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"This paper is discussing the small arms and light weapons (SALW) problems in Indonesia as a security threat since it has given impacts to human security. The threat of SALW has been based on several of its aspects. Therefore it is required the appropriate national responses in the form of national policy that can effectively and comprehensively deal with those aspects. The result shows that Indonesia at this point still lacks of nationally adopted definition of SALW and requires more comprehensive policies to counter its characteristic, distribution and the motive of usage. In summary, Indonesian national policy on SALW is yet unable to handle the aspects of SALW which can be a source of threat to individual, society and state."

"This thesis focuses on national regulations on Small Arms and Light Weapons (SALW) and their consequences to the national security of Indonesia. It is a qualitative research with descriptive analysis using one variable, SALW affairs in Indonesia.

The illicit spread of SALW in Indonesia especially in the conflict areas, such as Mollucas, Poso, Aceh and Papua causes insecurity. The proliferation of illicit SALW in Indonesia has derives from two resources; first, the internal sources, the ones stolen from TNI/Polri storage, sold by active members of TNI/Polri as well as deserters, and local producer of homemade firearms. Second, the external sources, the ones smuggled from Afghanistan, Thailand, Cambodia, Vietnam, and Philippines, through black market.

As a matter of fact, state should address this issue as one of their national security agenda. Even all of element have responsibilities to creation of national security, state is the major actor in curbing the SALW illicit trafficking. In addition, SALW can not solved by individual country because it relates to transnational actors. UN has an Action Program to curbing the illicit trade of SALW, however, it will be effective if supported by national legislation. Indonesia has some laws to regulate SALW, but it is too general. The weaknesses, especially in term of operational measures, should be adjusted to the recent situation.

I-low to deal with spread of SALW should be prioritized considering geopolitical aspects because Indonesia has four choke point (Malaka, Sunda, lombok and Wetar straits), and most of illicit transaction occurs in the sea territories. As conclusion, the lack of control on SALW proliferation has been exacerbating internal conflicts in Indonesia and decreasing the national security. To solve the problems, the government should work with all stakeholders (include non governmental organization) and create better domestic regulations."

"Energi adalah aspek vital dalam keberlangsungan kehidupan manusia yang dipengaruhi dan mempengaruhi banyak faktor sosial-politik. Pemutusan suplai gas alam Rusia terhadap Uni Eropa sejak pertengahan 2022 menyebabkan krisis energi, salah satunya bagi Belanda. Sebagai negara yang tidak dapat memenuhi kebutuhan energi primer melalui produksi domestik, Belanda harus mengimpor gas alam sebagai salah satu sumber energi terbesar. Artikel ini menganalisis fenomena krisis energi Belanda pasca pemutusan suplai gas alam Rusia dengan menggunakan neksus konsep keamanan manusia dan keamanan energi. Neksus keamanan energi dan keamanan manusia hadir dalam bentuk relasi di antara keduanya, yaitu aspek keamanan ekonomi dan keamanan kesehatan. Keberadaan neksus keamanan energi dan keamanan manusia dalam kebijakan-kebijakan energi Belanda dikaji menggunakan teori implementasi kebijakan (Grindle,1980). Teori implementasi kebijakan berfokus pada konten dan konteks kebijakan yang digunakan untuk menganalisis substansi kebijakan-kebijakan energi Belanda. Pengumpulan data dilakukan melalui tinjauan pustaka yang bersumber dari rilis resmi dokumen pemerintah, media massa, buku, dan artikel ilmiah relevan. Temuan menunjukkan bahwa Belanda merespon krisis dengan tetap mengacu kepada Rencana Energi dan Iklim (NECP) 2021-2030 sebagai haluan kebijakan energi nasional. Lima dimensi dalam NECP 2021-2030 yaitu dekarbonisasi, efisiensi, keamanan energi, integrasi pasar energi, dan riset & inovasi energi merefleksikan neksus keamanan manusia dan keamanan energi dalam kebijakan energi nasional.

