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"Bacterial oxidation technology is a competitive alternative for treating refractory gold. The utilization of bacterial oxidation in the mining industry is relatively recent and the introduction of microbiology and biochemistry to this area is not widely understood by mining companies. Many misconceptions and misunderstandings have resulted from insufficient information. This paper describes the practical aspects of bio-oxidation technology related to the biology and physiology of bacteria in associate with the role and behavior of bacteria in bacterial oxidation."

"The pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is not yet fully understood A genetic predisposition, some environmental factors and microbial flora of the grit are the key factors. The presence of bacteria in the intestinal lumen is a prerequisite for the development of IBD. In animal models, mice incapable of expressing IL, or IL invariably develop a colitis- or Crohn-like inflammation. No inflammation occurs if they grow up in a pathogen free environment or if they are fed with Lactobacillus sp when exposed to environmental bacteria. Thus, the absence of liminal bacteria or a different make-up there of prevents the development of inflammatory bowel disease in this model. Patients with IBD have been found to have a decreased stool excretion Lactobacillus andlor Bifidobacteria. Furthermore, an increased number of bacteria adherents to the mucosa and within the epithelium has been demonstrated in quantitative studies. It appears that these bacteria trigger a strong abnormal mucosal immunological response, leading to intestinal epithelial cell injury mediated by activated T-cells, mononuclear cells and macrophages. If this response can not be down regulated by regulatory T-cells, mononuclear inflammatory cytokines are activated by stimulation of the intracellular transcription factor NF-kB. Recently it was shown that bacterial lipopolysaccharides can activate NF-kB by binding to two specific receptors on the cell membrane (Toll-like receptors [TLR's]) or intracellular receptors (NOD's). New insights of the role of bacteria in IBD became available by identifying susceptibility genes for IBD. Several IBD susceptibility loci were recently identified. The IBD-l locus on chromosome 16 shows positive evidence for linkage in Crohn's disease and IBD-2 locus on chromosome l2 for ulcerative colitis. The evidence for' an association with Crohn's disease at the IBD-I locus have been shown to be attributed to mutations in the CARDI5/NOD2 gene. This gene is exressed in peripheral blood monocytes and in intestinal epithelial cells and serves as a key factor of innate mucosal response to luminal bacteria as an antibacterial factor. The intact intercellular NOD2 protein binds LPS and activates NF-kB. This activation of the NF-kB signalling pathway in response to bacterial components plays a protective role in the mucosal epithelial cells for the host against inviting pathogens and an increased apoptosis of infected cells. There is evidence, that the defective NOD2 protein variants increase the susceptibility to pathogen invasion and a decrease in cellular apoptosis. NF-kB plays a dual role in IBD. On the mucosal epithelial cells, bacterial components bind on NOD2 proteins and protect bacterial invasion. If this barrier mechanism is not intact, the bacterial invasion stimulates via TLR- and NOD2 receptors in immune-active cells (macrophages, T-cells and monocytes) NF-kB and triggers an aberrant inflammatory response leading to tissue damage. These new insights in the pathogenesis in IBD have led to new treatment possibilities including pre- and probiotics. These therapies are aimed at directly modulating the host immune system to suppress intestinal inflammation. This has prompted considerable interest in manipulating the enteric microenvironment as a novel therapeutic strategy Several clinical studies showed promising results rising pre- and probiotics in patients with ulcerative colitis, pouchitis and Crohn's disease. The introduction of genetically engineered probiotic organism to produce and deliver anti-inflammatory cytokines or other biological relevant molecules to the mucosa offers further new potential for the treatment of IBD."

