan GCMS menghasilkan empat senyawa kimia utama sebagai komponen terbesar yang menyusun Styrax benzoin, yaitu (Z)-Cinnamic acid, n-Hexadecanoic acid, cis- Vaccenic acid dan Cinnamyl cinnamate. Uji antioksidan menunjukkan bahwa kemenyan hitam super memiliki aktivitas antioksidan tertinggi dengan nilai IC50 sebesar 90,0348; diikuti kemenyan putih dan kemenyan tahir madu dengan nilai 114,0560 dan 123,8628. Informasi yang dihasilkan dari penelitian ini berguna untuk pengembangan industri essential oil, terutama yang berasal dari resin kemenyan dan turunannya.

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ABSTRACTBenzoin essential oil is a high-value oleoresin derived from the dried sap of the Styrax benzoin tree. In Indonesia, the dried sap of this tree is traded with three different variants, namely: white incense, honey clean incense and super black incense. Until now there have been no publications on the characteristics that include the physico-chemical properties of the three types of essential oil variants from the three variants of incense. The optimum condition for extracting essential oils from the three variants of incense is unknown. In this study, benzoin essential oil was produced using ethanol reflux extraction method. In the optimization study, investigated the effect of the parameters of the extraction process which included the ratio of raw materials to ethanol and extraction time. With the help of regression analysis using Response Surface Methodology (RSM), the results suggest that the optimal extraction conditions, namely: the ratio of raw materials to ethanol 1: 4,80 and extraction time 4,134 hours for white incense, 1: 5,13 and 3,80 hours for honey clean incense and 1: 4.93 and 4.09 hours for super black incense. Essential oil produced from the three variants of incense in these conditions is 45.30 g; 47.76 g; and 45.42 g. Further research on the quality of extracts using GCMS produced four main chemical compounds as the largest component that composes Styrax benzoin, namely (Z) -Cinnamic acid, n- Hexadecanoic acid, cis-Vaccenic acid and Cinnamyl cinnamate. Antioxidant tests showed that super black incense had the highest antioxidant activity with an IC50 value of 90.0348; followed by white incense and honey clean incense with values of 114.0560 and 123.8628. Information generated from this research is useful for the development of the essential oil industry, especially those derived from incense resin and its derivatives."

"Layer manufacturing methods have been used widely in many manufacturing industries for building a three dimensional object (3D), however, those methods still need improvement. One example of the improvement is process parameters of the second generation Glue Extruded Deposition (GED-2) developed by the author at the Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering UGM. A Surface Response method has been applied to investigate the optimum setting of process parameters include: scanning speed (V), scanning space (s), gap between working table surface and nozzle (h), and heating temperature of material (T). While, a model as a 3D object was a cube and the material for building the object was Ethylene Vinyl-Acetate (EVA) in the form of cylinder with 10 mm diameter and 100 mm long. The results show that the best dimension as recommended by surface response method were 0.8749 mm wide and 0.7035 mm thick. Other reccomendations were excess dimension due to scanning was 0.37 mm long and the best setting of process parameters were h = 0,64 mm, V = 80 mm/minute and T = 94°C."

"Andrografolida merupakan senyawa yang terkandung dalam tanaman sambiloto (Andrographis paniculata) yang memiliki khasiat sebagai anti-infeksi. Sistem penghantaran yang umum digunakan untuk zat ini adalah oral, namun sistem penghantaran ini memiliki beberapa kekurangan. Transfersom dipilih untuk mengatasi beberapa kekurangan tersebut. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendapatkan formula transfersom andrografolida yang optimal menggunakan metode respon permukaan (Response Surface Methodology, RSM). Pada penelitian ini digunakan desain eksperimen full factorial dengan dua faktor yaitu perbandingan zat aktif terhadap total lipid dan perbandingan jumlah surfaktan terhadap fosfolipid, sehingga diperoleh 9 variasi formula. Optimasi formula dilakukan dengan Design Expert 12.0.1.0. Dari hasil optimisasi didapatkan bahwa formula optimal adalah pada rasio konsentrasi zat aktif terhadap total lipid 1:10, dan rasio perbandingan konsentrasi surfaktan terhadap fosfolipid 25:75 dengan ukuran partikel 206,22 nm, potensial zeta -40,80 mV, indeks deformabiltas 2,32 dan efisiensi penjerapan 92,20%, dengan nilai desirability 0,87. Namun, metode ini hanya mampu memprediksi pengujian berikutnya untuk respon potensial zeta dan indeks deformabilitas. Metode ini dapat digunakan untuk lebih mengoptimalkan formula transfersom secara keseluruhan dengan menambahkan jumlah variabel.

