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"Smoking has detrimental effects on asthma sympom control and response to treatment and is prevalent among astma patients in South Korea. The aim of study is to determine the prevalence of smoking among asthma patients in South Korea and to compare the medication regimens of astma patients who do and do not smoke. Methods: A cross-sectional survey was conducted from August 2010 to January 2011. Participating physicians (N=25) recorded demographic and clinical data on all astma patients presenting during the study period (N=2,032), and then recruited a subset of patients (N=500) for the survey such that half were self-reported current smokers. Recruited patients were between the ages of 18 and 60. In South Korea, physicians are well aware of the smoking status of their patients. However smoking status did not affect the prescribed medication regimens of this population of asthma patients."

"Latar belakang: Penggunaan tembakau menimbulkan ketergantungan nikotin sehingga proses berhenti merokok menjadi sulit dan membutuhkan bantuan khusus. Keterbatasan terapi berhenti merokok di Indonesia mendorong lahirnya terapi farmakologi alternatif. Hasil penelitian preklinik menunjukkan terdapat peluang efektivitas N-acetylcistein (NAC) terhadap berhenti merokok.Metode: Penelitian ini menggunakan uji acak plasebo terkontrol pada perokok yang dilakukan selama Januari-Desember 2018. Sebanyak 90 perokok mendapatkan perlakuan yang dibedakan menjadi dua kelompok yaitu NAC 2x1200 mg dan plasebo selama 4 minggu. Pengamatan dilakukan pada minggu ke 1,2,3 dan 4. Pada akhir perlakuan dilakukan penilaian abstinence rate (AR), nilai withdrawal dan craving.Hasil: Nilai AR pada kelompok NAC sebesar 37,7% sementara kelompok plasebo 6,7%. Pada variabel demografi yang bermakna terhadap abstinence adalah skor Fagestorm, motivasi dan nilai CO ekshalasi dasar dan percobaan berhenti merokok sebelumnya. Pada variabel akhir penelitian yaitu nilai CO ekshalasi akhir, jumlah rokok akhir, nilai withdrawal akhir dan nilai craving akhir bermakna secara statistik ( nilai p <0,001)Kesimpulan: Abstinence rate pada kelompok NAC lebih superior dibandingkan kelompok plasebo. Penelitian lebih lanjut perlu dilakukan dengan durasi pemberian lebih panjang dan pengamatan terhadap continues abstinance rate (CAR).

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Background: Tobacco cigarette smoking often resulted in nicotine dependence which caused difficulties in smoking cessation program which in turn requiring smokers to seek professional help. However, pharmacotherapy for smoking cessation was limited in Indonesia. Preclinical studies suggested n-acetylcysteine (NAC) might able to reduce withdrawal and craving symptoms for substance dependence particularly nicotine addiction among smokers.

Methods : This placebo controlled clinical trial was conducted between January to December 2018. This study randomly grouped 90 cigarette smokers into NAC-treated (NAC 1200 mg bid) and placebo group whose four weeks of treatment was observed. The study objective was to compare abstinence rate (AR), withdrawal, and craving symptoms using scoring system at the end of the study.

Results : The AR in NAC-treated group was 37.7% and in placebo group was 6.7%. Fagerstrom score of nicotine dependence, motivation, and base exhaled CO concentration were related to abstinence. Decrease of daily cigarette consumption and exhaled CO concentration, and changes in withdrawal and craving score, were observed among the smokers by the end of the study.

Conclusion : This preliminary study suggested feasibility and efficacy of NAC for smoking cessation. Follow-up study of NAC on AR should be carried out."

"ABSTRAK

Skripsi ini membahas mengenai hubungan merokok dengan hiperkolesterolemia LDL (Low Density Lipoprotein) pada kelompok pekerja di wilayah Jalan Raya Bogor tahun 2012 ? 2014. Rumusan masalah pada penelitian ini adalah pasien yang menderita hiperkolesterolemia mengalami kenaikan berdasarkan data administrasi laboratorium / rekap Caya Laboratorium dan Klinik Kota depok pada tahun 2012 ? 2014. Tujuan dari penelitian ini untuk mengetahui hubungan merokok dengan hiperkolesterolemia LDL pada kelompok pekerja di wilayah Jalan Raya Bogor. Penelitian ini merupakan survey analitik dengan pendekatan Cross Sectional. Penelitian ini menunjukkan adanya hubungan yang signifikan antara merokok dengan hiperkolesterolemia LDL dengan nilai P value 0.00. Kelompok pekerja dengan kriteria perokok ringan mempunyai peluang menderita hiperkolesterolemia LDL 2.91 kali lebih besar dibandingkan dengan pekerja yang tidak merokok dan perokok sedang berat mempunyai peluang menderita hiperkolesterolemia 5.07 kali lebih besar dari pada pekerja yang tidak merokok.

