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"Land-use is in a continuous process of change either planned or unplanned. AN increase in population has resulted into additional need for more agricultural land. CAttle population has relatively increased in line with population growth. This paper examines the changes in land-use pattern related to crop production and cattle rearing. Traditionally, crop production and cattle raising were conducted as separate enterprise. However cattle are recently kept at the agricultural land thus leading to extensive damage. In the district, this development occurred in the 1920s with the establishment of the borehole scheme. Currently, the grazing areas are considered to be overrulitised, hence necessitating land-use intensification including the adoption of 'modern' agricultural techniques and practices so as to minimise land deterioration and achieve sustainable production. "

"Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui gejala perkembangan pola penggunaan lahan di daerah hulu sungai sehubungan dengan perkembangan penduduk dan dinamika sosial ekonomi, dan bagaimana dampaknya terhadap kondisi hidrologi.Masalah pokok yang diteliti mencakup: (a) perkembangan pola penggunaan lahan dan dampaknya terhadap fluktuasi debit sungai, (b) korelasi antara peralihan hak pemilikan atau penguasaan lahan pertanian dengan alihguna lahan tersebut menjadi pemukiman, dan (c) korelasi antara status pemilikan atau penguasaan lahan pertanian dengan kondisi penggunaan lahan tersebut. Sehubungan dengan kemungkinan adanya korelasi-korelasi antara variabel-variabel tersebut, dirumuskan dua hipotesis sebagai berikut :1) Alihguna lahan pertanian menjadi pemukiman ada korelasinya dengan peralihan hak pemilikan atau penguasaan lahan tersebut, kalau peralihan hak itu terjadi dari penduduk lokal (desa) kepada penduduk kota.2) Kondisi penggunaan lahan pertanian yang dimiliki atau dikuasai oleh penduduk kota cenderung lebih jelek dari lahan pertanian yang dimiliki penduduk desa.Penelitian ini dilaksanakan dengan menggunakan data perkembangan penggunaan lahan di daerah hulu Ciliwung, Kecamatan Cisarua, Jawa Barat, yang meliputi kurun waktu 17 tahun {1969-1986).Perkembangan pola penggunaan lahan diungkapkan secara deskriptif berdasarkan hasil analisa peta-peta penggunaan lahan tahun 1969, 1978, dan 1983 serta data registrasi Kantor Kecamatan Cisarua tahun 1986. Pengujian hipotesis dilakukan dengan cara analisa statistik menggunakan 438 sampel persil tanah yang dipilih secara acak terlapis di 7 desa dalam wilayah penelitian.Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa lahan pertanian di daerah hulu Ciliwung mengalami perubahan yang cepat menjadi pemukiman, dan di samping itu ada kecenderungan alihguna sawah menjadi kebun campuran. Laju perluasan lahan pemukiman rata-rata 44 ha (5,8 %) per tahun. Akibat tekanan penduduk kota laju perluasan pemukiman lebih cepat daripada laju pertumbuhan penduduk lokal. Alihguna lahan pertanian menjadi pemukiman ternyata mempunyai korelasi kuat dengan peralihan hak pemilikan atau penggunaan lahan tersebut dari penduduk lokal kepada penduduk kota. Walaupun di daerah ini terdapat kasus-kasus tanah terlantar yang dimiliki penduduk kota, namun ternyata tidak ada korelasi antara status pemilikan atau domisili pemilik lahan dengan kondisi penggunaan lahan tersebut.Perkembangan penggunaan lahan di daerah ini diduga telah mengakibatkan dampak negatif terhadap kondisi hidrologi berupa peningkatan.fluktuasi debit sungai akibat perluasan lahan pemukiman dan terutama akibat penggunaan lahan pertanian lahan kering yang kurang memperhatikan aspek konservasi tanah. Selain daripada itu peralihan hak pemilikan atau penguasaan lahan dari penduduk desa kepada penduduk kota diduga dapat menimbulkan dampak sosial berupa pelonjakan harga lahan pertanian, melemahnya fungsi sosial tanah di pedesaan, dan keresahan sosial.

