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"The understanding of human nature is very important for human resource development, because that understanding will be a starting point in establishing development objectives, development strategies, method selection, and the types of media used. The main problem that has arisen so far is that the understanding of human nature is only based on the results of quantitative research, without considering the information from the Essence of the Supreme Creator of human (revelation), and consequently they are missing elements which limit the development of human resources. These studies only discuss things relating to physical, psychological, and social aspects; while important things such as the human creation process and its purpose, humanity's status before God, its potential and its development have not received enough attention. To find answers to the above shortcomings, qualitative research utilizing document study techniques of Quranic main verses relating to humanity was conducted. It was conducted using maudhu'i interpretation, namely by studying verses which are related to humanity through the understanding of the interpreters of the Quran. It was revealed that humans do not exist by themselves. There is a creator that is God The Almighty. The purpose of human creation is to worship Him till the end of his life. Humans can not determine the result of their own efforts because their lives partly still depend on God's permission. Human life is not only here and now, but there will be a life hereafter, where humans will receive the rewards of what they do during their life in the world. Some characteristics which differentiate humans from other creatures were also found. From the beginning of their creation they are equipped with "faith"; there is the mind which allows man to be able to distinguish between right and wrong, and the conscience that enables humans to know the things beyond the sensory."

"Penelitian ini merupakan suatu kajian antropologi yang bertujuan untuk menunjukkan bahwa dalam relasi pertemanan yang selama ini dianggap bebas dari persoalan struktural, ternyata dapat menunjukkan hal sebaliknya pada komunitas di dalam institusi pendidikan. Terdapat persoalan relasi struktural yang mempengaruhi skema berpikir dan bertindak santri pondok pesantren dalam menjalin hubungan satu sama lain termasuk hubungan pertemanan. Persoalan itu muncul karena adanya konflik lintas angkatan yang memunculkan sentimen angkatan sehingga terbentuk jarak sosial antar angkatan. Akibatnya terdapat batasan-batasan bagi santri tentang tindakan yang mungkin dan tidak mungkin dilakukan berkaitan dengan cara mereka membentuk hubungan pertemanan. Selain itu terdapat dinamika pada proses produksi dan reproduki batasan-batasan tersebut yang menyebabkan munculnya skema berpikir dan bertindak alternatif. Hal tersebut menyebabkan terdapat ragam cara santri dalam menjalin hubungan pertemanan di antara mereka. Tulisan ini bertujuan memaparkan proses tersebut menggunakan kerangka teori habitus dan agensi agar dapat menjelaskan peran praktik keseharian santri dan juga para ustaz selaku pendidik di pesantren sebagai agen dalam proses produksi dan reproduksi skema berpikir dan bertindak yang mempengaruhi cara mereka menjalin hubungan satu sama lain. Penelitian ini dilakukan dengan metode kualitatif dan menggunakan pendekatan etnografi dengan cara observasi partisipatoris serta wawancara mendalam.

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This research is an anthropological study which aims to show that in friendship relations that have been considered free from structural problems, it turns out that it can show the opposite to the community within educational institutions. There is a strucutal issue that influencing santris scheme of thought and actions in their way to making friendship. That issue is a result of conflict between santris which creates sentiment between santri batches and creates social gap among them. As a result, there are boundaries about what kind of action is possible and what is not when they are developing friendship. At the same time, there is dynamic in the production and reproduction of such boundaries that brings up alternative schemes of thought and actions. It caused varities in the way santris develop friendship. This paper presents that process using habitus and agency theoritical framework to explain the role of santris as agents in the production and reproduction of their schemes of thought and actions that influence their way of action in making relations between them. This research used qualitative method and ethnographic approach with participative observation and deep interviews."

"[ABSTRAKThesis ini menganalisis pengaruh pengeluaran pemerintah di bidangpendidikan terhadap keikutsertaan siswa dalam pendidikan, dengan menggunakanmetode effek tetap (fixed effect) terhadap data panel pada pemerintahkabupaten/kota di Indonesia selama periode 2008-2010. Analisis dilakukandengan memisahkan keikutsertaan siswa dalam pendidikan dasar (sekolah dasardan sekolah menengah pertama) dan keikutsertaan siswa dalam pendidikanlanjutan untuk melihat perbedaan pada keduanya. Thesis ini menemukan bahwasetelah mengendalikan karakteristik pulau, pengeluaran pemerintah di bidangpendidikan memiliki efek yang positif dan signifikan terhadap keikutsertaan siswadalam pendidikan dasar. Setelah memisahkan wilayah Indonesia bagian timur danbarat, ditemukan bahwa pengeluaran pemerintah hanya memiliki efek yangsignifikan terhadap keikutsertaan siswa dalam pendidikan dasar di wilayahIndonesia bagian timur. Thesis ini juga menemukan bahwa kualitaspenyelenggaraan pemerintahan tidak memiliki pengaruh terhadap efektifitaspengeluaran pemerintah di bidang pendidikan selama periode analisis.

