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"This paper present the encounter between two wedding traditions and cultures tha mutually reinforce the internalization of women’s status, the liturgical marriage in the church and the customary Toba Batak wedding. Both traditions originate from different worlds but are similar in their way of stereotyping and subordinating women. The commonly uses scipture in the liturgical marriage exemplifies the stereotyping of women as hersubmission to the husband as a from a submission to God. The patriarchal text is present in the usage of sinamot at customary Toba batak wedding, in other words, a payment arraged for the wedding. Many people equate sinamot with the term tuhor in boru, which literally means’s money to buy women. Women sholud not experience the treatment of dithur or the state of being purchased."

"ABSTRAKMalaysias representation of women as parliamentarians remains one of the lowest in comparison to other Southeast Asian and global parliamentary democracies. However, when contextualized against Malaysias politics of divides and dissent starting from 1999 onward, there are some newer characteristics of womens involvement in formal politics. This paper explores the specificities of womens experience in formal politics under the one-party dominant rule of the National Front before it was defeated in the May 2018 general election. The paper questions various incidents of political transitioning from an old to a newer political regime. Processes such as the collaboration between womens civil society and formal state political actors, the cultivation of clientelist and patronage relations, and the maintenance of a cohesive multiparty coalition as a strategy for electoral advantage have all had fruitful bearings on the way the formalization of women in politics has developed. However, given the insufficiency of these developments for increasing womens representation, this paper proposes the more reliable gender quota or reserved seats mechanism as one of the considerations for gender electoral reform."

"Broadly speaking, this paper aims to examine how Indonesia law views rape and sexual crimes against women, how victims (women and girls) are projected in the law, and how criminal law affects the female victims seeking justice. Are there any laws adequate in providing protection for victims of sexual crimes? The main law referred to in Indonesia rape cases is the Penal Code (KHUP) created by the Dutch during their occupation in Indonesia. This legal reference has become a "holy book" for law enforces, particularly policemen and prosecutors. However because the Penal Code was created during the colonial period, today it is obsolete and does not offer much protection for victims of sexual crimes. From a woman's perspective, the law might be biased because it was formulated from a male point of view. Indeed, despite efforts by legal development programs to improve management of the judiciary, serious problems remain. The law relating to rape along with the procedural law shows how sex crimes are projected to justice. When the interpretation of law is removed from the context of human victims and perpetuated by institutions access to justice for victims of sexual assault is difficult to obtain. The law which essentially has multiple interpretations is standardized into a single meaning and freezes. When the law freezes, dew interpreters will be sensitive, principled, and courages enough to exercise the necessary discretion to bring justice to victims."

"Pernikahan merupakan salah satu peristiwa penting dalam kehidupan manusia sehingga tak jarang diselenggarakan sebuah perayaan untuk mengenang peristiwa tersebut. Indonesia kaya akan beragam suku dengan ritual adatnya masing-masing, termasuk dalam upacara pernikahan tradisional. Bagaimana ritual adat berlangsung tentu tak terlepas dari ruang yang mengakomodasi proses pelaksanaannya. Di sinilah ritual adat berperan dalam menciptakan setting dan desain khusus pada interior ruang pernikahan. Setting dan kualitas ruang yang terbentuk pun akhirnya mempengaruhi kualitas ritualnya. Batak Toba sebagai salah satu suku di Indonesia memiliki ritual adat pernikahan yang unik dan berbeda. Bagaimana perbedaan dan keunikan ritual adat pernikahan suku Batak Toba mempengaruhi ruang pernikahannya akan dibahas pada skripsi ini.

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Marriage is one of important things in human life, so made some ceremony to commemorate marriage is not uncommon nowadays. Indonesia has many tribes with their special ritual, including in traditional wedding ceremony. How do the ritual take place would not be separated from the place which accomodate the process. This is where the traditional ritual play a role in creating the special setting and design of the interior of place. Setting and quality of place that is formed also affect the quality of ritual. Batak Toba as one tribe in Indonesia has unique and different wedding ritual. How do the uniqueness and differences of the wedding ritual affect the place will be discussed in this thesis."

