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"Eco-san (ecological sanitation) is an elite name for ?MCK++? project which is in operation in Petojo Utara-West Jakarta. It is the only project sponsored by USAID, which has been visited by US' Foreign Minister, H.E. Hillary Clinton on February 19, 2009. It seems the same concept could be applied at the Parliament House, but the biogas produced byb 560 Parliament's members plus 1680 staffs and employees should not be utilized for cooking but for electricity generation up to 1.2 MW. It may save much of electricity bill from PLN. Saving money will be highly appreciated than spending the people's tax for renovation of the parliament members' toilets up to IDR 2 billions. It is really crazy spending. Now, the Parliament's toilet project might be continued, if it will be equipped with the biogas digester and gas engine generator or dual fuels (diesel/gas) its name should be changed to Ecological Sanitation or Eco-San."

"Escherichia coli merupakan bakteri yang umum digunakan sebagai parameter terkait cemaran tinja dan sanitasi. Keberadaan nitrat pada air juga menjadi salah satu indikator terkait sanitasi. Beberapa penelitian menunjukkan bahwa sanitasi dapat mempengaruhi konsentrasi TDS (Total Dissolve Solids) dalam air tanah. Adanya kandungan E .coli, nitrat, dan TDS berlebih dalam air tanah yang digunakan sebagai air minum rumah tangga dapat berdampak pada kesehatan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis hubungan antara kondisi sanitasi rumah tangga dengan kualitas air minum rumah tangga bersumber air tanah berdasarkan parameter E .coli, nitrat, dan TDS. Kondisi sanitasi yang diteliti meliputi 7 aspek, yaitu sarana buang air besar, tempat pembuangan akhir tinja, jarak tempat pembuangan akhir tinja, tempat pembuangan sampah rumah tangga, jarak TPS/TPA terdekat, sarana pembuangan limbah cair rumah tangga, serta jarak sarana pembuangan limbah cair rumah tangga. Penelitian ini menggunakan data sekunder dengan metode cross sectional. Analisis dilakukan dengan uji univariat dan uji bivariat menggunakan uji chi square dengan tingkat kepercayaan 90%. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa ada hubungan signifikan antara tempat pembuangan akhir tinja dengan kandungan TDS (p=0.086), tempat pembuangan sampah dengan cemaran E. coli (p=0.054), dan jarak TPS/TPA terdekat dengan kandungan TDS (p=0.061). Disarankan bagi peneliti selanjutnya untuk menganalisis lebih lanjut mengenai keterkaitannya dengan kesehatan.

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Escherichia coli is a commonly used bacteria as a parameter related to fecal contamination and sanitation. The presence of nitrate in water is also an indicator related to sanitation. Several studies show that sanitation can affect concentration of TDS (Total Dissolve Solids) in groundwater. So, the presences of E. coli, nitrate, and TDS in groundwater that used as daily needs household drinking water can affect human health. This study aims to analyze the relationship between seven household sanitation conditions and the quality of household drinking water from groundwater based on the presence of E. coli, nitrate, and TDS as the parameters. The sanitation conditions include 7 aspects, such as defecation facilities, faecal disposal sites, the distance between feces disposal sites and drinking water sources, household waste disposal sites, the distance between household and temporary storage sites (TPS)/Final Processing Sites (TPA), household waste water disposal facilities, and the distance between household waste water disposal facilities and drinking water source. This research uses secondary data with a cross sectional analysis method. The analysis was carried out with univariate test and bivariate test using chi square test with a confidence level of 90%. The research results showed that there was significant relations between faecal disposal sites and TDS (p=0.086), waste disposal sites and E. coli (p=0.054), the distance to the nearest waste disposal sites and TDS. Therefore, the suggestions for further researcher to analyze the relations with health.

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"This study investigates the interregional district-level inequalities and the spatial associations of household access to sustainable water and sanitation in Indonesia between 2004 and 2018. The findings show that although the gap of household access to water and sanitation declined over years, the disparities among districts in Indonesia kept persisting. Related to proliferation, the access in the districts that never separated is higher than in others. Furthermore, this study also confirms the presence of spatial cluster/outlier of accesses, although it remains very weak. The majority of districts with high access are clustered in the western part of Indonesia, especially in Java island. At the same time, in the mountainous areas of Papua island and some districts in Sumatera island where forest land has been degraded into plantation and mining areas have relatively low access for years. These left-behind districts need government attention and s"

