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"The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of different staining solutions on the color coordinates of indirect light-cured resin composites. 112 discs were made using four indirect composites, Signum+/ Haraeus-Kulzer, Sinfony/3M-Espe, GC Gradia/GC, Ena HRi/Micerium, and divided into four groups which immersed in tea, coffee, chocolate and distilled water, at 37°C, for 4 weeks, was measured according to CIELAB system and AL*, Aa*, Ab and AE* values were calculated for all immersion periods. The effect of time, solution and material on primary and secondary color coordinates was estimated using two-way repeated ANOV As and pairwise comparisons, at a = 0.05. The results showed that coffee strongly affected all the materials (p < 0.05), followed by tea and chocolate. Sinfony presented the highest color change (p < 0.05), due to changes in b* and L* coordinates. Color coordinates were affected differently by material type and solution. In conclusion, this study showed that the color of indirect resin composites was affected by all three examined factors (immersion time, staining solution and material type), in a clinically appreciable level (AE* > 2.7 U) even from the first week, and in an unacceptable level (AE* > 5.5 U) in the second, third and fourth week, depending on the staining solution and the material. "

"The traditional fiber reinforced composite (FRC) contains bishpenol A glycidyl methacrylate (bis-GMA) in the resin matrix, which is thought to have some disadvantages. This research aimed at replacing bis-GMA with another monomer-urethane dimethacrylate (UED-MA), with the desired properties for dental use still retained. Four groups were prepared with light-curing (n = 30), one Control group with a bis-GMA-based resin matrix and three experimental groups with UEDMA-based matrices (Exper 1, Exper 2 and Exper 3 with a varying UEDMA weight percentage). Specimens were stored in dry conditions for 24 h or in deionized water for 1, 3, 6 or 12 months prior to the tests. Water sorption (n = 6), Vicker's hardness (n = 6) and flexural properties (n = 6) after each storage time were investigated.Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images were taken at the fracture sites after 3-point bending. All the results were statistically analyzed (α = 0.05). The Exper 1 group exhibited the lowest weight increase after water storage among the experimental groups. As for dry conditions, 1- and 6-month storage, different resin matrix compositions made no significant difference to hardness, while for 3- and 12- month storage, "Control" possessed the highest hardness. The Control group's strength and modulus, Exper 1 and Exper 2's modulus were stable during water storage. Compared to other experimental groups, Exper 1 had the highest strength and modulus values with most of the storage times. SEM images showed relatively good adhesion between the fiber and the matrix. With all the tested properties considered, the Exper 1 group had superior performance among all the three experimental groups."

"The aim of this study was to examine defect depths and volumes at the resin composite-dentin (R/D) interface after air polishing with different particles and spray angles. Samples were 54 dentin specimens that were formed in saucer-shaped cavities filled with resin composite. Each specimen was air polished with either sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3) or one of two glycine (Gly) powders. The air polisher was set at angles of 90° to the interface and at 45° to the interface from both the dentin and resin composite sides. Air polishing with Gly powder produced defects with less depth and volume than NaHCO3 powder (p < 0.05). Air polishing with a spray angle of 45° to the interface from the resin composite side produced fewer defects (p < 0.05) than polishing from the dentin side. Air polishing to the R/D interface from the resin composite side produced fewer defects to the interface because the hardness of the resin composite was higher than that of dentin. "

"Tujuan penelitian ini adalah melihat kekerasan permukaan dasar komposit resin aktivasi sinar yang berbeda warna. Tiga kelompok spesimen komposit resin warna terang (B1), sedang (A3), gelap (C3) dari Z250XT, 3M ESPE (USA) berbentuk silinder dipolimerisasi menggunakan LED light curing unit. Uji kekerasan dilakukan menggunakan Knoop Microhardness Tester. Hasil menunjukkan bahwa komposit resin warna terang (B1), sedang (A3) dan gelap (C3), berurutan, 82,4+1.1 KHN, 75,9+1.2 KHN dan 65.9+1.91 KHN. Terdapat perbedaan bermakna (p<0,001) antara masing-masing kelompok spesimen komposit. Disimpulkan bahwa terdapat perbedaan kekerasan permukaan dasar komposit resin antara warna yang berbeda.

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The objective of the present study was to observe the undersurface microhardness of nanofilled light-cured resin composites of different shades. Three groups of specimens are used, light-shade(B1), medium-shade(A3), and dark-shade(C3) from Z250XT,3M ESPE-USA in the silinder form which later polymerized using LED light curing unit. The microhardness was tested using Knoop Microhardness Tester. The microhardness test result of light (B1), medium (A3), and dark shade (C3), 82,4+1.1 KHN, 75,9+1.2 KHN and 65.9+1.91 KHN respectively. The result showed a significant difference (p<0,001) between each group. The study proved difference undersurface microhardness between different shades of resin composite."

