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"This volume presents the first outcomes of the SERIES and its contribution towards performance-based earthquake engineering, i.e., to the most important development in earthquake engineering of the past three decades. The concept and the methodologies for performance-based earthquake engineering have now matured. However, they are based mainly on analytical/numerical research and large-scale seismic testing has entered the stage recently. "

"The work presented in this thesis is divided two subjects. First, devoted to the behavior, mechanic model, simulation and analysis of plate tectonics under excitation force approximated. Approach of an Earthquake are assumptions on the nature of the rupture process, review the evidence for the essential importance of the flow under plate with the modes of deformations.

Earthquake is primarily a mechanical process which appears as genuire rupture of crust and the earth behaves as an elastic body during the short time span of the phenomena. The friction has probably a fundamental role in the mechanics of the earthquakes. Rock mechanicians consider an earthquake as a stick-slip event controlled by the friction properties of the fault.

During an earthquake, on the nature of the fault and on the effect of trapped fluids within the crust at seismogenic depth, fault zone head seismic waves are generated by a shear-dislocation source and then propagated through the modeled earth medium. Wave propagation theory is used to solve the problem at hand for wave motion response, which is found as the superposition of the mean and scattered wave response.

Second, devoted model of the wave propagation, an important modeling tool of fault zone properties at depth can be provided by accurate simulations of seismic fault zone head and trapped waves for realistic structures. Analytical solutions for seismic wave fields generated by double-couple sources at material discontinuities in plane-parallel structures. Extensive 2D studies of the dependency of fault zone wave motion on basic media properties and source receiver geometries show that there are significant trade offs between propagation distances along the structure, fault zone width, impedance contrasts, source location within.

And the most important applications of the theory of structural dynamics is in analyzing the response of the structures to ground shaking caused by an earthquake. The study for earthquake response of linear SDF systems to earthquake motions concerned the displacement, velocity and acceleration. Then we introduced the response spectrum concept, which is central to earthquake engineering, together with procedures to determine the peak response of systems directly from the response spectrum."

"The Encyclopedia of Earthquake Engineering is designed to be the authoritative and comprehensive referencecovering all major aspects of the science of earthquake engineering, specifically focusing on the interactionbetween earthquakes and infrastructure. The encyclopedia comprises approximately 300 contributions. Since earthquake engineering deals with the interaction between earthquake disturbances and the built infrastructure, the emphasis is on basic design processes important to both non-specialists and engineers so that readers become suitably well informed without needing to deal with the details of specialist understanding. The encyclopedia’s content provides technically-inclined and informed readers about the ways in which earthquakes can affect our infrastructure and how engineers would go about designing against, mitigating and remediating these effects. The coverage ranges from buildings, foundations, underground construction, lifelines and bridges, roads, embankments and slopes. The encyclopedia also aims to provide cross-disciplinary and cross-domain information to domain-experts. This is the first single reference encyclopedia of this breadth and scope that brings together the science, engineering and technological aspects of earthquakes and structures."

"Penelitian ini membahas tentang bangunan X di Jakarta yakni bangunan gedung bertingkat di atas bangunan cagar budaya. Sesuai dengan peraturan yang ada, bangunan cagar budaya harus dilestarikan. Oleh karena itu, digunakan balok transfer di atas bangunan cagar budaya yang berperan memindahkan dan meneruskan beban ke kolom pendukung. Balok transfer dari rangka baja digunakan untuk mempermudah proses konstruksi.Adapun sistem transfer tidak boleh mengalami kegagalan di awal sehingga harus diperhitungkan terhadap suatu faktor kuat lebih. Karena Indonesia merupakan negara rawan gempa, perlu dilakukan analisis seismik dalam desain bangunan. Dalam peraturan gempa yang berlaku, bangunan dengan balok transfer juga harus diperhitungkan terhadap gempa arah vertikal. Penelitian ini menunjukkan peningkatan gaya geser, perpindahan, gaya dalam, dan kebutuhan penulangan seiring dengan bertambahnya jumlah lantai. Selanjutnya, dalam variasi sistem sambungan, diketahui bahwa bangunan dengan rangka transfer rigid lebih efektif penggunaannya dibandingkan rangka transfer dengan sambungan sendi. Perbedaan karakteristik dinamik dalam variasi sambungan tidak terlalu signifikan akibat kekakuan kedua bangunan yang hampir sama pula. Adapun desain bangunan bertingkat dengan rangka transfer pada penelitian ini dominan dikontrol oleh beban gravitasi.

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This study discuss about X building in Jakarta that is multistory building above heritage building. According to the applicable regulations, the building of cultural heritage should be preserved. Therefore, transfer beam is used above heritage building which transfers and transmits load to its supporting columns. Transfer beam from steel truss is used to simplify the process of construction. The transfer system should not fail at the beginning so it must be considered againts an over strength factor. As Indonesia is a country that vulnerable to earthquakes, the seismic analysis should be done in the building design. Base on the aplicable regulation of earthquake, the bulding with transfer truss must also be considered to vertical direction of earthquake.

