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"The aim of this study was to examine defect depths and volumes at the resin composite-dentin (R/D) interface after air polishing with different particles and spray angles. Samples were 54 dentin specimens that were formed in saucer-shaped cavities filled with resin composite. Each specimen was air polished with either sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3) or one of two glycine (Gly) powders. The air polisher was set at angles of 90° to the interface and at 45° to the interface from both the dentin and resin composite sides. Air polishing with Gly powder produced defects with less depth and volume than NaHCO3 powder (p < 0.05). Air polishing with a spray angle of 45° to the interface from the resin composite side produced fewer defects (p < 0.05) than polishing from the dentin side. Air polishing to the R/D interface from the resin composite side produced fewer defects to the interface because the hardness of the resin composite was higher than that of dentin. "

"The traditional fiber reinforced composite (FRC) contains bishpenol A glycidyl methacrylate (bis-GMA) in the resin matrix, which is thought to have some disadvantages. This research aimed at replacing bis-GMA with another monomer-urethane dimethacrylate (UED-MA), with the desired properties for dental use still retained. Four groups were prepared with light-curing (n = 30), one Control group with a bis-GMA-based resin matrix and three experimental groups with UEDMA-based matrices (Exper 1, Exper 2 and Exper 3 with a varying UEDMA weight percentage). Specimens were stored in dry conditions for 24 h or in deionized water for 1, 3, 6 or 12 months prior to the tests. Water sorption (n = 6), Vicker's hardness (n = 6) and flexural properties (n = 6) after each storage time were investigated.Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images were taken at the fracture sites after 3-point bending. All the results were statistically analyzed (α = 0.05). The Exper 1 group exhibited the lowest weight increase after water storage among the experimental groups. As for dry conditions, 1- and 6-month storage, different resin matrix compositions made no significant difference to hardness, while for 3- and 12- month storage, "Control" possessed the highest hardness. The Control group's strength and modulus, Exper 1 and Exper 2's modulus were stable during water storage. Compared to other experimental groups, Exper 1 had the highest strength and modulus values with most of the storage times. SEM images showed relatively good adhesion between the fiber and the matrix. With all the tested properties considered, the Exper 1 group had superior performance among all the three experimental groups."

"The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of different staining solutions on the color coordinates of indirect light-cured resin composites. 112 discs were made using four indirect composites, Signum+/ Haraeus-Kulzer, Sinfony/3M-Espe, GC Gradia/GC, Ena HRi/Micerium, and divided into four groups which immersed in tea, coffee, chocolate and distilled water, at 37°C, for 4 weeks, was measured according to CIELAB system and AL*, Aa*, Ab and AE* values were calculated for all immersion periods. The effect of time, solution and material on primary and secondary color coordinates was estimated using two-way repeated ANOV As and pairwise comparisons, at a = 0.05. The results showed that coffee strongly affected all the materials (p < 0.05), followed by tea and chocolate. Sinfony presented the highest color change (p < 0.05), due to changes in b* and L* coordinates. Color coordinates were affected differently by material type and solution. In conclusion, this study showed that the color of indirect resin composites was affected by all three examined factors (immersion time, staining solution and material type), in a clinically appreciable level (AE* > 2.7 U) even from the first week, and in an unacceptable level (AE* > 5.5 U) in the second, third and fourth week, depending on the staining solution and the material. "

"Latar Belakang: Resin komposit bulk-fill dapat merestorasi kavitas dengan kedalaman 4-5 mm dalam sekali penyinaran sehingga dapat mempersingkat prosedur restorasi, Polimerisasi resin komposit dapat dipengaruhi oleh suhu, termasuk suhu penyimpanan dan preheating resin komposit. Polimerisasi yang adekuat diperlukan untuk mendapatkan kekerasan permukaan yang optimal. Tujuan: Mengetahui pengaruh suhu penyimpanan dan preheating terhadap kekerasan permukaan resin komposit bulk-fill. Metode: Tiga puluh spesimen Tetric® N-Ceram Bulk-Fill shade IVA (diameter 6 mm dan tebal 3 mm) dibuat dari 3 kelompok perlakuan yaitu resin komposit yang disimpan pada suhu ruangan 23±1°C selama 24 jam (kontrol), lemari pendingin 4±1°C selama 24 jam, dan preheating 39°C selama 10 menit. Spesimen dipolimerisasi menggunakan light curing unit LED berintensitas 1100 mW/cm2 selama 10 detik dan disimpan di inkubator pada suhu 37°C selama 24 jam. Uji kekerasan menggunakan Knoop Microhardness Tester. Analisis data dengan uji statistik One-Way ANOVA dan Post Hoc Bonferroni. Hasil: Kekerasan permukaan antara kelompok perlakuan suhu penyimpanan dan preheating menunjukkan terdapat perbedaan bermakna secara statistik (p<0,05). Kesimpulan: Kekerasan permukaan resin komposit bulk-fill pada suhu penyimpanan di lemari pendingin 4±1˚C lebih rendah dibandingkan di ruangan 23±1˚C, sedangkan kekerasan permukaan resin komposit bulk-fill dengan suhu preheating 39˚C lebih tinggi dibandingkan penyimpanan di ruangan 23±1˚C.