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Energy is vital in the continuity of human life, influencing many socio-political factors. The termination of Russia's natural gas supply to the European Union since mid-2022 has caused an energy crisis, one of which is for the Netherlands. As a country that cannot meet its primary energy needs through domestic production, the Netherlands must use natural gas as one of the largest energy sources. This article analyzes the phenomenon of the Dutch energy crisis after the cut-off of Russia's natural gas supply by using the concept of human security and energy security nexus. The nexus of energy security and human security exists in the form of a relationship between economic security and health security. The existence of a nexus of energy security and human security in Dutch energy policies is studied using policy implementation theory (Grindle, 1980). Policy implementation theory focuses on the content and policy context used to analyze the substance of Dutch energy policies. Data was collected through a literature review from official releases of government documents, mass media, books and relevant scientific articles. The findings show that the Netherlands responded to the crisis while referring to the Energy and Climate Plan (NECP) 2021-2030 as the national energy policy direction. The five dimensions of NECP 2021-2030 are decarbonization, efficiency, energy security, energy market integration, and energy research & innovation, and they reflect the nexus of human security and energy security in national energy policy."

"Penelitian ini dilatarbelakangi oleh fenomena konflik Israel-Palestina yang telah berlangsung lama dan menimbulkan banyak korban jiwa, terutama dikalangan Palestina. Korban jiwa tersebut dapat dibagi menjadi dua kelompok besar; korban meninggal dan korban hidup yang kemudian hidup terlunta-lunta sebagai pengungsi. Para pengungsi Palestina inilah yang menjadi fokus utama dari penelitian ini. Tujuan utama dari penelitian ini adalah untuk menganalisa mengenai bagaimana sikap pemerintahan Israel pada masa pemerintahan Perdana Menteri Ehud Barak terhadap keberadaan para pengungsi Palestina tersebut dilihat dari konsep national security (keamanan nasional) yang dihadapkan pada konsep human security (keamanan insani). Metode penelitian yang digunakan untuk penelitian ini adalah studi kasus. Diharapkan dengan menggunakan metode ini, data-data yang digunakan akan menjadi sefokus mungkin sehingga pembahasan akan menjadi sistematis dan mendalam. Dari hasil pengolahan data dapat diungkapkan bahwa Pemerintahan Perdana Menteri Ehud Barak menggunakan konsep human security dari sudut pandang national security Negara Israel sehingga keamanan yang dipertahankan di mata mereka bukanlah mengenai keberadaan pengungsi Palestina melainkan para penduduk Israel yang harus dijaga terlebih dahulu. Bahkan ada kekhawatiran jika para pengungsi Palestina diijinkan kembali ke tempat asal mereka akan mengancam keamanan Negara Israell Dari sisi Palestina sendiri, perjuangan terus dilakukan baik oleh pihak Otoritas Palestina maupun dari para pengungsi yang tersebar di seluruh dunia agar haqul audah (hak untuk kembali) dapat mereka dapatkan. Pada intinya, keberadaan pengungsi Palestina ini merupakan sesuatu hai yang sangat perlu mendapat perhatian dunia internasional selama sikap pemerintah Israel dalam memandang permasalahan ini selalu dari sisi kepentingan mereka sendiri.

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This research was triggered by Israel-Palestine conflict whicb has been lasting for long time and causing so many casualties, especially in Paiestinian side. The casualties can be divided into two main categories: the deads and the refugees. This Paiestinian refugees i s the main focus in this research. The main purpose of this research is to analize how Israeli govemment in Ehud Barak administration behave toward Paiestinian refugees issues on the base of national security and human security. Research methods used in this research is case study. By using this method, the datas are expected to be so as focus as possible that the explanation can be systematic and deep. It can be said that Ehud Barak administration used human security concept from national security of Israel point of view. Hence, security in their view is not about the existence of Paiestinian refugees bot, instead, Israeli people must be guarded as well as possible. Even, there is a anxiety if the Paiestinian refugees are allowed to come back to their home, they will threat Israeli national security! On the Paiestinian side, the struggle still keeps being fought either by Paiestinian Outhority or by the refugees who spread out all over the world in order to get haqul audah (right of return) back. In essence, the existence of Paiestinian refugees is something which needs strong concern from whole world as long as Israeli govemment always look this issue only from its point of view."