"ABSTRAKEkstraksi Asbuton secara biologis terhadap CaCO3 sebagai pengotor utamaAsbuton dilakukan dengan dua tahap. Tahap pertama glukosa dikonversi menjadiasam laktat oleh bakteri Lactobacillus acidophilus FNCC 0051 melalui prosesfermentasi selama 24 jam pada suhu 37oC. Tahap kedua proses bioleachingCaCO3 berlangsung saat asam laktat bereaksi dengan CaCO3 menjadi kalsiumlaktat. Tingginya kandungan umpan glukosa dan besarnya kecepatan agitasimempengaruhi kemampuan bakteri mereduksi padatan karbonat. Keberadaankalsium laktat, CaCO3 dan aspal diuji menggunakan FTIR. Hasil penelitianmenunjukkan bahwa kandungan glukosa yang tinggi dengan kecepatan agitasiyang rendah mampu menghasilkan CaCO3 terlarut sebesar 0,3188%. KandunganCaCO3 pada ekstrak bitumen berkurang menjadi 19,67% dari 43,28% pada 150rpm dengan umpan glukosa 12 % (b/v).

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ABSTRACTBiologically extraction of Asbuton to leaching CaCO3 as the main impuritiesAsbuton done in two phases. The first phase, glucose is converted to lactic acid bythe bacteria Lactobacillus acidophilus FNCC 0051 through fermentation for 24hours at 37oC. The second phase, bioleaching CaCO3 takes place when lactic acidreacts with CaCO3 into calcium lactate. Percentage of glucose content and the rateof agitation speed in the feed is affects the ability of bacteria to reduce carbonatesolids. Presence of calcium lactate, CaCO3 and asphalt were tested using Fourier-Transform Infrared (FTIR). The results showed that the high glucose content withlow agitation speeds is able to produce CaCO3 dissolved by 0,3188%. Content ofCaCO3 solids in the extract bitumen was reduced to 19,67% from 43,28% at 150rpm agitation speeds with 12% (w/v) glucose content."

"This book offers interesting insight into initial works carried out to demonstrate the potential use of bacterial pigment as colorant for various applications."

"ABSTRAKLatar belakang:Sepsis adalah infeksi bakteri dalam darah yang sangat serius (SBI) karena akan mengancam jiwa. Masih tingginya angka kematian balita karena infeksi berat dan keterbatasan fasilitas di rumah sakit daerah untuk mendiagnosis terjadinya SBI,maka penilaian secara klinis dengan menggunakan standar yang valid dalam menegakkan diagnosis SBI sangat diperlukan.Salah satu metode yang dapat digunakan untuk menilai apakah anak diprediksi menderita SBI adalah dengan skala Acute illness observation scale (AIOS). Peneliti terdahulu menemukan skalaAIOS >8 mempunyai titik potong paling baik, tapi validasi keakuratannya perlu diteliti lebih lanjut. Tujuan:Melakukan validasi menggunakan skala AIOS>8 untuk mendeteksi terjadinya infeksi bakteri serius pada usia 3-36 bulan yang datang dengan demam, dan membandingkannya dengan diagnosis akhir dari dokter spesialis anak.Metode :Uji diagnostik potong lintang dan validasi skor menggunakan tabel dua kali dua, untuk mendapatkan nilai sensitifitas, spesifisitas, nilai duga positif, nilai duga negatif dan rasio kemungkinan positif dan negatif. Hasil penelitian :Dari 143 sampel, subjek penderita SBI sebesar 44(30,77%), proporsi anak laki-laki sama dengan perempuan. dan usia terbanyak adalah 3-12 bulan yaitu 27(61,4%) subjek. Subjek penderita SBI dengan skoring AIOS > 8 sebanyak 41( (93,2%%). Penyakit SBI terbanyak adalah pnemonia 21(47,7%) subjek, diikuti ISK (13,6%), diare bakterial, sepsis dan ensefalitis masing masing (9,1%), selulitis (6,8%) dan meningitis (4,6%) dan penyakit bukan SBI terbanyak adalah ISPA 36(36,4%) subjek. Sensitifitas skor AIOS 95,5% (IK 95%; 84,5-99,4%), spesifisitas 29,3% (IK 95%; 20,6-39,3%), nilai duga positif 37,5% (IK 95%; 34,3-40,9%), nilai duga negatif 93,6% (IK 95%; 78,4-98,3%), rasio kemungkinan positif 1,4 (IK95%; 1,2-1,6), rasio kemungkinan negatif 0,2 (IK95%; 0,04-0,6). AUC(area under receiver operating characteristic curve 0,655 dengan p 0,002 dan IK 95% 0,6-0,8) dapat mendiskriminasi pasien-pasien yang dicurigai SBI dengan baik. Kesimpulan : Penggunaan skala AIOS>8 sangat sensitif untuk mendeteksi terjadinya infeksi bakteri serius pada usia 3-36 bulan.