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Background: Bulk-fill composite resin could be used in 4-5 mm thickness for each photo-polymerization so that it can shorten the restoration procedure time. Polymerization of composite resin can be affected by temperature, including composite resin’s storage temperature and preheating. Adequate polymerization needed to achieve optimal surface hardness or composite resin. Objective: To evaluate the influence of storage temperature and preheating on surface hardness of Bulk-fill Composite Resin. Methods: Thirty specimens of Tetric® N-Ceram Bulk-Fill shade IVA (6 mm of diameter and 3 mm of thickness) were made from 3 groups according to storage temperature and preheating of the composite: (1) room temperature 23±1°C for 24 hours (control), (2) refrigerator temperature 4±1°C for 24 hours, and (3) preheating 39°C for 10 minutes. Each specimen was polymerized using LED Curing Unit for 10 minutes with 1100 mW/cm2 intensity, then immersed in 5 ml of aquadest and kept in 37°C incubator for 24 hours. urface hardness was measured using Knoop Microhardness Tester at the top surfaces. Data were statistically analyzed using One-Way ANOVA and Post Hoc Bonferroni test. Result: There was a statistically significant difference (p0,05) of surface hardness value between all test groups. Conclusion: Surface hardness of bulk-fill composite resin at refrigerator temperature 4±1˚C are lower than room temperature 23±1˚C, while surface hardness of bulk-fill composite resin with preheating 39°C are higher than room temperature 23±1˚C."

"The use of resin composites as posterior restoratives has markedly increased over the past decade. The patients demand for better esthetics, concerns related to possible mercury toxicity from amalgam and improvements in resin composite materials have significantly contributed the popularity of these materials. Early problems related to composites included excessive wear, less of anatomic form, post operative sensitivity, secondary caries and marginal leakage. Marginal adaptation still remains an unavoidable problem for composite restoration, especially at the gingival wall of cervical or Class II restoration. In an attempt to improve marginal sealing, many techniques and lining materials have been designed. To reduce stress generated by polymerization shrinkage, applying and curing of resin composites in layers is often recommended. Using a thick adhesive layer or a low-viscosity resin may, due to its elastic properties, serve as a flexible intermediate layer and compensate for the polymerization stress created in resin composite. Flowable composites were created by retaining the same small practicle size of traditional hybrid composite but reducing the filler content and allowing the increased resin to reduce the viscosity of the mixture. Flowable composites were introduced in 1996 as liners, fissure sealants and also in tunnel preparations. They have been suggested for Class I, II, III and V cavity restorations, preventive resin restorations and composite, porcelain and amalgam repairing. Their usage as a liner under high filled resins in posterior restorations has been shown to improve the adaptation of composites and effectively achieve clinically acceptable results. This article attempts to give a broad characteristics of different types of flowable composites. "

"Latar Belakang: Perawatan restorasi resin komposit nanofilled dan nanohybrid memerlukan prosedur pemolesan untuk mengurangi tingkat kekasaran permukaan sehingga permukaan halus dan mengkilap. Tujuan: Membandingkan kekasaran permukaan resin komposit nanofilled dan nanohybrid setelah pemolesan menggunakan teknik multiple-step. Metode: 40 spesimen resin komposit yang dibagi ke dalam 2 kelompok 20 spesimen nanofilled Filtek Z350XT A dan 20 spesimen nanohybrid Filtek Z250XT B dipersiapkan kemudian dipoles. Setelah direndam dalam saliva buatan selama 24 jam, tingkat kekasaran permukaan diukur dengan surface roughness tester. Hasil: Hasil rerata tingkat kekasaran permukaan beserta standar deviasi kelompok A adalah 0,0967 m 0,0174 sedangkan kelompok B adalah 0,1217 m 0,0244. Secara statistik p=0,05 terdapat perbedaan signifikan antara kedua kelompok. Kesimpulan: Dapat disimpulkan bahwa tingkat kekasaran permukaan resin komposit nanofilled setelah pemolesan dengan teknik multiple-step lebih baik dibandingkan dengan nanohybrid.