"Skripsi ini membahas mengenai kekerasan yang dialami oleh perempuan Batak Toba, sebagai istri, yang tidak memiliki anak laki-laki. Skripsi ini menggunakan metode studi kasus dengan meneliti kekerasan yang dialami Crosby dan Fanny. Teori yang digunakan dalam skripsi ini adalah teori Interseksionalitas dalam kajian kriminologi feminis dan konsep viktimisasi struktural. Skripsi ini mencoba melihat mengapa terjadi kekerasan dalam rumah tangga dialami oleh Crosby dan Fanny yang merupakan perempuan Batak Toba yang tidak memiliki anak laki-laki. Dalam hal ini Crosby dan Fanny menjalani berbagai hal yang semakin memperburuk kekerasan dalam rumah tangga yang mereka alami. Penelitian ini dilakukan menggunakan pendekatan feminis untuk dapat melihat permasalahan yang dialami perempuan dari sudut pandang dan dunia perempuan. Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah metode kualitatif dengan melakukan wawancara mendalam, dan penelusuran data-data sekunder lainnya sebagai teknik pengumpulan data.

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This Thesis discusses violence against Batak Toba Woman, as a wife, who does not have any son. This Thesis is a case study that analyzes Crosby?s and Fanny?s case. The theory and concept used in this thesis are intersectionality theory from feminist criminology and structural victimization concept.

This thesis sees why domestic violence can happen to Crosby and Fanny, as Batak Toba women that do not have any son. Crosby and Fanny have experienced many things that make the violence against them worse.

This study uses feminist approach to see the problem that happen to women from their points of view and from the women?s world. The method used in this thesis is a qualitative method with in-depth interviews, and secondary data gathering."

"Pernikahan dan perayaan pernikahan adalah dua hal yang tidak dapat dipisahkan dari kekayaan budaya Indonesia. Seiring dengan perkembangan stabilitas ekonomi dan keuangan Indonesia, masyarakat Indonesia telah meningkatkan standar hidup mereka. Kini, pernikahan bukan hanya penyatuan suci antara dua umat manusia tetapi juga kesempatan meriah untuk dirayakan dengan seluruh keluarga. Jumlah transaksi selama pameran pernikahan pada tahun 2012 mencapai lebih dari IDR 18 miliar dan diharapkan untuk menghasilkan omset lebih dari IDR 6 triliun/tahun. Angka tersebut meningkat tajam pada tahun 2013, ketika jumlah transaksi di industri pernikahan mencapai hingga IDR 70 triliun/tahun. Angka tersebut adalah suatu jumlah yang fantastis mengingat industry ini terdiri dari iusaha kecil menengah dengan sangat sedikit, hampir tidak ada, perusahaan besar. Ini membuat bisnis pernikahan menjadi bisnis baru yang sangat menguntungkan dan mampu menciptakan pendapatan bernilai miliaran. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengevaluasi pengembangan Joourno untuk memperluas bisnis dalam industri pernikahan.

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Marriage and wedding celebration are the two things that cannot be separated from the richness of Indonesian culture. Along with the development of Indonesian economic and financial stability, Indonesian people have improved their living standards. Wedding today is not merely a sacred union between two people but also a festive occasion to be celebrated with the entire families. The number of transaction during wedding fairs on 2012 have reached more than IDR 18 billion and it is expected to generate a turnover income over IDR 6 trillion/year. The figures increase sharply on 2013, when the number of transaction in wedding industry reached up to IDR 70 trillion/year. The number is such a fantastic amount considering the industry is highly fragmented with small-medium enterprises and very few, if none, of big enterprise. These make a wedding business very lucrative within an emerging industry, which able to create multibillion revenues. This research is aimed to evaluate Joourno?s business development to expand in wedding industry."

"ABSTRAKInterviews with 22 marriage-migrant women from China, Vietnam, Cambodia, and the Philippines revealed that power distance in conjunction with individualis/collectivism influence their conflict styles. Moreover, women were more likely to engage in compromising style with their spouses, obliging with their in-laws, and avoiding with their spouse and in-laws when they had emotionally given up on resolving the conflict outside the home with strangers and acquaintances. Though inconclusive, the findings suggest that women's educational level, work experiences and financial status influence their conflict style. While these were cultural and social factors that influence the participants conflict style, their goal, namely, providing a better life for their children, was also found to be a major drive in resolving conflicts and in the process they empowered themselves to out win (surmount) the conflicting situations rather than being compliant. Suggestions for future studies as well as a scale for Cambodia's power distance and individualism/collectivism are suggested."