The study shows the enhancement in shear force, displacement, internal forces, and reinforcement requirement along with the increasing number of storey. Furthermore, in variation of connections system, is known that transfer truss with rigid connection is more effective than transfer truss with pinned connection. The differences of dynamic characteristics in the variation of connection are not too significant due to the stiffness of the two buildings are almost same. The design of multistory building with transfer truss in this study is predominantly controlled by gravity loads."

"Studi ini meneliti tentang bangunan X bertingkat banyak di Jakarta yang dibangun di atas bangunan cagar budaya. Struktur yang terdiri dari struktur rangka baja dan sistem prategang digunakan sebagai balok transfer untuk memindahkan dan meneruskan beban-beban dari lantai-lantai atas ke kolom-kolom pendukung. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan terjadi peningkatan gaya geser, perpindahan, gaya dalam, dan kebutuhan penulangan seiring dengan bertambahnya jumlah lantai. Selanjutnya, dalam variasi jumlah strand pada kabel prategang, karakteristik dinamik dan kebutuhan tulangan yang terjadi relatif sama, namun perpindahan vertikal yang terjadi semakin kecil dengan bertambahnya jumlah strand yang digunakan. Profil baja yang digunakan semakin kecil dengan meningkatnya jumlah strand yang digunakan pada sistem prategang luar.

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This study examines the multi-storey X-builing located in Jakarta, built above heritage building. Structure consisting of steel truss and external prestressing system is used as transfer beam to transfer and allocate loads from upper floors to supoorting columns.

This study shows an increase in shear force, displacement, internal forces, and the need for reinforcement as the number of floors increase. Furthermore, variation in the number of strands in prestressed cables gives relatively similar dynamic characteristic and reinforcement need, although vertical displacement that occurs gets smaller with increasing number of strands used. Steel profiles used are increasingly smaller as the number of strands used in external prestressing system increase."

"Earthquake engineering is the ultimate challenge for structural engineers. Even if natural phenomena involve great uncertainties, structural engineers need to design buildings, bridges, and dams capable of resisting the destructive forces produced by them. These disasters have created a new awareness about the disaster preparedness and mitigation. Before a building, utility system, or transportation structure is built, engineers spend a great deal of time analyzing those structures to make sure they will perform reliably under seismic and other loads. The purpose of this book is to provide structural engineers with tools and information to improve current building and bridge design and construction practices and enhance their sustainability during and after seismic events. In this book, Khan explains the latest theory, design applications and code provisions. Earthquake-resistant structures features seismic design and retrofitting techniques for low and high raise buildings, single and multi-span bridges, dams and nuclear facilities. The author also compares and contrasts various seismic resistant techniques in USA, Russia, Japan, Turkey, India, China, New Zealand, and Pakistan."

"Sejak dimulainya peradaban diatas muka bumi ini manusia sebagai mahluk yang dikaruniai akal dan pikiran terus-menerus berusaha menemukan cara-cara baru untuk bertahan hidup, berusaha menciptakan cara-cara baru yang dapat mempermudah kehidupan mereka dan berusaha menjawab segala macam tantangan alam, baik itu berupa cuaca, keadaan tanah, maupun bencana alam yang kerap menimpa mereka. Untuk melindungi tubuhnya dari panas dan dingin manusia membuat pakaian, untuk menghindari derasnya hujan dan teriknya matahari manusia membuat naungan. Untuk menyuburkan tanaman manusia membuat pupuk, saat hama menyerang tanaman manusia mulai menciptakan obat-obatan anti hama. Sebagai mahluk yang selalu belajar dari pengalaman yang pernah dialaminya manusia juga menemukan cara-cara untuk menghadapi bencana alam yang terjadi. Ketika banjir mengancam manusia membuat bendungan untuk mencegah banjir melanda lingkungan mereka. Ketika angin topan menyerang manusia berlindung didalam bunker-bunker yang telah mereka buat. Didaerah-daerah yang rawan gempa manusia membuat bangunan-bangunan yang dapat mengurangi risiko yang diakibatkan oleh gempa tersebut. Memang tidak ada cara yang sempurna di dunia ini dalam menghadapi tantangan alam, yang terbaik yang dapat dilakukan adalah mengurangi risiko dari tantangan tersebut semaksimal mungkin dan mencoba mencari cara yang lebih baik lagi, terus dan terus. Bicara mengenai bencana alam, gempa bumi merupakan salah satu bencana alam yang belakangan ini cukup populer dibicarakan dimedia massa, selain karena kasusnya yang cukup banyak terjadi dan menelan korban dan kerugian yang cukup banyak baik oleh bencana gempa itu sendiri maupun oleh bencana susulan yang terjadi sesudahnya, dan memang jika berbicara tentang gempa maka tidak akan pernah ada habisnya, mulai dari teknologi-teknologi yang dikembangkan untuk mengurangi kerugian akibat gempa sampai tentang sejarah bencana gempa bumi yang pernah terjadi di dunia dan membawa dampak yang cukup besar pada masa selanjutnya. "