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Background: Restorative treatment using nanofilled and nanohybrid composite should be finished and polished to reduce surface roughness and create smoother surface of the composite.

Objective: To compare the surface roughness nanofilled and nanohybrid composite resin after polishing using multi step technique.

Method: 40 composite resin specimens were divided into 2 groups 20 nanofilled specimens Filtek Z350XT A and 20 nanohybrid specimens Filtek Z250XT B was prepared and then polished. After immersion in artificial saliva for 24 hours, the surface roughness is measured with a surface roughness tester.

ResultL The mean surface roughness results along with standard deviation of group A is 0,0967 m 0,0174 while group B is 0,1217 m 0,0244. Statistically with p 0.05 , there are significant differences between each group.

Conclusion: Surface roughness of nanofilled composite resin after polishing with multiple step technique is better than nanohybrid."

"Dentists are often taught that 'overcure' is better than 'undercure'. Undercure is said to cause serious problem with resin composite fillings. Actually it does not always happen this way. Overcure also has several bad impacts that have never been thought before by practitioners. Researchers claim that curing time informed by resin composite manufacturers is not always correct. Filling material is not the only factor that determines the correct curing time for each filling. Light cure unit performance also plays a major role."

"Composite resin are restorative materials having color similar to teeth and have been widely used in dentistry. The successful application of composite resin influences the duration of the restoration in the oral cavity. The aim of this research is to describe the influence of artificial saliva contamination and the application of re-conditioning on tensile bond strength of composite resin to dentin. In the control group, the dentin were etched, bonding were applied and composite resin were restored on the dentin. In the group with artificial saliva contamination without re-conditioning, the dentin were etched, bonding were applied and then contaminated with artificial saliva, dried and then restired with composite resin. While the group with artificial saliva contamination with re-conditioning, the dentin were etched, bonding were applied and contaminated with artificial saliva, and then etched and applied bonding agent and restored composite resin.Bond strength test used “Universal testing machine, AG 5000. The results showed that highest value of tensile bond strength of composite resin to dentin was at the control group. It can be concluded that artificial saliva contamination decreased tensile bond strength while re-conditioning application increased it."

"Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengevaluasi pengaruh durasi penyinaran terhadap kekuatan tarik diametral resin komposit bulk-fill. Enam puluh spesimen Tetric N-Ceram Bulk-Fill ketebalan 3 mm dan diameter 6 mm; warna IVA dan IVW dibagi ke dalam 3 kelompok berdasarkan durasi penyinaran 10 detik, 15 detik, dan 20 detik untuk setiap warna. Spesimen dipolimerisasi dengan LED curing unit Bluephase Style, 1.280 mW/cm2 dan diuji kekuatan tarik diametralnya menggunakan uji statistik Universal Testing Machine. Data yang diperoleh dianalisis menggunakan One-Way ANOVA dan Post-Hoc Tukey HSD. Hasil menunjukkan adanya perbedaan bermakna.

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This study was conducted to evaluate the influence of different exposure time and bulk fill composite shade on its diametral tensile strength. Sixty disc shaped specimens of Tetric N Ceram Bulk Fill 3 mm of thickness x 6 mm of diameter shade IVA and IVW were divided into 3 subgroups for each shade according to exposure times 10 s, 15 s, and 20 s . All specimens were polymerized using LED curing unit Bluephase Style, 1.280 mW cm2 and tested using Universal Testing Machine to determine its diametral tensile strength. Data were statistically analyzed using One Way ANOVA dan Post Hoc Tukey test. The result showed a significant differences in all groups."

