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"Perkembangan paru yang terjadi sejak masa embrio hingga pascanatal menentukan efektivitas pertukaran gas, khususnya pada alveolus. Penelitian mengenai struktur ketebalan dinding alveolus paru dan kaitannya dengan diameter alveolus pascanatal belum pernah dilaporkan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui hubungan antara ketebalan dinding alveolus paru dengan panjang diameter alveolus pada perkembangan paru neonatus tikus Sprague-Dawley. Jaringan paru tikus Sprague Dawley usia 2, 4, 10, dan 16 hari yang telah diproses secara histologis dengan pewarnaan Trichrome Masson, diamati dan difoto di bawah mikroskop, kemudian diukur ketebalan dinding dan panjang diameter alveolus-nya dengan Optilab Image Raster. Data disajikan masing-masing dalam bentuk proporsi total ketebalan dinding alveolus atau panjang diameter alveolus terhadap total panjang horizontal garis di sepertiga lapang pandang foto. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan adanya peningkatan ketebalan dinding alveolus paru dan penurunan panjang diameter alveolus dengan korelasi negatif sedang (uji Pearson; r=-0,523; p=0,009). Disimpulkan bahwa peningkatan ketebalan dinding alveolus berkorelasi dengan penurunan panjang diameter alveolus pada paru neonatus tikus Sprague Dawley.

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Lung development, which happens during embryonic period until postnatal, will determine the effectiveness of the gas exchange process. Until recently, study about the thickness of septum interalveolar and the diameter length of alveolus has not been reported yet. This study aimed to know the correlation between the thickness of septum interalveolar and the diameter length of alveolus on postnatal lung development of Sprague Dawley rat. The Sprague Dawley rats aged 2, 4, 10, and 16 days tissues that were processed histologically with Masson’s Trichrome stain were observed and photographed using microscope. Subsequently, the septum interalveolar and diameter were measured by using Optilab Image Raster. The data were presented each in ratio of total alveolar septum or total alveolar diameter to the horizontal length of one-third visual field. Our study showed that there is a significant moderate correlation between the thickness of septum interalveolar and the diameter length of alveolus on Sprague Dawley rat (Pearson’s test; r=-0.523 ; p=0.009). As summary, the septum interalveolar increase while the diameter decrease on lung development of postnatal Sprague Dawley rat."

"Alveolus neonatus mengalami perkembangan dalam hal jumlah dan ukuran pada masa pascanatal. Pada perkembangan tersebut, jumlah alveolus bertambah dan dimensi alveolus – dalam hal diameter – meningkat bersama dengan peningkatan volume total paru. Penelitian ini bertujuan mencari korelasi panjang diameter alveolus dengan usia pada perkembangan paru neonatus. Desain penelitian merupakan potong lintang dalam studi analitik observational. Empat kelompok tikus Sprague-Dawley usia 2, 4, 10, dan 16 hari digunakan sebagai model coba. Paru tikus yang telah dijadikan sediaan histologis difoto di bawah mikroskop untuk kemudian diukur dengan program Optilab Image Raster. Panjang diameter alveolus paru tikus Sprague-Dawley diukur pada sepertiga tengah lapang pandang dengan metode proporsi, yaitu membandingkan total panjang diameter alveolus pada satu lapang pandang dengan total panjang lapang pandang. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa rerata panjang diameter alveolus mengalami penurunan dari 0,466 (SD 0,093) pada usia 4 hari menjadi 0,401 (SD 0,126) pada usia 16 hari. Namun, korelasi usia dan panjang diameter alveolus tidak signifikan dengan kekuatan korelasi lemah (Spearman, p = 0,451 dan r = -0,162). Disimpulkan bahwa panjang diameter alveolus paru tidak berkorelasi dengan usia perkembangan neonatus tikus Sprague-Dawley.