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Andrographolide is a component of the Sambiloto/Bitter plant (Andrographis paniculata) which has anti-infective properties. The delivery system commonly used for this substance is oral, but this delivery system has several drawbacks. Transfersomes were chosen to overcome some of these drawbacks. This study aims to obtain the optimal andrographolide transfersome formula using the Response Surface Methodology (RSM). In this study, the experiment was designed by full factorial with two influence factors, which were the ratio of the surfactant to phospholipid, and the ratio of total lipid to active ingredient, hence there were 9 transfersome formulas. Response surface and optimization was accomplished by Design Expert 12.0.1.0. The RSM optimization showed that the optimal formula of the andrographolide transfersome had the andrographolide to total lipid ratio of 1 to 10, and the surfactant to phospholipid ratio of 25:75 with a particle size of 206.22 nm, zeta potential. -40.80 mV, deformability index 2.32, and entrapment efficiency 92.20 %, with a desirability value of 0.87. However, this method can predict the next test for zeta potential and deformability indeks only. This method can be used to further optimize the overall transfersome formula by including more variables."

"ABSTRAKBulan Mei 2017, lima rumah di Desa Kranggan, Setu, Tangerang Selatan, Banten dilanda longsor. Untuk menghindari korban jiwa akibat longsor susulan, Dibutuhkan identifikasi bidang gelincir. Pada penelitian kali ini digunakan metode seismik refraksi dan geolistrik dengan menggabungkan kedua metode tersebut untuk menentukan bidang gelincir. Pemilihan metode seismik refraksi didasarkan karena resolusi dari metode ini sangat baik dalam menampilkan perubahan nilai kecepatan dari arah vertical perlapisan . Sedangkan metode geolistrik digunakan berdasarkan sifat khasnya yang mampu menampilkan struktur bawah permukaan berdasarkan nilai hambat jenis yang dimiliki oleh batuan tertentu. Penentuan bidang gelincir didasarkan dengan hasil inversi cross-gradient yang menggabungkan kedua bentuk struktur bawah permukaan untuk dijadikan batasan dalam melakukan inversi. Setelah mendapatkan hasil inversi gabungan antara kedua metode, kedua hasil penampang yang independen ini diintepretasi untuk menentukan lapisan yang menjadi bidang gelincir. Dari hasil yang didapat, ditemukan adanya struktur khas patahan terbentuk di penampang seismik refraksi yang kemudian saling komplemen dengan penampang hambat jenis. Hal ini memicu kekhawatiran adanya potensi longsor susulan di daerah penelitian.

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ABSTRACT

May 2017, five houses in Desa Kranggan, Setu, Tangerang Selatan, Banten was buried due to landslide. To minimize life victims due to further landslides, slip surface identification is needed. In this research seismic refraction and resistivity method is used by joining both methods to identify slip surface. Refraction seismic methods was chosen for its ability in high resolution in imaging vertical changes. Resistivity method was chosen based on its unique properties of displaying subsurface structure based on resistivity value of each rock. The identification is based on cross gradient inversion which joins both structure respectively based on structural similarities as inversion constraint. After both inversed profiles is obtained, both independent profiles is interpreted to identify layer of slip surface. From obtained results, a unique structure of fault is detected along refraction seismic and the result is complemented by resistivity profile. This rises awareness of potential further landslide in the area."

"Penelitian ini mengangkat tentang kondisi desain kemasen di Kabupaten Kediri secara umum. Tujuan penelitian ini untuk mendapatkan deskripsi yang jelas dari produsen, penjual dan konsumen tentang berbagai produk dan desain kemasan yang ada saat ini. Data-data penelitian diambil secara kualitatif melalui wawancara mendalam dengan "orang kunci", kuisioner terbuka dan ditunjang oleh data kuantitatif dari pengumpulan data kuisioner. Diharapkan melalui penelitian ini, didapatkan data dan fakta yang berguna bagi semua pihak, khususnya mikro industri sebagai acuan untuk meningkatkan kuantitas produksi dan kualitas desain kemasan."