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ABSTRACT

This research explained about the relationship of smoking with hypercholesterolemia LDL (Low Density Lipoprotein) in the group of workers in the area of Jalan Raya Bogor in 2012 - 2014. The problems in this research are patients suffering from hypercholesterolemia increased based on administrative data at Caya and Clinical Laboratory Depok in 2012 - 2014. The purpose of this research was to determine the relationship of smoking with LDL hypercholesterolemia in the group of workers in the area of Jalan Raya Bogor. This research is an analytic survey with cross sectional approach. This research showed a significant association between smoking and LDL hypercholesterolemia with P value 0.00. Worker groups with the criteria of light smokers had 2.91 times the chance of suffering from LDL hypercholesterolemia larger than the workers who did not smoke and were heavy smokers have a chance of suffering from LDL hypercholesterolemia 5.07 times greater than on workers who do not smoke

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"Menopause merupakan suatu Menopause merupakan suatu kondisi fisiologis normal yang umumnya terjadi pada usia 44,6 sampai dengan 52 tahun. Adanya pengaruh genetik, autoimun, iatrogenic dan idiopatik diduga dapat menyebabkan menopause terjadi lebih cepat. Kondisi ini berkaitan dengan infertilitas dan peningkatan risiko terjadinya penyakit tidak menular dan kematian. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui hubungan status merokok dengan kejadian menopause dini di Indonesia tahun 2012. Penelitian dilakukan menggunakan disain cross sectional menggunakan data Survei Demografi dan Kesehatan Indonesia tahun 2012 melibatkan 4.973 perempuan usia 45-49 tahun. Untuk menguji hubungan tersebut dilakukan analisis dengan menggunakan regresi cox. Dari hasil penelitian didapatkan bahwa perempuan perokok berisisko 1,5 kali untuk mengalami menopause dini dibandingkan dengan perempuan yang tidak merokok setelah dikontrol dengan penggunaan kontrasepsi hormonal (PRadjusted = 1,49, 95% CI = 0,99 - 2,24, nilai p = 0,052).

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Menopause is physiological condition which usually occurs at 44,6 to 52 years. The influence of genetic, autoimmune, infection, and idiopathic thought to cause early menopause. This condition is associated with fertility and increased risk of non communicable disease and mortality.

The objectives of present study is to investigate the association between smoking status and early menopause in Indonesia year 2012. A cross-sectional study of IDHS data analysis was conducted on 4973 Indonesian women, ranging in age between 45-49 years. We applied cox regression analyses (crude and adjusted prevalence ratio (PR)) to examine the association between smoking status and early menopause.

This study shows that women smokers 1,5 times the risk for early menopause compared with non smokers after controlled use of hormonal contraceptives (PRadjusted = 1,49, 95% CI = 0,99 - 2,24, p value = 0,052)."

"Pendahuluan: Tingginya angka kesakitan dari asma dan biaya pengobatan telah menjadi beban besar bagi masalah kesehatan. Tujuan pengobatan asma adalah tercapainya asma yang terkontrol mendekati fungsi paru normal, tidak ada gejala asma, tidak ada keterbatasan aktifiti dan memburuknya asma. Penggunaan Asthma Control Test ACT , Asthma Symptom Control ASC dan Asthma Control Questionnaire ACQ dapat secara mudah memberitahukan tingkat keterkontrolan asma. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk melihat kesesuaian antara ketiga kuesioner dalam menilai tingkat keterkontrolan asma di RSUP Persahabatan. Metode: Penelitian dengan desain potong lintang dan analisis deskriptif pada 45 subjek pasien asma di klinik asma PPOK RSUP Persahabatan melalui wawancara dan pengisian kuesioner untuk mengetahui tingkat keterkontrolan asma. Hasil: Tingkat keterkontrolan asma dengan ACT sebanyak 42,2 terkontrol baik, 42,2 terkontrol sebagian dengan ASC dan 42,2 tidak terkontrol berdasarkan ACQ. Terdapat hubungan penggunaan obat kortikosteroid semprot dengan kuesioner ACT p=0,031 . Terdapat hubungan antara pendidikan p=0,047 , kebiasaan merokok p=0,037 dan penghasilan p=0,040 dengan keterkontrolan asma ASC. Terdapat hubungan antara penghasilan p=0,025 dengan kuesioner ACQ. Kesesuaian antara ketiga kuesioner ini dengan nilai kappa 0,877 kesesuaian yang baik. Kesimpulan: Terdapat hubungan antara penggunaan obat kortikosteroid semprot, kebiasaan merokok dan penghasilan pada ketiga kuesioner keterkontrolan asma. Kesesuaian antara ketiga kuesioner terdapat kesesuaian yang baik.