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Alveolar changes in amount and size occur in lung morphogenesis during post-natal development. During the development, the amount of alveolar multiplies and the alveolar dimension – measured in diameter – expanses as the total lung volume increases until alveoli reach its mature age. This study aimed to find a correlation between alveolar diameter and age during post-natal development. The research design was cross sectional, an analytic observational study. Four groups of Sprague-Dawley rats, i.e. 2, 4, 10, and 16 days-old were used as model. Rats' lungs that have been processed histologically were captured as photos under light microscope, and were measured using Optilab Image Raster. The alveolar diameter was measured using ratio of the total length of the diameter and total length of horizontal field on one-third middle of the field. Mean length proportion of alveolar diameter were found decreasing from 0,466 (SD 0,093) at age 4 day to 0,401 (SD 0,126) at age 16 day. However, correlation between alveolar diameter sizes in post-natal ages was insignificant with low correlation power (Spearman p = 0,451 and r = -0,162). In conclusion, alveolar diameter has no correlation with age during lung development of Sprague-Dawley rat's neonates."

"Serat kolagen merupakan salah satu komponen yang berperan penting dalam memberi struktur pada dinding alveolus dan mempengaruhi proses fisiologis paru. Penelitian ini bertujuan mengetahui hubungan antara jumlah serat kolagen dalam jaringan interstisial dengan ketebalan septum interalveolar pada perkembangan paru tikus neonatus. Desain penelitian yang digunakan adalah metode observasional analitik dengan studi cross-sectional (n=24). Perhitungan serat kolagen berdasarkan warna hijau atau biru keunguan pada satu lapang pandang (pewarnaan Trichrome Mason), sedangkan septum interalveolar diukur berdasarkan proporsi. Serat kolagen cenderung menetap (terdistribusi <30%), sedangkan ketebalan septum interalveolar menurun pada usia perkembangan neonatus usia 2 hari (0,434±0,145), 4 hari (0,412±0,064), 10 hari (0,394±0,118) dan 16 hari (0,407±0,058). Korelasi Spearman untuk distribusi serat kolagen dan ketebalan septum interalveolar bersifat positif berkekuatan sedang dan bersifat signifikan (r = 0,586; p = 0,003). Dapat disimpulkan bahwa dalam proses perkembangan paru neonatus, perubahan distribusi serat kolagen berhubungan dengan perubahan ketebalan septum interalveolar.

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Collagen fibre is one of the most important structure in alveolus, which influences lung physiology. This study aimed to find the correlation between distribution of interstitial collagen fiber and thickness of interalveolar septum in Sprague Dawley neonatal rats’ lung. We used observational analytic method with cross-sectional study (n=24). Collagen fibre was calculated based on green or purplish blue (Trichrome Mason staining), and interalveolar septum was measured by proportional method. The distribution of collagen fibre between all ages of neonatal rats have no difference (low distributed/<30%). However, interalveolar septum thickness decrease as the age increase (0,434±0,145 on day 2; 0,412±0,064 on day 4; 0,394±0,118 on day 10 and 0,407±0,058 on day 16). Spearman correlation of collagen fibre distribution and interalveolar septum thickness showed a medium and significant positive correlation (r = 0.586; p = 0,003). In conclusion, during neonatal rats’ lung development, there is a correlation between distribution of collagen fibre and thickness of interalveolar septum."

"Latar belakang: Pada penuaan paru, terjadi perubahan fisiologi, parenkim, anatomi serta imun. Perubahan fisiologi dapat dilihat dari perubahan volumevolume paru fisiologis pada pengukuran spirometri. Perubahan anatomi antara lain pada dinding dada, otot respirasi serta perubahan parenkim paru dan saluran napas. Perubahan parenkim paru yang telah diteliti salah satunya adalah penurunan serat elastin sehingga daya elastik rekoil berkurang. Tujuan penelitian adalah mengetahui hubungan/korelasi antara ruang udara alveolus, terhadap penuaan. Metode: Desain penelitian adalah cross sectional analytical correlative. Subjek penelitian adalah tikus Sprague-Dawley dengan rentang usia 2 hari, 16 hari, 3 – 4 bulan dan 12 bulan yang ditentukan dengan single blind randomization dengan total 24 ekor. Data yang diambil adalah panjang ruang udara alveolus yang diukur menggunakan perangkat lunak Optilab Image Raster. Data diolah dengan uji korealsi Spearman dengan bantuan software SPSS. Hasil: Rata- rata ruang udara alveolus berdasarkan usia 2 hari, 16 hari, 3-4 bulan dan 1 tahun adalah 0.467 + 0.038, 0.410 + 0.052, 0.369 + 0.046 dan 0.378 + 0.028. Uji korelasi antara panjang ruang udara alveouls dengan penuaan menunjukkan adanya korelasi lemah (r = -0.227), yaitu semakin bertambah usia (penuaan), panjang ruang udara alveolus semakin kecil. Kesimpulan: Berdasarkan hasil dan pembahasan dari penelitian ini, dapat disimpulkan bahwa terdapat hubungan antara ruang udara alveolus penuaan, yakni semakin bertambah usia, terjadi perubahan pada ruang udara alveolus.