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This research aims to know phenomenon of land use pattern development in upstream area in connection with population growth and socio-economical dynamic and, to assess its impact on hydrological condition.

The main issues include: (a) the trend of land use changes and it's impact on fluctuation of river run off, (b) correlation between mutation of agricultural land ownership and it's land use conversion to settlement area, and (c) correlation between status of agricultural land ownership and condition of it's utilization. Two hypotheses concerning correlations between the mentioned variables are formulated:

1) Agricultural land use conversion into settlement area is having correlation with its mutation of land ownership, if the mutation happened from the rural to urban people;

2) Condition of the agricultural land utilization owned by the urban people tends worse than that owned by the rural people.

The research was carried out using land use development data in the Upper Ciliwung, Cisarua Sub district, West Java, covering 17 years period (1969-1986). The trend of land use changes during this period was analyzed based on land use maps of the 1969, 1978, and 1983 editions, and land registration data of the Cisarua Sub district Office in 1986. To prove the hypotheses, statistical analysis was applied using 438 stratified random samples of plot (land holding) taken from 7 villages in the study area.

Conclusions of this research are as follows: During the period of 1969-1986 agricultural land in Upper Ciliwung rapidly changed into settlement area and, there is also a tendency of conversion of rice field into mixed garden. Average extension rate of the settlement area was about 44 ha (5.8 %) per year. This rate was higher than the rate of local population growth due to urban population pressure. Conversion of agricultural land into settlement area evidently has strong correlation with mutation of land ownership from rural to urban people. Although there are some agricultural lands belong to urban people are poorly utilized, but there is no correlation between status of agricultural landowner ship and condition of its utilization.

Land use development in this area is predicted to bring about negative impact on hydrological condition i.e. the increase of river run off fluctuation caused by extension of settlement area and mainly due to utilization of agricultural land with less attention on land conservation aspect. It is predicted also that mutation of land ownership from the rural to urban people possibly causes social impacts such as rising of agricultural land price, weakening the social function of land in rural area, and social stress."

"A land cover/land use classification is proposed covering most of the major features found in the Indonesian Archipelago. The classification is based on a complex set of criteria related to physiognomic, functional and ecological characteristics of the ecosystems. The open-ended, hierarchical classification is supplemented with the definitions of the classes. An attempt is then made to identify complexes of land use as an important step in the characterization of ecosystems. Spatial sequences or catena of land use types are recognized for Java and Sumatra. "

"Land use competition in areas surrounding the urban area is the major factor influencing rural land use changes. Land use for agricultural activities is being changed into urban use. The rural land cover can be identified on the SPOT and Landsat imagery. The trend of urban development toward the rural area can be studied sing SPOT and Landsat imagery. The aims of this study are to know the rural land use changes and to know the urban development pattern in Surakarta. The SPOT and Landsat imagery are the main data sources and the interpretation is used in getting the data. The land cover is identified and classified based on the pixel value. The object of land use is classified into four classes. Using the temporal and spatial approach, the changes of rural land use to urban one can be known."