"Periode balita adalah fase rentan terhadap risiko kesehatan yang dapat menghambat pertumbuhan anak serta menyebabkan kematian. Diare menjadi perhatian utama dalam kesehatan balita karena menjadi penyebab utama kematian dan penyakit pada kelompok usia tersebut, terutama di negara-negara berkembang. Berdasarkan data Survei Demografi dan Kesehatan Indonesia (SDKI) tahun 2012 dan 2017, prevalensi diare pada balita di Indonesia cenderung stagnan, hanya mengalami sedikit penurunan dari 14,3% pada tahun 2012 menjadi 14,1% pada tahun 2017. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk meneliti pengaruh antara sumber air minum dan sanitasi rumah tangga terhadap kejadian diare pada balita di Indonesia dengan menggunakan analisis propensity score matching berdasarkan data SDKI 2017. Penelitian bersifat kuantitatif dengan menggunakan desain studi observasional.  Populasi penelitian ini yaitu seluruh anak di bawah usia lima tahun (0-59 bulan) yang tercatat dalam data SDKI 2017. Hasil analisis propensity score matching menemukan bahwa efek rata-rata dari layanan air minum yang tidak layak menunjukan hasil yang tidak signifikan terhadap peningkatan kejadian diare pada balita berdasarkan nilai statistic t yang dihasilkan dengan nilai efek peningkatan risiko sebesar 2,0%. Sementara itu, efek rata-rata dari layanan sanitasi yang tidak layak memenuhi nilai asumsi yang signifikan berdasarkan nilai t yang dihasilkan terhadap peningkatan kejadian diare pada balita dengan nilai efek peningkatan risiko sebesar 3,8%. Perbandingan hasil analisis propensity score matching dan analisis regresi logistik biner menunjukkan sedikit perbedaan pada nilai odds ratio yang dihasilkan, namun tidak terlihat signifikan. Temuan ini menunjukan masih diperlukan penanganan terhadap kejadian diare pada balita. Diperlukan upaya dalam penerapan program edukasi yang berfokus pada pencegahan diare untuk mengurangi kejadian diare pada balita terkait sanitasi jamban. Selain itu, diperlukan pengembangan infrastruktur dan peningkatan ketersediaan fasilitas sumber air minum dan sanitasi agar akses fasilitas dapat tercapai merata di seluruh wilayah Indonesia.

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The under-five period is a phase vulnerable to health risks that can stunt a child's growth and cause death. Diarrhea is a major concern in the health of children under five as it is the leading cause of death and illness in this age group, especially in developing countries. Based on data from the Indonesian Demographic and Health Survey (IDHS) in 2012 and 2017, the prevalence of diarrhea in children under five in Indonesia tends to stagnate, only experiencing a slight decrease from 14.3% in 2012 to 14.1% in 2017. This study aims to examine the effect of drinking water sources and household sanitation on the incidence of diarrhea in children under five years old in Indonesia using propensity score matching analysis based on the 2017 IDHS data. The research was quantitative in nature using an observational study design.  The population of this study was all children under the age of five (0 - 59 months) recorded in the 2017 IDHS data.  The results of the propensity score matching analysis found that the average effect of unimproved drinking water services showed insignificant results on increasing the incidence of diarrhea in children under five years of age based on the t-statistic value generated with an increased risk effect value of 2.0%. Meanwhile, the average effect of unimproved sanitation services meets the significant assumption value based on the resulting t value on the increase in the incidence of diarrhea in children under five with an increased risk effect value of 3.8%. Comparison of the results of propensity score matching analysis and binary logistic regression analysis showed a slight difference in the resulting odds ratio values, but did not appear significant. These findings indicate the handling of the incidence of diarrhea in toddlers. Efforts are needed to implement educational programs that focus on diarrhea prevention to reduce the incidence of diarrhea in children under five years of age related to latrine sanitation. In addition, it is necessary to develop infrastructure and increase the availability of water supply and sanitation facilities so that access to facilities can be achieved evenly throughout Indonesia."

"Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk mengetahui pemanfaatan potensi kotoran ternak sapi perah di Kawasan Usaha Peternakan Sapi sebagai bahan baku biogas, menentukan teknologi konversi, menghitung kapasitas energi listrik dari Pembangkit listrik tenaga Biogas yang dapat dibangkitkan dan mengkaji nilai pengurangan Satuan jumlah emisi CO2 yang bisa diturunkan. Berdasarkan potensi harian Kotoran ternak sapi di Kawasan Usaha Peternakan Sapi Perah yang dimanfaatkan sebagai bahan baku biogas dilakukan analisis perhitungan teknis maupun ekonomis dari pembangkit listrik tenaga biogas yang akan diimplementasikan. Hasil tersebut akan diuji sensitivitas untuk tingkat pengembalian dan jangka waktu pengembalian modal investasi terhadap dampak kenaikan harga lahan, tarif listrik dan Biaya operasi dan pemeliharaan pembangkit biogas.