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Background: Aging is a complex process that occurs in each organ. In lung aging, there are some changes in physiology, parenchyma, anatomy and immune system. Physiological changes can be seen from the changes in physiological lung volumes on spirometry measurements. Anatomical changes occurs in the chest wall, muscles of respiration and changes in the lung parenchyma and airways. One of lung parenchyma changes which were investigated is the reduction of elastin fibers that elastic recoil force is reduced. Focus of this study is the relation / correlation between the alveolar air space, with all the evidence of the changes associated with aging, in aging lung.

Method: This study design were cross sectional analytical correlative. Subjects of this research are Sprague-Dawley rats, aged 2 days, 16 days, 3-4 months and 12 months and determined by single blind randomization with total subject are 24. The data is length of the alveolar air spaces and were measured using the software Raster Image Optilab. The data were processed by Spearman correlation using SPSS.

Result: Alveolar air space average based on age of 2 days, 16 days, 3-4 months and 12 months are 0.467 + 0.038, 0.410 + 0.052, 0.369 + 0.046 dan 0.378 + 0.028. Correlation between the length of the air space alveolus with aging showed a weak correlation (r = -0227), which in increasing age (aging), the length of the alveolar air space become smaller.

Conclusion: Based on results and discussion, it can be concluded that there is correlation between lung aging and alveolar air space, increase in age make some change in alveolar air space. The increasing age, there is change in alveolar air space."

"Salah satu komponen alveolus yang berperan penting dalam proses pertukaran gas adalah septum interalveolar. Diketahui bahwa dengan bertambahnya usia, terjadi perubahan-perubahan dalam komponen interstitial seperti serat elastin dan kolagen yang dapat berpengaruh pada ketebalan septum interalveolar. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui korelasi perubahan ketebalan septum interalveolar dengan usia selama proses pematangan paru. Desain penelitian ini berupa analitik observasional menggunakan metode cross sectional dengan subjek penelitian tikus Sprague-Dawley berusia 2, 4, 10, dan 16 hari. Paru tikus yang sudah dijadikan sediaan histologis dan diwarnai dengan pewarnaan Trichrome Masson difoto di bawah mikroskop cahaya, kemudian diukur dengan Optilab Image Raster. Ketebalan septum interalveolar diukur menggunakan proporsi panjang total septum interalveolar dengan panjang total lapang pandang di garis sepertiga tengah lapang pandang foto. Data dari pengukuran ketebalan septum interalveolar (0,434 pada usia dua hari, 0,412 pada usia empat hari, 0,394 pada uia 10 hari, dan 0,407 pada usia enam belas hari) diolah dengan program IBM SPSS Statistics 11.5 dan diuji dengan uji korelasi Spearman; didapatkan p= 0,861 dengan nilai r= -.038. Disimpulkan bahwa terdapat penurunan ketebalan septum interalveolar seiring bertambahnya usia, namun tidak terdapat korelasi signifikan antara keduanya.