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Introduction: The high prevalence of asthma and costs of asthma therapy place a considerable burden on health care systems. Asthma attacks and symptoms can be controlled by an appropriate treatment and proper use of medicines. The goals of asthma therapy are to achieve asthma control near normal lung function, absence of asthma symptoms, no activity limitations and no episodes of worsening asthma. The use of Asthma Control Test ACT , Asthma Symptom Control ASC and Asthma Control Questionnaire ACQ can make easier to control asthma. This study rsquo;s purpose is to see the suitability between the three questionnaires in assessing the level of control asthma in Persahabatan Hospital.

Methods: Research with cross sectional design and descriptive analysis on 45 subjects of asthma patients in the clinic asthma PPOK RSUP Persahabatan through interviews and filling questionnaires to determine the level of control of asthma.

Results: Asthma control rate with ACT was 42.2 well controlled, 42.2 partially controlled with ASC and 42.2 uncontrolled under ACQ. There was association of spray corticosteroid drug use with ACT questionnaire p = 0,031 . There was a relation between education p = 0,047 , smoking habit p = 0,037 and income p = 0,040 with ASC asthma control. There is a relation between income p = 0,025 with ACQ questionnaire. Compatibility between these three questionnaires with a kappa value of 0.877 good suitability.

Conclusion: There is an association between the use of spray corticosteroid drugs, smoking habits and income in the three questionnaires of asthma control. The suitability between the three questionnaires has good suitability."

"Pengantar: Senam Asma Indonesia (SAI) sudah diketahui mampu menurunkan gejala-gejala asma dan meningkatan fungsi paru pada penderita asma. Studi ini bertujuan untuk mempelajari korelasi antara durasi SAI dan faktor lainnya yang mempengaruhi skor Asthma Control Test (ACT) pada anggota Klub Asma RSUP Persahabatan.Metode: Data penelitian didapatkan dengan meminta 28 penderita asma yang juga anggota Klub Asma RSUP Persahabatan untuk menjawab dua kuesioner yaitu kuesioner ACT dan informasi personal mereka mengenai lama durasi SAI, umur, jenis kelamin, dan riwayat merokok.Hasil dan Diskusi: Durasi SAI, dengan median 33 bulan (1-360), berkorelasi bermakna positif dengan skor ACT (p=0.022). Faktor lainnya yang berkorelasi bermakna juga dengan skor ACT adalah umur (p=0.020), berasosiasi positif juga, dan jenis kelamin (p=0.002) dengan laki-laki memiliki skor ACT yang lebih baik. Riwayat merokok tidak menunjukan korelasi yang bermakna dengan skor ACT (p=0.816) karena tidak ada subjek perokok aktif.Konklusi: Di antara anggota Klub Asma RSUP Persahabatan, median dari skor ACT mereka adalah 20(12-23) yang berarti bahwa mereka terkontrol sebagian. Durasi SAI mereka berkorelasi secara positif dengan skor ACT, orang yang sudah lebih lama melakukan SAI memiliki skor ACT yang lebih baik. Selain itu, ditemukan semakin tua subjek semakin baik skor ACT subjek tersebut. Subjek laki-laki didapatkan memilik skor ACT yang lebih baik dari perempuan. Riwayat merokok yang hanya terdiri dari bukan perokok dan mantan perokok tidak berpengaruh terhadap skor ACT.

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Introduction: Indonesian Asthma Gymnastics (IAG) exercise has been associated with reducing asthmatic symptoms and increase lung function in asthmatic patient. This study aims to understand the correlation between the duration of IAG exercise and other factors that might affect to the Asthma Control Test (ACT) score amongst RSUP Persahabatan Asthma Club members.

Method: The data is obtained by asking 28 asthmatic RSUP Persahabatan Asthma Club members to answer two questionnaires which are the ACT questionnaire and their personal information questionnaire regarding their duration of exercise, age, gender and smoking history.

Result and Discussion: The duration of IAG exercise, with median of 33 months (1-360), is significantly correlated by positive association with ACT score (p=0.022). Other factors that are significantly correlated as well with ACT score are age (p=0.020), also positively correlated, and gender (p=0.002) with males having better ACT score than females. Smoking history does not exhibit a significant correlation with ACT score (p=0.816) as there is no subject who is an active smoker.

Conclusion: Among RSUP Persahabatan Asthma Club members, the median of their ACT score is 20(12-23) which is translated to partially controlled. Their IAG exercise duration is significantly and positively correlated with ACT score that indicates people who have been engaging IAG exercise longer shows better ACT score. Besides, ACT score is also higher as the subject is older. Males has better ACT score compared to females. Smoking history, however, which comprised only of non-smoker and former smoker does not show significant correlation with ACT score."