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This research was conducted to determine the potential utilization of dairy cow manure in the Area of Business Cattle Farming as a raw material for biogas, determine conversion technology, to calculate the capacity of electrical energy from power plants Biogas can be generated and assess the value of the amount of CO2 emission reduction units which can be lowered.

Based on the daily potential of cattle dung in Dairy Cattle Farming Business Area which is used as raw material for biogas to analyze technical and economical calculation of biogas power plant that will be implemented. These results will be tested sensitivity to rate of return and payback period of investment to the impact of rising land prices, electricity tariff and cost of operation and maintenance of biogas plants."

"Flora mikroorganisme merupakan salah satu aspek penting dalam optimalisasi proses berlangsungnya anaerobic digestion. Biostarter merupakan bahan penyedia flora mikroorganisme pendegradasi yang berperan dalam proses penguraian limbah organik. Tujuan penelitian ini yaitu untuk menganalisis pengaruh jenis inokulum dengan penggunaan biostarter berupa kotoran sapi, rumen sapi, EM4, OrgaDec, PROMI terhadap kinerja proses dan hasil penyisihan Total Solids (TS), Volatile Solids (VS), Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), dan produksi volume biogas. Penelitian dilakukan dengan metode Biochemical Methane Potential (BMP) yang dilakukan selama 48 hari menggunakan substrat berupa sampah organik dari UPS Universitas Indonesia dan inokulum dengan enam variasi sampel yaitu kotoran sapi, rumen sapi, EM4 dan molase, EM4 dan zat pengaya, OrgaDec dan zat pengaya, serta PROMI dan zat pengaya. Dimana inokulum sebelumnya melalui proses aklimatisasi dengan laju beban organik sebesar 10 kg-VS/m3-hari dan diikuti dengan proses degasifikasi. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa 5 gram substrat berupa sampah makanan dari UPS Universitas Indonesia dapat dikonversi menjadi biogas dengan volume 4,37 mL/48 hari (menggunakan EM4 dan Molase); 6,91 mL/48 hari (menggunakan rumen sapi); 7,24 mL/16 hari (menggunakan PROMI dan Zat Pengaya); 14,39 mL/16 hari (menggunakan OrgaDec dan Zat Pengaya); 22.37 mL/48 hari (menggunakan EM4 dan Zat Pengaya); serta 261.25 mL/48 hari (menggunakan Kotoran Sapi). Hasil uji analisis statistik menggunakan One Way ANOVA menunjukkan bahwa perbedaan penggunaan inokulum mepengaruhi nilai persentase TS Reduction dan VS Reduction (p < 0,05), dimana inokulum berupa campuran biostarter PROMI dan zat pengaya memiliki nilai persentase reduksi TS dan VS terbesar. Di samping itu, hasil uji statistik dengan menggunakan Independent T-Test menunjukkan bahwa biostarter komersial dalam inokulum dapat meningkatkan persentase TS Reduction (p < 0,05) dengan menggunakan anaerobic digestion metode BMP.

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Microbial flora is one of significant aspects in optimization of the anaerobic digestion process. Biostarter is material that provides microbial flora which has role in organic waste degradation. The aim of this study was to find out and analyze the effect of inoculum type with the use of biostarter such as cow manure, cow rumen, EM4, OrgaDec, PROMI on process performance and removal of Total Solids (TS), Volatile Solids (VS), Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), and production of biogas volume. This study conducted with Biochemical Methane Potential (BMP) method for 48 days using organic waste from Unit Pengolahan Sampah Universitas Indonesia as substrate and inoculum with six sample variations—such as cow manure; cow rumen; EM4 and molasses; EM4 and enrichment ingredients; OrgaDec and enrichment ingredients; PROMI and enrichment ingredients, which those inoculums were previously acclimated (with organic loading rate in the amount of 10 kg-VS/m3-day) and were followed with degassing process. The results of this study showed that 5 grams of substrate, namely food waste from Unit Pengolahan Sampah Universitas Indonesia can be converted into biogas with a volume of 4,37 mL/48 days (using EM4 and molasses); 6,91 mL/48 days (using cow rumen); 7,24 mL/16 days (using PROMI and enrichment ingredients); 14,39 mL/16 days (using OrgaDec and enrichment ingredients); 22,37 mL/48 days (using EM4 and enrichment ingredients); and 261,25 mL/48 days (using cow manure). The results of statistical analysis using One Way ANOVA showed that the difference in the use of inoculums influenced the value of the percentage of TS Reduction and VS Reduction (p < 0,05), where the inoculum in the form of a mixture of PROMI biostarter and enrichment ingredients had the highest TS and VS reduction percentage values. In addition, the results of statistical test using the Independent T-Test showed that commercial biostarter in the inoculum can increase the percentage of TS Reduction (p < 0.05) by anaerobic digestion with BMP method.