"ABSTRAKBenturan kepentingan dalam pelaksanaan pembangunan sering kali sulit atau tidak dikompromikan, sehingga menjadi beban fungsi lingkungan hidup (LH). Lingkungan hidup sebagai pendukung sistem kehidupan yang terdiri atas kesatuan ruang dengan segenap pengada(entity), berupa Benda(materi) serta makhluk hidup termasuk manusia dan perilakunya, akhir-akhir ini mengalami penurunan kualitas yang mulai mengkhawatirkan. Ruang (tanah) di suatu wilayah, ada yang diutamakan untuk keperluan permukiman, sehingga bergesekan dengan kepentingan lain yaitu untuk keperluan pelayanan yang dimaksudkan untuk mencari daya atau peluang yang lebih baik. Salah satu gejala yang perlu mendapat perhatian untuk ditelaah di dalam penelitian ini adalah kebutuhan penduduk di Kota Metropolitan Jakarta akan rumah yang terus meningkat, sementara ruang (tanah) yang tersedia makin menyempit, sehingga permukiman menebar ke wilayah di pinggirannya.Pembangunan dapat mengakibatkan penggunaan tanah yang beragam, untuk mendukung dinamika kehidupan secara keseluruhan. Tetapi ada kecenderungan juga yang justru dikembangkan ke arah penggunaan tanah tunggal yakni untuk permukiman. Tanah pada umumnya dikuasai oleh perorangan atau oleh pengembang skala besar, sedang akibatnya terhadap penduduk lokal, seperti penggusuran, dan kehilangan pekerjaaan tidak cukup mendapat perhatian, sehingga mereka makin miskin.Tujuan penelitian ini adalah mengkaji pola penggunaan tanah yang memungkinkan penduduk lokal dapat memperoleh makna dan manfaat pembangunan, sehingga kualitas hidupnya menjadi lebih baik.Perluasan permukiman yang tidak menghemat ruang pada berbagai wilayah menunjukkan bahwa dapat mempengaruhi kualitas hidup penduduk. Gejala itu dapat ditelaah dari penelusuran kejadian pemanfaatan sumber daya alam (SDA) oleh manusia melalui lingkungan hidup buatan atau binaan berupa penggunaan tanah. Dari pola penggunaan tanah dapat ditelaah juga interaksi antara fungsi sosial, ekonomi, dan ekologi. Interaksi antarfungsi yang kompleks memerlukan pemikiran tentang usaha kompromi dan koordinasi untuk mencapai pembangunan yang sustainable. Jadi konsep dasar dalam penelitian ini adalah penghematan ruang (tanah), peningkatan nilai tambah SDA, pengelompokan wilayah yang disusun atas dasar kesamaan karakteristik daerah, dan indikator kualitas hidup.Hipotesis pertama yang diajukan dalam penelitian ini adalah perluasan penggunaan tanah permukiman yang terus berlangsung ke wilayah pinggiran kota metropolitan mengakibatkan penduduk lokal kehilangan pekerjaan dan menjadi miskin. Hipotesis kedua adalah pembangunan yang tidak memperhatikan kegiatan penduduk lokal dalam memanfaatkan tanah, mengakibatkan penurunan pada kualitas hidup. Interaksi fungsi pelayanan dari segi pendidikan, peluang kerja, proporsi hasil, keadilan dalam RT/RW yang memungkinkan penggunaan tanah beragam memberi pengaruh pada peningkatan kualitas hidup penduduk lokal.Penelitian ini dilakukan di Depok, Serpong, dan Pacet, karena daerah itu menunjukkan perbedaan fisik, dan juga terdapat berbagai variasi dari kegiatan sosial-ekonomi penduduknya.Analisis faktor yang disertai penerapan analisis komponen utama, analisis pengelompokan, dan analisis pembeda digunakan