"Tujuan penelitian potong lintang ini adalah menggambarkan tingkat keterkontrolan asma, kualitas hidup, dan kepatuhan pengobatan serta melihat hubungan antara keterkontrolan asma dengan kualitas hidup dan kepatuhan pengobatan. Sebanyak 132 pasien asma poli rawat jalan RSUP Persahabatan menyatakan kesediaan dan mengikuti penelitian ini dengan lengkap. Data diambil melalui wawancara dan pengamatan cara pakai obat. Sebesar 64 pasien (48,5%) menderita asma yang tidak terkontrol dan 68 pasien (51,5%) termasuk dalam asma yang terkontrol. Gambaran kualitas hidup menunjukkan nilai rerata domain gejala sebesar 4,83 (±1,49), domain keterbatasan aktivitas sebesar 5,99 (±0,86), domain fungsi emosi sebesar 5,13 (±1,63), dan domain pajanan lingkungan sebesar 3,89 (±1,88). Gambaran kepatuhan pengobatan pada penelitian ini sebesar 45,5% pasien minum obat sesuai anjuran dokter, 38,6% pasien rutin kontrol ke petugas kesehatan, dan 45,5% menggunakan obat inhalasi dengan benar. Domain pajanan lingkungan berdampak lebih besar terhadap gangguan kualitas hidup dibandingkan dengan domain lainnya. Terdapat hubungan antara keterkontrolan asma dengan kualitas hidup (r=0,307, p<0,05) dan hubungan antara keterkontrolan asma dengan kepatuhan pengobatan (penggunaan dosis obat, rutin kontrol, dan penggunaan obat inhalasi) (p<0.05).

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The aim of this cross-sectional study was to describe the level of asthma control, quality of life, medication compliance, and assess correlation between the level of asthma control, quality of life, and compliance with treatment. A hundred and thirty two patients with asthma in outpatient ward of RSUP Persahabatan hospital have provided consent and completed study. Data collection were conducted from interviews and observation how to use the drug. Sixty four patients (48.5%) had uncontrolled asthma and 68 patients (51.5 %) included in the controlled asthma. The mini asthma quality of life questionaire showed the mean symptom domains score of 4.83 (±1.49), activity limitations domain score of 5.99 (± 0.86), emotional function domain score of 5.13 (±1.63 ), and the environmental stimuli domain of 3.89 (±1.88).

Medication compliance revealed that 45,5% used medication dose as recommended by physician, 38,6% visited the physician for routine follow up, and 45,5% used the inhaled medication correctly. Environmental stimuli had more impact in quality of life compared to symptoms, activity limitation and emotional function. There is a relationship between the domain of quality of life with asthma control level (r=0,307, p<0,05) and there is a relationship between medication dose as recommended by physician, visiting the physician for routine follow up and using the inhaled medication correctly with asthma control level (p <0.05)."

"Background: nowadays, specific IgE measurement has been conducted in Indonesia, however there is still lack of data regarding diagnostic test to detect inhalant allergen in patients with respiratory allergies.This study aimed to determine the accuracy of specific IgE test in diagnosing specific sensitization of inhalant allergen in patients with respiratory allergies.Methods: this was a cross sectional study in patients with respiratory allergies and part of epidemiology study regarding to specific IgE sensitization in Allergy-Immunollogy Division, Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital, Jakarta within November-December 2016. Measurement of specific IgE sensitization using Immunoblot method (Euroline, Euroimmun AG, Germany). The tested allergen is house dust mites Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus (Der p), Dermatophagoides farinae (Der f), Blomia tropicalis (Blo t) and cockroach Blatella germanica (Bla g). The result is compared with gold standard, skin prick test. The diagnostic result includes sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV), negative predictive value (NPV), positive likelihood ratio (LR+), and negative likelihood ratio (LR-).Results: a total of 101 patients were enrolled; 77 (76.2%) were women. Patients mean age was 38.8 years old. Based on SPT, sensitization was highest for Blo t (76.2%), followed by Der p (70.3%), Der f (69.3%), and Bla g (41.6%). Specific IgE-sensitization was highest for Der f (52.9%), followed by Der p (38.2%), Blo t (33.3%) and Bla g (10.8%). Der p allergen had 50.7% sentivity, 90% specificity, 92.3% PPV, 43.5% NPV, 5.1 LR+ and 0.1LR-. Der f showed 71.4% sensitivity, 87.1% specificity, 82.6% PPV, 57.4% NPV, 5.5 LR+ and 0.3 LR-. Blo t allergen had 41.6% sensitivity, 91.7% specificity, 94.1% PPV, 32.8% NPV, 5.0 LR+, and 0.6 LR-. Bla g allergen had 23.8% sensitivity, 98.3% specificity, 90.9% PPV, 64.4% NPV, 14.5 LR+ and 0.8 LR-.Conclusion: serum specific IgE testing to common inhalant allergen in patients with respiratory allergy showed only low-to-moderate sensitivity, but high specificity and PPV. This new assay can be used to diagnose allergen sensitization in the population with high prevalence of TDR and cockroach."