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"Tesis ini meneliti POME (Palm Oil Mill Effluent) sebagai basis biogas untuk sumber energi listrik. Untuk mendapatkan biogas, POME diproses secara anaerobic digestion menggunakan digester. Berdasar kelebihan dan kelemahan yang ada dipilih digester tipe kolam anaerobic sebagai acuan pengembangan. Pengembangan dilakukan dengan merinci setiap tahapan proses. Model pembangkit listrik biogas dengan proses anaerobic digestion yang rinci dibangun menggunakan perangkat lunak SuperPro Designer 9.0. Hasil simulasi untuk pabrik kelapa sawit dengan kapasitas 30 ton tandan buah segar (TBS)/jam diperoleh biogas dengan perbandingan CH4 : CO2 sebesar 59,8 : 41,2. Sedangkan dari perhitungan analisis keekonomian menunjukkan bahwa pembangunan pembangkit listrik biogas berbasis POME layak namun belum terlalu menarik untuk investasi di bidang energi secara keekonomian.

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This thesis examines POME (Palm Oil Mill Effluent) as a biogas basis for a source of electrical energy. The digester is using to processed POME with anaerobic digestion obtain biogas. Anaerobic pond digester is selected as a reference to develop based on the existing strengths and weaknesses of many anaerobic digester types. Development is done by detailing every stage of the process. The biogas power plant model with detailed anaerobic digestion process was built using SuperPro Designer 9.0 software. The simulation results for palm oil mill with a capacity of 30 tonnes of fresh fruit bunches (FFB)/h produced biogas with a ratio of CH4 : CO2 of 59.8 : 41.2. While the calculation of the economic analysis indicates that the construction of biogas power plants base on POME viable but not attractive for investment in the field of energy."

"Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk mengetahui pemanfaatan potensi sampah organik di Pasar Induk Kramat Jati sebagai bahan baku biogas, menentukan teknologi konversi, menghitung kapasitas energi listrik dari PLT Biogas yang dapat dibangkitkan dan menganalisa kelayakan ekonomi penerapan teknologi konversi gas engine dan gas turbin engine sebagai teknologi konversi pembangkit listrik tenaga biogas. Berdasarkan hasil perhitungan dan analisis, potensi harian sampah organik di Pasar Induk Kramat Jati yang dapat dimanfaatkan sebagai bahan baku biogas sebesar 111,7 ton/hari, produksi metan yang dihasilkan sebesar 9.299,3 m3/hari, hasil analisa penerapan teknologi konversi pembangkit menggunakan gas engine menghasilkan produksi listrik sebesar 11.728.986,5 kWh/tahun, net present value sebesar Rp. 1.493.811.495, IRR 11,81 % dan payback period 8,24 tahun, sedangkan dengan gas turbin engine menghasilkan produksi listrik sebesar 9.648.000 kWh/tahun, net present value sebesar Rp. 2.357.612.207, IRR 12,13 % dan payback period 8,04 tahun.

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This research was conducted to determine the potential utilization of organic waste in the Pasar Induk Kramat Jati biogas as a raw material, determine the conversion technology, to calculate the capacity of electricity from DG Biogas can be generated and analyzed the economic feasibility of conversion technology application of gas turbine engines and gas engines as power conversion technology biogas power plant. Based on the calculation and analysis, the potential of organic waste daily in the Market Master Jati Kramat that can be utilized as raw material for biogas amounted to 111.7 tons / day, the production of methane generated at 9299.3 m3/day, application analysis of power conversion technologies using gas engines generate electricity production amounted to 11.728.986,5 kWh/year, net present value of Rp. 1.493.811.495, IRR 11,81 % and the payback period is 8,24 years, while the gas turbine engine produce electricity amounted to 9.648.000 kWh/year, net present value of Rp. 2.357.612.207, IRR 12,13 % and the payback period is 8,04 years."