"Latar Belakang: Perawatan restorasi resin komposit nanofilled dan nanohybrid memerlukan prosedur pemolesan untuk mengurangi tingkat kekasaran permukaan sehingga permukaan halus dan mengkilap. Tujuan: Membandingkan kekasaran permukaan resin komposit nanofilled dan nanohybrid setelah pemolesan menggunakan teknik multiple-step. Metode: 40 spesimen resin komposit yang dibagi ke dalam 2 kelompok 20 spesimen nanofilled Filtek Z350XT A dan 20 spesimen nanohybrid Filtek Z250XT B dipersiapkan kemudian dipoles. Setelah direndam dalam saliva buatan selama 24 jam, tingkat kekasaran permukaan diukur dengan surface roughness tester. Hasil: Hasil rerata tingkat kekasaran permukaan beserta standar deviasi kelompok A adalah 0,0967 m 0,0174 sedangkan kelompok B adalah 0,1217 m 0,0244. Secara statistik p=0,05 terdapat perbedaan signifikan antara kedua kelompok. Kesimpulan: Dapat disimpulkan bahwa tingkat kekasaran permukaan resin komposit nanofilled setelah pemolesan dengan teknik multiple-step lebih baik dibandingkan dengan nanohybrid.

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Background: Restorative treatment using nanofilled and nanohybrid composite should be finished and polished to reduce surface roughness and create smoother surface of the composite.

Objective: To compare the surface roughness nanofilled and nanohybrid composite resin after polishing using multi step technique.

Method: 40 composite resin specimens were divided into 2 groups 20 nanofilled specimens Filtek Z350XT A and 20 nanohybrid specimens Filtek Z250XT B was prepared and then polished. After immersion in artificial saliva for 24 hours, the surface roughness is measured with a surface roughness tester.

ResultL The mean surface roughness results along with standard deviation of group A is 0,0967 m 0,0174 while group B is 0,1217 m 0,0244. Statistically with p 0.05 , there are significant differences between each group.

Conclusion: Surface roughness of nanofilled composite resin after polishing with multiple step technique is better than nanohybrid."

"Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengevaluasi pengaruh durasi penyinaran terhadap kekuatan tarik diametral resin komposit bulk-fill. Enam puluh spesimen Tetric N-Ceram Bulk-Fill ketebalan 3 mm dan diameter 6 mm; warna IVA dan IVW dibagi ke dalam 3 kelompok berdasarkan durasi penyinaran 10 detik, 15 detik, dan 20 detik untuk setiap warna. Spesimen dipolimerisasi dengan LED curing unit Bluephase Style, 1.280 mW/cm2 dan diuji kekuatan tarik diametralnya menggunakan uji statistik Universal Testing Machine. Data yang diperoleh dianalisis menggunakan One-Way ANOVA dan Post-Hoc Tukey HSD. Hasil menunjukkan adanya perbedaan bermakna.

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This study was conducted to evaluate the influence of different exposure time and bulk fill composite shade on its diametral tensile strength. Sixty disc shaped specimens of Tetric N Ceram Bulk Fill 3 mm of thickness x 6 mm of diameter shade IVA and IVW were divided into 3 subgroups for each shade according to exposure times 10 s, 15 s, and 20 s . All specimens were polymerized using LED curing unit Bluephase Style, 1.280 mW cm2 and tested using Universal Testing Machine to determine its diametral tensile strength. Data were statistically analyzed using One Way ANOVA dan Post Hoc Tukey test. The result showed a significant differences in all groups."

"Latar belakang: Penelitian sebelumnya telah membuat LCU-LED prototip iradiansi 1000mW/cm2 dengan penyinaran 20 dan 10 detik. Tujuan: Menganalisis pengaruh waktu penyinaran terhadap viabilitas sel dari komposit resin nanofil yang dipapar ke sel HaCaT. Metode Penelitian: Sampel berupa komposit resin nanofil yang disinar menggunakan LCU-LED prototip selama 20 atau 10 detik. Viabilitas sel diperoleh dengan pemaparan sel HaCaT pada larutan ekstrak komposit resin, dan diukur menggunakan MTT assay. Hasil: Tidak terdapat perbedaan bermakna antara viabilitas sel dari sampel yang disinar menggunakan LCU-LED prototip selama 20 dan 10 detik (p>0,05). Kesimpulan: LCU-LED prototip yang digunakan untuk menyinar komposit resin selama 20 atau 10 detik menghasilkan viabilitas sel yang sama.

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Introduction: Previous study has made LED-LCU prototype with irradiance of 1000mW/cm2 with curing time of 20 and 10 seconds.

Objective: To analyze the influence of curing time on cell viability of nanofilled composite resins which is exposed to HaCaT cell-line.

Methods: Samples of nanofilled resin composite were cured by LED-LCU prototype for 20 or 10 seconds. Cell viability was obtained by exposing HaCaT cell-line to extract solution of the samples and evaluated using MTT assay.

Results: There was no signifficant difference between cell viability of samples which cured using LED-LCU prototype for 20 and 10 seconds (p>0,05).

Conclusion: LED-LCU prototype that was used to cure resin composite for 20 or 10 seconds showed similar cell viability."