untuk mengolah berbagai variabel, seperti kepadatan penduduk, persentase petani, penduduk miskin, sawah, kebun campuran, permukiman, industri, jasa, jarak ke pasar dan lain-lain. Hasilnya menunjukkan terdapat lima tipe wilayah di Depok, dan di Serpong, yaitu kampung miskin, perumahan pengembang, perumahan tradisional, pertanian, dan industri. Sedangkan Pacet tergolong sebagai wilayah usaha pertanian.Untuk melakukan proses analisis yang berikutnya telah dilakukan wawancara terhadap 176 responden di Depok, 70 responden di Serpong, serta 50 responden di Pacet. Jumlah responden dihitung berdasarkan proporsi penduduk miskin. Bahan wawancara yang digunakan adalah indikator kualitas hidup yang terdiri atas tingkat kesehatan, kemiskinan, pendidikan, kesempatan kerja, proporsi hasil, keamanan sosial, serta daya dukung SDA,Kelompok wilayah dan waktu tempuh dari permukiman ke daerah pelayanan umum (DPU) menggambarkan struktur ruang wilayah. Di Depok DPU terletak berdekatan dengan perumahan pengembang, perumahan tradisional, industri dan pertanian. Sementara di Serpong DPU terletak di sekitar perumahan mewah yang berdampingan (hanya dibatasi tembok) dengan perumahan penduduk miskin. Keadaan ini mencerminkan bahwa pengembang besar membangun permukiman di wilayah (yang 20 tahun sebelumnya) merupakan kampung miskin. Sedangkan di Pacet DPU terletak di sekitar perumahan tradisional, dan daerah pertanian.Korelasi fungsi yang cukup kuat menunjukkan bahwa penguasaan tanah yang disertai oleh perluasan permukiman diikuti peningkatan persentase penduduk miskin, karena kegiatan yang dapat ditekuni penduduk menghilang, sementara untuk memasuki bidang formal tidak cukup tingkat pendidikannya. Hasil analisis ini menjelaskan bahwa hipotesis pertama dapat diterima. Sebaliknya pada wilayah yang tetap dapat memberi peluang kerja untuk penduduk yang rendah tingkat pendidikannya, persentase penduduk miskin rendah. Keadaan itu menyebabkan kualitas hidup di Depok adalah baik, sementara di Pacet adalah cukup, dan di Serpong adalah sedang. Hasil analisis ini menunjukkan bahwa hipotesis kedua dapat diterima. Penelitian ini juga menjelaskan bahwa pada wilayah dengan penggunaan tanah beragam dapat berkembang pelayanan jasa, dan industri yang mendukung pertumbuhan penduduk yang tinggi, disertai fungsi ekologi dan sosial yang tetap baik, sehingga kualitas hidup penduduk baik. Hasil analisis ini menjelaskan bahwa hipotesis ketiga dapat diterima, dan menjadi dasar dari teori jejak penggunaan tanah.Oleh karena itu pemerintah perlu membatasi izin penguasaan tanah untuk perluasan permukiman. Pengusaha perlu mengembangkan tanggung jawab sosial perusahaannya, untuk memberi nilai tambah hasil pembangunan, dengan turut serta dan membantu upaya masyarakat dalam peningkatan pendidikan, peluang kerja, keamanan sosial, serta membantu memasarkan hasil pascapanen, maupun pemanfaatan SDA yang tersia-siakan seperti meningkatkan nilai produk yang dihasilkannya, pembuatan dan pemanfaatan kompos. Selanjutnya diperlukan peningkatan kemitraan dalam menumbuhkan hubungan serasi dan setara antara penduduk yang memperoleh manfaat dari pembangunan permukiman dengan penduduk lokal untuk memperoleh dasar penataan ruang yang baru.