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ABSTRACTBack ground. Sepsis is a very serious bacterial infection in the blood (SBI) because it will be life-threatening. The high rates of under-five mortality due to severe infections and limited facilities in local hospitals, a clinical assessment must be use a valid standard to diagnose SBI. One method that can be used to assess whether a child is predicted to have SBI is the scale of the Acute illness observation scale (AIOS). The previous researcher found that the scale of AIOS > 8 has the best cutoff point, but the validation of accuracy needs to be further investigated.. Aim: Validate using AIOS scale> 8 to detect the occurrence of serious bacterial infections at the age of 3-36 months who come with fever, and compare it with the final diagnosis of pediatrician.Method. The cross-sectional diagnostic test and the scoring validation use the two-by-two tables, to obtain sensitivity, specificity, positive predictor, negative predictor and positive and negative probability ratios. Result. Of the 143 samples, the subject of SBI was 44 (30.77%), the proportion of boys was the same as for women. And the most ages were 3-12 months ie 27 (61.4%) subjects. Subjects of SBI patients with AIOS scores > 8 were 41 ((93.2 %%) .The highest SBI disease was pneumonia 21 (47.7%) subjects, followed by UTI (13.6%), bacterial diarrhea, sepsis and encephalitis respectively (9,1%), cellulitis (6.8%) and meningitis (4.6%) and non-SBI disease were mostly ARI 36 (36.4%) subjects, AIOS score sensitivity 95.5% (95% IK; 84,5-99,4%), specificity 29,3% (95% IK, 20,6-39,3%), positive predictive value 37,5% (95% IK, 34,3-40,9% ), A negative predictive value of 93.6% (95% IK, 78.4-98.3%), a positive likelihood ratio of 1.4 (IK95%, 1.2-1.6), a negative likelihood ratio of 0.2 ( IK95%; 0.04-0.6). AUC (area under receiver operating characteristic curve 0.655 with p 0.002 and 95% IK 0.6-0.8) can discriminate well-suspected SBI patients. Conclusion. The use of AIOS scale> 8 is very sensitive to detect serious bacterial infections at 3-36 months of age in area."

"Dalam penelitian ini dilakukan pengambilan kembali lithium dan cobalt dari limbah baterai Li-Ion. Proses yang digunakan yaitu terdiri dari proses leaching dan dilanjutnya dengan proses ekstraksi cair-cair. Proses leaching dilakukan dengan menggunakan asam sitrat sebagai leaching agent. Kemudian dilakukan proses ekstraksi cair-cair dengan menggunakan Cyanex® 272 sebagai ekstraktan. Hasil percobaan diuji menggunakan metode pengujian atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS). Proses leaching dengan menggunakan asam sitrat 1,5 M dapat menghasilkan logam lithium hingga mendekati 100% dan cobalt mendekati 90%. Proses ekstraksi cair-cair dengan pH fasa akuatik 6,6 dan konsentrasi Cyanex® 272 sebesar 0,2 M, menghasilkan 57,4% logam lithium dari total lithium awal dan 66,2% cobalt dari total cobalt awal.

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In this study conducted recovery of lithium and cobalt from waste of lithium ion batteries. The process that will be used is consisted of leaching and followed by solvent extraction. Leaching has done by using citric acid. Then, solvent extraction was done with Cyanex® 272 as the extractant. The lithium and cobalt concentration in the aqueous phase is characterized by atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS). Leaching process with 1.5 M citric acid can recover lithium nearly 100% and cobalt nearly 90%. Solvent extraction was done with pH of aqueous phase 6.6 and Cyanex® 272 0.2 M produce more than 55% lithium from the total initial of lithium and more than 65% of cobalt from the total initial is recovered."