"Dalam pengaturan kartel di Indonesia, pendekatan yang digunakan adalah pendekatan Rule of Reason, dengan kata lain harus ada proses pembuktian yang menunjukkan bahwa memang telah terjadi praktek kartel diantara para pelaku usaha. Diseluruh negara di dunia yang memberlakukan Hukum Persaingan Usaha, praktek kartel merupakan pelanggaran yang sangat sulit untuk dibuktikan. Hal ini dikarenakan kasus kartel jarang atau tidak memiliki bukti langsung (direct evidence/hard evidence), mengingat pada umumya perjanjian kartel tidak dibuat berdasarkan perjanjian tertulis. Dikarenakan kesulitan tersebut, munculnya praktek penggunaan indirect evidence sebagai alat bukti pun banyak dilakukan di berbagai negara, didasari pertimbangan bahwa memang sulit memperoleh bukti langsung dari praktek kartel. Pada praktiknya, yang kerap digunakan KPPU sebagai indirect evidence adalah hasil analisis terhadap hasil pengolahan data yang mencerminkan terjadinya supernormal profit yang terjadi bukan karena peningkatan efisiensi dan produktivitas perusahaan. Jika melihat putusan KPPU atas kasus dugaan kartel fuel surcharge (komponen tarif baru yang ditujukan untuk menutup biaya yang diakibatkan oleh kenaikan harga avtur sebagai imbas dari kenaikan harga minyak dunia) oleh sembilan maskapai penerbangan di Indonesia, maka kasus ini diputus didasarkan pada bukti tidak langsung (indirect evidence). Dalam putusannya Majelis KPPU menggunakan uji korelasi dan homogeneity variance test, yang sampai pada kesimpulan bahwa pergerakan fuel surcharge menunjukkan adanya trend yang sama diantara para terlapor (maskapai penerbangan). KPPU menilai sejak diberlakukan komponen tarif baru ini, fuel surcharge penerbangan mengalami kenaikan yang signifikan, dan tetap diberlakukan meskipun harga minyak dunia (avtur) mengalami penurunan yang signifikan. Dari apa yang terdapat dalam Peraturan KPPU, maka indirect evidence termasuk dalam kategori bukti petunjuk. Namun dalam Peraturan KPPU tersebut tidak dijelaskan lebih lanjut apa saja yang termasuk dalam alat bukti petunjuk, hanya saja disebutkan bahwa petunjuk merupakan pengetahuan Majelis Komisi yang olehnya diketahui dan diyakini kebenarannya.

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In analyzing the cartel, there are two kinds of business competition law approach is used, i.e. Per Se Illegal and Rule of Reason. In the cartel arrangements in Indonesia, the approach used is Rule of Reason, in other words there should be a process of evidence showing that indeed there has been a cartel practices among business actors. Around country in the world imposing a Business Competition Law, the cartel practice is a violation that is very difficult to prove. It because of cartel cases rarely or do not have direct evidence which is not generally made under a written agreement. Due to these difficulties, the emergence of using practice of indirect evidence as a proof was mostly done in many countries, based on the consideration it was difficult to obtain direct evidence. In practice, that is often used by the Business Competition Supervisory Commission as indirect evidence is the result of an analysis of data processing reflecting the occurrence of supernormal profits which is not due to the increased efficiency and productivity of the company. In its decision in case of alleged cartel fuel surcharge (new tariff component intended to cover expenses as the impact of the increased aviation fuel price affected by the rising world oil prices) by nine airlines in Indonesia, commission decided it based on indirect evidence (indirect evidence). In its decision the Commission used correlation and variance homogeneity test, which brought to the conclusion that the movement of fuel surcharge showed the same trend among the reported (airlines). The Commission considered since enacted the new tariff components, the fuel surcharge flights experienced a significant increase, and remain in place despite world oil prices (aviation fuel) has decreased significantly. From what is contained in the Commission's Regulations, indirect evidence is categorized as clue proof. In the Regulation itself is not explained further what is included in the clue proof, it's just mentioned that the clue is the knowledge by which the Commission is known and believed the truth."

"ABSTRAKTujuan penelitian ini adalah guna mengetahui kebocoran antara tumpatan resin komposit lama dan baru dengan merek dan jenis yang sama maupun berbeda. Penelitian dilakukan secara invitro pada 68 lempeng komposit yang dibagi menjadi 2 kelompok yang terdiri atas'10 Hybrid dan 20 Mikrofil. Satu kelompok direndam dalam air selama satu hari, yang lainnya direndam selama tujuh hari. Kemudian dibuat 3 kelompok terdiri atas kombinasi resin komposit Hybrid-Hybrid, Hybrid-Mikrofil, Mikrofil-Mikrofil. Dan semua lempengan ini direndam dalam metylen biru 2% selama satu hari. Untuk mengukur penetrasi zat warna digunakan mikroskop stereo merek Nikon.Data kebocoran dianalisa dengan ANOVA 2 arah dan t test.Diperoleh hasil bahwa pada perendaman satu hari dan tujuh hari, kebocoran antara komposit lama dan baru yang merek dan jenisnya sama lebih kecil daripada resin komposit yang merek dan jenisnya berlainan."