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ABSTRACT

Conflict of interest in the development is often difficult and un-compromised, and these conditions became a burden of the environmental function. Environment that supported a living system consist of spatial unit with the whole entity such as material and other organism included human and its behaviors, in the recent time began a bothered experience of degradation of its quality. There were a space of land on one region, which prioritized for the residential area, until it scratching with other interest such as service for various interests, which intended to search for better strength and possibilities. One phenomenon, which has to be considered to study in this research, was the increasing need of Jakarta Metropolitan citizens, of housing; meanwhile, the accessible land space was decreasing, until the residential area spread to the edge area of Jakarta.

The development could cause the diversity of land use, to support the dynamic of total living entity. But there were a tendency that had been developed to use the land one way that was a settlement area. Land authorized by individual or big scale developer generally, while the local people received negative results such as residential removal, and occupational lost. This negative effect was not received attention enough and as a result the people were getting poorer.

The intention of this research is to study the land use patterns, which gave possibility for local people to obtain the benefit of development and to improve their quality of life.

The expansion of residential area is not using space (land) economically on some regions showed an influence on the quality of life of the local people. The phenomena can be examined through the study of incidence of natural resources or natural capital utilization through the made of man-made environment by land utilization, Based on land use pattern can be studied the interaction of function such as economic, social, and ecological functions. Inter-functional interaction needed a consideration on compromise and coordination efforts, to reach sustainable development. Thus, the basic concepts of this research were the save or efficient utilization of space (land), increasing of natural resources additional value, regional classification which based on homogeneities characteristic of area, and quality of life indicators.

First hypothesis said that the continuous expansion of settlement from Jakarta Metropolitan to the areas in its vicinity causes the local people loosing their job, and made poorer. Second hypothesis said that the development which unconsidered without local people activities which was done on the land, it will result in the decreasing the local people quality of life. And third hypothesis said that the interaction of services function, in term of education, job opportunity, proportion of income, justice of spatial planning which allowed to various used of land utilization, gave influence on increasing of the local people quality of life.

The study was conducted at Depok, Serpong, and Pacet based on their different physical character, and the variety of the socio-economic activities of the people.

Factor analysis, which is followed by principal components analysis, and also cluster analysis, discriminant analysis are used to examine and classify the area using some variables. Those variables are population density, percentage of farmer, percentage of poor people, percentage of area of rice field, mixed garden, settlement, industry, services, trading, waste land, distance to the market place, and so on. The result showed that there were five regions in Depok and Serpong, Those are poor villages or poor kampong, real estate areas, and traditional housing areas, agricultural areas, and industrial area. On the contrary, some villages at Pacet are classified into agricultural region, with most of the people lived as a local farmer.

Furthermore, the interviews were done at random to 170 respondents in Depok, 70 respondents in Serpong, and 50 respondents in Pacet. The samples size was calculated based on the poor people proportion at that region. The interview substances are the quality of life indicators that comprise level of health, poverty, education, and job opportunity, proportion of income, social security, and also the carrying capacity of natural resources.

Type of regions and distance to travel from the settlement areas to the central business district (CBD) explained the urban spatial structure. In Depok, the real estate, traditional housing, industrial areas, and farming areas are located consecutively closed to CBD. Meanwhile, in Serpong, the luxury housing region and the low class housing areas both only separated by a wall are located consecutively close to the new CBD. This phenomenon shows that, 20 years ago, the real estate built by the large-scale developers were developed in the poor village region. While in Pacet, the CBD was closed to the traditional housing areas and farming areas.

The strong enough functional correlation showed that the land authority and the expansion of real estate built by the large-scale developers was accompanied by the higher percentage of poor people, because there was no more opportunity for the less-educated people to utilize the land for their activity, meanwhile the less-education competence of the local people cannot support to find other jobs. This analysis showed that the first hypothesis could be accepted. On the other hand or opposite, at the region where the job opportunity for the less-educated people exist, the percentage of poor people are still low. This condition leads the quality of life for the local people in Depok is good, while in Pact is quite good, meanwhile in Serpong is modest. This analysis showed that the second hypothesis could be accepted. This research also explains that the region with multiple land use could be developed services industry, and manufacturing industry, which are able to support the high population growth, followed by continuing good social and ecological function, so that the quality of life for the local people is good. This analysis showed that the third hypothesis can be accepted, and can be a foundation of the footprints of land use theory.

Due to these facts, the local government should control the permit of land acquisition for settlement expansion. The private sectors are in need to develop a corporate social responsibility to take their role on giving the value added on development by joining and supporting the efforts of societies to increase their level of education, social security, and also to assist on marketing of post-harvest agriculture product and recycling the wasted resource such as producing compost. Furthermore, there is an urgent need to develop a friendly partnership of the relationship between the people, who lived in the luxury house areas with the local people in order to stimulate a new optimal spatial planning."