"Pendahuluan. Persentase indeks karies oklusal gigi mendekati 90 % dimana area pit & fissure gigi memiliki risiko karies 8x lebih besar daripada permukaan licin lainnya pada gigi. Resin pit & fissure sealant merupakan bahan restorasi gigi yang digunakan untuk menutup pit dan fissure oklusal gigi posterior guna mencegah karies. Oleh karena lokasi restorasi tersebut berada di dalam mulut, maka resin tersebut akan berkontak dengan saliva yang kandungan utamanya adalah air. Air tersebut akan diserap oleh matriks resin pit & fissure sealant sehingga mengakibatkan perubahan pada kekerasan permukaannya. Tujuan. Untuk menganalisa pengaruh waktu perendaman resin pit & fissure sealant di dalam air terhadap kekerasan permukaan material tersebut. Metode. Spesimen resin pit & fissure sealant (diameter 15 mm & tebal 1 mm) sebanyak 24 buah dimanipulasi sesuai petunjuk pabrik dan dibuat dengan menggunakan cetakan akrilik. Jumlah tersebut dibagi dalam 4 kelompok uji, yaitu kelompok kontrol (tidak direndam dalam air), kelompok uji perendaman 1 hari, 2 hari dan 7 hari, dimana setiap kelompok uji menggunakan 6 spesimen. Spesimen direndam dalam air akuabides 40 ml dan dimasukkan ke dalam cornic tube kemudian disimpan dalam inkubator 370C. Sebelum direndam, setiap spesimen ditimbang 3 kali dengan timbangan elektronik Shimadzu hingga diperoleh massa konstan (M1). Kemudian spesimen tersebut direndam dalam air akuabides selama 1, 2, dan 7 hari, kecuali kelompok kontrol yang langsung diuji kekerasan permukaannya dengan alat uji Vicker. Setelah direndam, spesimen ditimbang 3 kali hingga didapat massa konstan (M2). Setelah itu, spesimen diuji kekerasan permukaannya dengan alat Vicker. Indentasi pada uji kekerasan permukaan dilakukan pada 5 area untuk setiap spesimen. Hasil. Spesimen kontrol memiliki nilai kekerasan permukaan yang tertinggi. Nilai kekerasan permukaan antar kelompok spesimen yang direndam tidak menunjukkan perbedaan nilai yang signifikan. Hasil penelitian ini dianalisis secara statistik dengan menggunakan one-way ANOVA, p<0,05 berarti terdapat perbedaan bermakna nilai kekerasan permukaan antara kelompok kontrol dengan semua kelompok perendaman. Sedangkan nilai kekerasan permukaan antar tiap kelompok perlakuan tidak berbeda bermakna, dengan p>0,05. Kesimpulan. Waktu perendaman 1 hari resin pfs dalam air menyebabkan penurunan kekerasan permukaan secara signifikan. Namun, waktu perendaman selama 2 & 7 hari tidak menunjukkan penurunan kekerasan permukaan yang signifikan.

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Introduction. Percentage of occlusal caries teeth approximately 90 % and pit & fissure tooth have caries risk about 8 times than other smooth surface of tooth. Pit and fissure sealant resin is tooth restorative material which is used to seal pit and fissure on occlusal of posterior tooth to prevent caries. Due to the location of restoration in oral cavity, it will contact with saliva which have major content is water. Water will be absorbed by resin`s matrix therefore cause changing of surface hardness.

Objectives. The purpose of this research is to analyze effect of immersion time to the surface hardness of pit & fissure sealant resin.

Methods. 24 specimens pit & fissure sealant resin (15 mm in diameter & 1 mm in thick) are manipulated according to factory manual in acrylic mould. The number of specimens is divided to 4 groups of specimen. These are control group (doesn`t immersed in water), specimen groups which is immersed for 1 day, 2 days and 7 days. Each of these group uses 6 specimens. The specimens are immersed in 40 ml aquabidest and inserted to cornig tube and then storage in incubator 370C. Before specimens is immersed in water, it is weighed 3 times by Shimadzu electronic balance until mass constant is regained (M1). After that, the specimens are immersed in aquabidest for 1 day, 2 days and 7 days, except control group which is surface hardness tested immediately with Vicker surface hardness tester. After the specimens are immersed in aquabidest, it is weighed 3 times until mass constant is regained. And then, the specimens is tested for Vicker surface hardness. Indentation of surface hardness test have done on 5 areas for each specimen.

Results. Specimens control have the highest value of surface hardness. Surface hardness value between immersed specimen groups doesn`t show different value significantly. This result is analyzed statistically with one-way ANOVA, p<0,05. According it, there were significant difference among control group and all of immersed groups. Meanwhile no significant difference in surface hardness value among immersed groups (p>0,05). Conclusion. Immersion of pit & fissure sealant resin in water for 1 day cause significantly decreasing of surface hardness but immersion time for 2 & 7 days doesn`t significantly decreased. "