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One of the alveoli component that plays an important role in oxygen and carbon dioxide gas exchange is interalveolar septum. It is known that with increasing age, changes occur in the interstitial components such as elastin and collagen fibers that can affect the thickness of the interalveolar septum. This study aimed to determine the correlation of interalveolar septum thickness changes with age during lung maturation. This research is an analytic observational with cross-sectional method to study the subject of Sprague-Dawley rats aged 2, 4, 10, and 16 days. Rats’ lung histological preparations that have been made and stained with Trichrome Masson staining were photographed under a light microscope and then measured with an Optilab Image Raster. Interalveolar septum thickness was measured using the proportion of one-third the length of the visual field divided by the total length of visual field. Data from the measurement of interalveolar septum thickness (0,434 at the age of two days, 0,412 at the age of four days, 0,394 at the age of ten days, and 0,407 at the age of sixteen days) processed by the IBM SPSS Statistics 11.5 program and tested with Spearman's test, p = 0.861 obtained with a value of r = -.038. From these results, it can be concluded that there is a decrease in the thickness of the interalveolar septum with age, but there is no significant correlation between the two."

"Pada paru yang menua, terjadi perubahan pada komponen penyusun jaringan alveolus dan jaringan interstitial paru. Perubahan morfologi ini berpengaruh terhadap proses pertukaran gas yang terjadi di alveolus serta penurunan fungsi faal paru. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui hubungan antara ketebalan septum dan rongga udara alveolus pada paru yang mengalami penuaan dengan menggunakan model hewan coba tikus Sprague-Dawley. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah cross sectionalanalitic observational. Pengukuran ketebalan septum dan rongga udara alveolus dilakukan pada jaringan paru tikus Sprague-dawley yang dibagi menjadi beberapa kelompok yaitu: kelompok usia 2 hari, 16 hari, 3-4 bulan, dan lebih dari 12 bulan. Hasil pengukuran rata-rata ketebalan septum interalveolar sesuai dengan urutan kelompok usia adalah 0,436 ± 0,059 μm , 0,399 ± 0,022 μm, 0,474 ± 0,043 μm, 0,512 ± 0,020 μm. Sedangkan rata-rata diameter rongga udara alveolus secara berurutan adalah 0,467 ± 0,038 μm, 0,410 ± 0,052 μm, 0,370 ± 0,046 μm, 0,378 ± 0,028 μm. Berdasarkan uji korelasi Pearson, didapatkan hasil bahwa ketebalan septum alveolus mempunyai berkorelasi sedang dengan rongga udara alveolus (r = -0,528). Sehingga dapat disimpulkan bahwa pada penuaan tikus Sprague-Dawley, ketebalan septum interalveolar akan bertambah dan rongga udara alveolus akan berkurang.

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Aging process on the lung gives a result in morphological changes of alveolus and its interstitial components. These changes alter the respiratory function of the lung as marked as increasing lung residual volume and decreasing lung vital capacity. The aim of this research is to study the morphological changes of alveolus including septum thickness and alveolar air space changes in aging lung. We used cross sectional-analitic observational study to conduct this research. The microscopic observation has been done on Sprague-Dawley rats’ lung preparation from different age group of rats (2 days, 16 days, 3-4 months, and more than 12 months). The means of interalveolar septum measurement are 0.436 ± 0.059 μm, 0.399 ± 0.022 μm, 0.474 ± 0.043 μm, and 0.512 ± 0.020 μm respectively. The means of alveolar air space measurement are 0.467 ± 0.038 μm, 0.410 ± 0.052 μm, 0.370 ± 0.046 μm, and 0.378 ± 0.028 μm respectively. The Pearson correlation study show that there is a moderate correlation between septum thickness and alveolar air space (r = -0.528). As the age of the rats increased, the alveolar septum thickness increased and alveolar air space reduced."

"Latar belakang: Penuaan paru ditandai dengan perubahan struktur dan fisiologi paru. Secara struktural, terjadi perubahan ketebalan septum interalveolar dan komponen di dalamnya, salah satunya adalah serat kolagen interstisial, sehingga dapat memengaruhi fungsi paru sebagai organ respirasi. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah mengetahui korelasi antara jumlah serat kolagen interstitial paru dengan ketebalan septum interalveolar pada penuaan tikus Sprague-Dawley. Metode: Desain penelitian yang digunakan adalah cross sectional analytic correlative. Penelitian ini menggunakan 24 ekor tikus Sprague-Dawley sebagai subjek penelitian. Subjek penelitian terdiri atas empat kelompok usia, yaitu 2 hari, 16 hari, 3-4 bulan, dan >12 bulan yang ditentukan dengan m ± 0.043 μm, dan 0,512 ± 0.020 μm. Uji korelasi non parametrik Spearman (p = 0,03) antara jumlah serat kolagen interstisial dengan ketebalan septum interalveolar menunjukkan nilai koefisien korelasi (r = 0,213). Kesimpulan: Pada penelitian ini disimpulkan bahwa terdapat korelasi yang lemah antara jumlah serat kolagen interstisial paru dengan ketebalan septum interalveolar pada penuaan tikus Sprague-Dawley. Dengan demikian, dapat dipikirkan bahwa serat kolagen interstisial dapat mempengaruhi ketebalan septum interalveolar paru tikus yang menua, meskipun bukan satu-satunya faktor yang mempengaruhi.