"Perubahan pemanfaatan lahan di perkotaan yang ditunjukkan dengan semakin meningkatnya lahan-lahan yang digunakan untuk kegiatan perindustrian dan permukiman telah membawa dampak terhadap perubahan rona lingkungan yang mengarah pada degradasi iingkungan. Salah satu tujuan penataan ruang (UU No. 24 /1992 tentang Penataan Ruang) adalah mewujudkan perlindungan fungsi ruang dan mencegah serta menanggulangi dampak negatif terhadap lingkungan.Kota Sungai Raya merupakan ibukota Kecamaian Sungai Raya Kabupaten Pontianak, secara administratif terdiri dari 3 (tiga) desa, yaitu: Desa Sungai Raya, Desa Arang Limbung dan Desa Kuala Dua. Luas Kota Sungai Raya sekitar 7.011,7 Ha. Kota Sungai Raya perbatasan langsung dengan Kota Pontianak (ibukota Propinsi Kalimantan Barat). Sepanjang Kota Sungai Raya dibatasi oleh Sungai Kapuas. Kota Sungai Raya merupakan kota industri. Industri dan permukiman penduduk lebih banyak terdapat di sepanjang Sungai Kapuas ruas Kota Sungai Raya.

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Land use change in the city, which shows more increasing for area that functions as industrial and housing uses that, already occupy and give impact on the environmental quality. This means environmental degradation ocurred. One of the purposes for spatial planning, is staled law number 24/1992 concerning spatial management in realizing the spatial functions and avoid the adverse effect to environment.Sungai Raya City as the capital Sungai Raya District, Pontlanak Regency, administratively consists of three villages, namely: Sungai Raya Village, Arang Limbung village and Kuala Dua Village. The area Sungai Raya City is about 7011,7 hectares. Sungai Raya City ls directly neighbourhood or near by Pontianak City (the capital of West Kallmantan Province). Sungai Raya City along Kapuas river. Sungai Raya City ls an industrial city. Industries and housing areas are located along Kapuas river as a part of Sungai Raya City."

"Cekungan Bandung merupakan salah satu wilayah dengan pertumbuhan penduduk yang besar di Jawa Barat. Kondisi seperti ini telah mengakibatkan perubahan penggunaan tanah yang intensif di daerah Cekungan Bandung dari tahun 1994-2010. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui kecenderungan perubahan penggunaan tanah di Cekungan Bandung, terutama tanah terbangun. Informasi penggunaan tanah diolah dari peta penggunaan tanah yang didapat dari Badan Pertanahan Nasional (BPN) dan citra satelit dengan verifikasi lapang sebanyak 33 lokasi. Analisis deskriptif dengan pendekatan keruangan dilakukan untuk mengetahui arah perubahan penggunaan tanah terbangun. Hasil analisis memperlihatkan bahwa tanah terbangun cenderung bergerak kearah selatan dan timur. Pada bagian utara meskipun penduduknya lebih padat, faktor topografi dan kemiringan lereng mempengaruhi perkembangan tanah terbangun di bagian utara. Pada bagian selatan dan timur, faktor topografi yang datar dengan kemiringan lereng yang landai menyebabkan perubahan tanah terbangun cenderung menuju kedua arah ini.

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The Bandung basin is one of the areas with a large population growth in West Java. This condition has resulted in intensive land use change in the area of Bandung Basin from 1994-2010. The purpose of this research is to know the trend of land use change in Bandung Basin, especially urban land. Land use information from land use map is obtained from the Badan Pertanahan Nasional (BPN) and satellite imagery with ground verification by as much 33 location. Analysis descriptive with spatial approach conducted to determine land use change direction, especially urban land.

Results of the analysis show that urban land tend to move towards the south and east. In the North despite the inhabitants are more dense, topography and slope of slope factors influenced the development of the urban land in the North. On the south and the east, a factor of topography and slope caused change to urban land tend to rise in two directions."

"The first nearly complete land use/land cover map of the island of Sulawesi was prepared using the 1972 Landsat imagery. Seventeen Landsat frames were used in a multistage approach to compile what is believed to be the first map of its kind covering the two hundreds and two thousand sq.km. on the island. This paper reports the methods of visual analysis, data compilation and transfer, and ground truth sampling which were adopted for the mapping. Discrepancies between the Landsat images and the existing topographic maps are described. "