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ABSTRACTThis paper analyses the impact of government education spending oneducation enrolment, using a fixed effect method on a panel data atdistrict/municipal level of government in Indonesia during the period 2008-2010.The analyses separate basic education (elementary and junior high school)enrolment and senior high school enrolment to see whether the effects aredifferent among them. This paper finds that after controlling for islandcharacteristics, government education spending has a positive, significant effecton basic education enrolment. After separating between east region and westregion, this paper finds that government spending only has significant effect onbasic education enrolment in east region. This paper also finds that the quality ofgovernance has no influence on the effectiveness of government educationspending during the period of study., This paper analyses the impact of government education spending oneducation enrolment, using a fixed effect method on a panel data atdistrict/municipal level of government in Indonesia during the period 2008-2010.The analyses separate basic education (elementary and junior high school)enrolment and senior high school enrolment to see whether the effects aredifferent among them. This paper finds that after controlling for islandcharacteristics, government education spending has a positive, significant effecton basic education enrolment. After separating between east region and westregion, this paper finds that government spending only has significant effect onbasic education enrolment in east region. This paper also finds that the quality ofgovernance has no influence on the effectiveness of government educationspending during the period of study.]"

"ABSTRAKAngka putus sekolah termasuk tinggi di Kota Padang Panjang, sehingga Pemda merumuskan Kebijakan Publik yang populis sejak tahun 2003 dan diimplementasikan sejak Juni 2009 melalui Perda No. 6 Tahun 2009. Tesis ini membahas langkah Pemda mengimplementasikan kebijakan tersebut; serta hasil evaluasi kebijakan pendidikan gratis tersebut. Hasil penelitian yang menggunakan pendekatankualitatifini menunjukan bahwa Pemda telah melakukan langkah implementasi kebijakan pendidikan gratis berupa membebaskan biaya pendidikan untuk sekolah negeri, memberi stimulus berupa uang kepada siswa sekolah swasta; terkait dengan Evaluasi, kebijakan ini ternyata dinikmati oleh kelas menengah ke atas, selain itusekolah-sekolah belum menghasilkan lulusan 100 dari total siswa, serta kualitas pembelajaran berada pada 30,8 diuji melalui Kriteria Ketuntasan Minimal.

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ABSTRACTThe dropout rate in the Kota Padang Panjang is high, so the local government formulate a populist Public Policy since 2003 and implemented since June 2009 through Regulation No. 6 Year 2009. This thesis discusses local government measures implementing those policies and the evaluation results of the policy of free education. Results of studies using qualitativeapproach shows that the local government has taken the implementation of free education policy in the form of free education for public schools, giving stimulus money to private school students related to the evaluation, this policy turned out to be enjoyed by the upper middle class, in addition to the schools has not resulted in 100 of the total graduate students, as well as the quality of teaching is at 30.8 tested by Criteria Complete Minimal."

"ABSTRAKPenelitian ini membahas dampak belanja pemerintah untuk sektor pendidikan kabupaten/kota terhadap kualitas pendidikan di Indonesia. Pada penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan kuantitatif yaitu model regresi data panel dari data populasi kabupaten/kota di Indonesia selama tahun 2013-2018. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa belanja pemerintah untuk sektor pendidikan memberi dampak terhadap kualitas pendidikan di Indonesia, baik pada tingkat SMP maupun SMA. Belanja pemerintah untuk pendidikan dalam bentuk transfer pusat ke daerah untuk guru dan Bantuan Operasional Sekolah memengaruhi kualitas pendidikan di tingkat SMP. Sedangkan di tingkat SMA, belanja pemerintah untuk sektor pendidikan melalui belanja DAK fisik dan belanja daerah untuk fungsi pendidikan memiliki dampak terhadap peningkatan kualitas pendidikannya.

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This study aim to look the impact of the realization of government spending on the education sector in on the quality of education in Indonesia. This study using a quantitative approach, namely panel data regression models from population data of districts/cities in Indonesia during 2013-2018. The results of the study indicate that the realization of government spending for the education sector has an impact on the quality of education in Indonesia, both at the junior and senior high school level. Government spending on the education sector in the form of Intergovernmental Fiscal Transfer (IFT) for teachers and School Operational Assistance affects the quality of education at the junior secondary level. While at the high school level, government spending on the education sector through Special Allocation Funds (DAK) and regional education function spending has an impact on improving the quality of education."