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"Emilie du Châtelet was one of the most influential woman philosophers of the Enlightenment. Her writings on natural philosophy, physics, and mechanics had a decisive impact on important scientific debates of the 18th century. Particularly, she took an innovative and outstanding position in the controversy between Newton and Leibniz, one of the fundamental scientific discourses of that time.The contributions in this volume focus on this "Leibnitian turn". They analyze the nature and motivation of Emilie du Châtelet's synthesis of Newtonian and Leibnitian philosophy. Apart from the Institutions Physiques they deal with Emilie du Châtelet's annotated translation of Isaac Newton's Principia.The chapters presented here collectively demonstrate that her work was an essential contribution to the mediation between empiricist and rationalist positions in the history of science."

"Pencarian solusi pada sistem persamaan non-linier dapat dilakukan dengan cara langsung maupun tidak langsung. Salah satu cara tidak langsung yang digunakan adalah metode numerik. Metode Newton merupakan salah satu metode numerik untuk mencari solusi pada sistem persamaan non-linier. Metode Newton-like merupakan improvisasi dari Metode Newton, yang memiliki sebuah parameter berupa bilangan real yang berperan sebagai pengontrol kecepatan konvergensinya. Metode ini bersifat konvergen kuadratik, serta dianggap lebih baik daripada metode Newton untuk matriks Jacobi yang mendekati singular pada vektor inisial. Simulasi numerik dilakukan pada Metode Newton dan Newton-like dengan menggunakan lima sistem persamaan non-linier, yang masing-masingnya menggunakan empat nilai real untuk parameter pada Newton-like. Vektor inisial didapat dengan membuat nilai determinan Matriks Jacobi pada sistem persamaan non-linier mendekati nol. Berdasarkan simulasi numerik yang telah dilakukan, metode Newton-like secara umum lebih cepat konvergen daripada metode Newton. Kemudian, dari masing-masing sistem dapat ditentukan ada atau tidaknya sebuah nilai parameter optimal pada Metode Newton-like.

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Finding solutions on systems of non linear equations can be done by direct or indirect way. One of the inderect way is numerical methods. Newton method is one of the numerical methods to find solutions on systems of non linear equations. Newton like is an improvement of Newton method, which has a real parameter as the convergence speed regulator. This method is quadratic convergent, and considered better than Newton for Jacobian that is close to singular on initial vector.

Numerical simulations are performed on Newton and Newton like using five systems of non linear equations, which each system using four real values for the parameter on Newton like. The initial vector is obtained by making the determinant of Jacobian on systems close to zero. Newton like are generally faster than Newton Method. Later, from each system can be determined whether or not an optimal value on Newton like Method. "

"This book is a collection of essays on the reception of Leibniz’s thinking in the sciences and in the philosophy of science in the 19th and 20th centuries. Authors studied include C.F. Gauss, Georg Cantor, Kurd Lasswitz, Bertrand Russell, Ernst Cassirer, Louis Couturat, Hans Reichenbach, Hermann Weyl, Kurt Gödel and Gregory Chaitin. In addition, we consider concepts and problems central to Leibniz’s thought and that of the later authors : the continuum, space, identity, number, the infinite and the infinitely small, the projects of a universal language, a calculus of logic, a mathesis universalis etc. "