"Isu krisis pengungsi global telah menjadi masalah mendesak dan kompleks dalam beberapa dekade terakhir. Peningkatan jumlah pengungsi akibat konflik, bencana alam, dan ketidakstabilan politik menantang komunitas global dalam memberikan respons yang tepat. Banyak negara menolak pengungsi dengan alasan menjaga keamanan nasional, namun pengungsi juga membutuhkan perlindungan. Pandangan yang hanya berfokus pada keamanan nasional mendorong pengungsi hidup dalam kerentanan. Oleh karena itu, pendekatan yang lebih inklusif diperlukan, dengan mempertimbangkan konsep keamanan manusia agar pengungsi dianggap sebagai subjek keamanan. Pendekatan Indonesia sering didominasi oleh keamanan nasional, namun terdapat indikasi bahwa negara ini tetap menerima pengungsi melalui kebijakan, kolaborasi, dan partisipasi dalam forum internasional. Apabila dalam keterbukaan tersebut pengungsi tidak dilindungi aspek keamanannya maka Indonesia dapat meningkatkan bentuk ketidakamanan pada pengungsi. Oleh karena itu, penelitian ini akan melihat kemudian dari segi apa elemen keamanan manusia muncul dalam upaya pengelolaan pengungsi di Indonesia. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode kualitatif yang menerapkan analisis konten (content analysis) terhadap berbagai upaya, dokumen kebijakan resmi, hingga keterlibatan kolaborasi Indonesia dengan berbagai aktor. Dengan mengkomparasi pada konsep keamanan manusia dari UNDP 1994 dan CHS 2003, ditemukan bahwa elemen keamanan manusia pada upaya Indonesia muncul dari relasi tiga faktor pengaruh: Tekanan norma global HAM, inherent local values dan kolaborasi antar aktor lintas sektor. Tiga faktor ini mendorong Indonesia pada akhirnya untuk mempertimbangkan aspek keamanan pengungsi dengan dibentuknya kebijakan, kerjasama dengan organisasi internasional dan partisipasi Indonesia pada forum internasional Upaya Indonesia ini pada konsep keamanan manusia berada pada tataran ide, komponen dan strategi yang diterapkan oleh negara.

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The global refugee crisis has become an urgent and complex issue in recent decades. The increasing number of refugees due to conflicts, natural disasters, and political instability challenges the global community to provide appropriate responses. Many countries refuse refugees citing national security concerns, but refugees also need protection. A perspective focused solely on national security pushes refugees into vulnerability. Therefore, a more inclusive approach is needed, considering the concept of human security to view refugees as security subjects. Indonesia's approach is often dominated by national security, but there are indications that the country still accepts refugees through policies, collaborations, and participation in international forums. If the security aspects of refugees are not protected in this openness, Indonesia may increase forms of insecurity for refugees. This research will examine how elements of human security emerge in refugee management efforts in Indonesia. This study uses a qualitative method, applying content analysis to various efforts, official policy documents, and Indonesia's collaborative involvement with various actors. By comparing the concept of human security from UNDP 1994 and CHS 2003, it is found that elements of human security in Indonesia's efforts emerge from the interrelation of three influencing factors: pressure from global human rights norms, inherent local values, and cross-sector actor collaboration. These three factors ultimately push Indonesia to consider the security aspects of refugees through the formulation of policies, cooperation with international organizations, and participation in international forums. Indonesia's efforts within the concept of human security are at the levels of ideas, components, and strategies implemented by the state."