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Background: Lung aging is characterized by structure and physiologic changes of the lung. Structurally, the interalveolar septum thickness and all of its components including collagen fiber are change, so that affect the lung function as a respiratory organ. This study is aimed to determine the correlation between the amount of pulmonary interstitial collagen fiber and interalveolar septum thickness on Sprague-Dawley rat aging. Method: The design of this research is cross sectional analytic correlative. The data was taken from the lung tissue preparations of 24 rats in 4 groups based on age, 2 days, 16 days, 3-4 months, and >12 months using single blind randomization technique. The methods of preparation making are based on the literatures. Data that was assessed were the histology of pulmonary interstitial collagen fiber and interalveolar septum. Then, they were analized using SPSS 20.0. Result: Sequentially, the modes of interstitial collagen fiber are 1, 2, 2, and 3; while the interalveolar septum thickness means are 0,436 ± 0.059 μm, 0,399 ± 0.022 μm, 0,474 ± 0.043 μm, and 0,512 ± 0.020 μm. By using non parametric Spearman correlation test (p = 0.03), it was obtained the correlation coefficient (r = 0.213) between the amount of pulmonary interstitial collagen fiber with the interalveolar septum thickness. Conclusion: There is a weak correlation between the amount of pulmonary interstitial collagen fiber with the interalveolar septum thickness of Sprague- Dawley rat aging. Thus, it can be thought that pulmonary interstitial collagen fiber may affects interalveolar septum thickness of rat aging, although it’s not as the only one factor."

"Terkait pertambahan usia, penurunan fungsi paru dapat terjadi karena adanya perubahan struktur histologis alveolus. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah : untuk mengetahui korelasi ketebalan septum interalveolar paru tikus Sprague dawley terhadap pertambahan usia. Metode penelitian ini adalah penelitian berbasis laboratorium dengan desain cross sectional. Sebagai subjek penelitian, digunakan tikus Sprague-dawley yang terbagi dalam empat kelompok usia : 2 hari, 16 hari, 3-4 bulan, di atas 12 bulan. Sesuai dengan kelompok usia, kemudian dilakukan pengambilan jaringan paru dan diwarnai dengan metode pewarnaan trichrome-masson. Penghitungan nilai tebal septum dilakukan dengan membandingkan jumlah total tebal septum dengan lebar lapang pandang. Dengan metode saphiro-wilk didapatkan nilai persebaran data yang normal dan dilanjutkan dengan uji korelasi. Hhasil analisis data penelitian yang didapat berdasarkan kelompok usia, diperoleh ketebalan septum alveolus sebesar 0.436 ± 0.059 m untuk kelompok usia 2 hari, 0.399 ± 0.022 m pada kelompok usia 16 hari, 0.474 ± 0.043 m pada kelompok 3-4 bulan, serta 0.512 ± 0.020 m pada kelompok tikus usia lebih dari 12 bulan. Kesimpulan penelitian berdasarkan hasil uji korelasi pearson, diperoleh nilai r=0,375 yang menandakan adanya korelasi lemah antara pertambahan usia dengan ketebalan septum interalveolar.

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As age goes by, changes in intrapulmonary condition may result in respiratory disorders. This research aims to find correlation between interalveolar septal thickness and age. Research method used in this study was laboratorim-based study with cross sectional design. As a subject used in this study, Sprague dawley rat sorted in age-related order : 2 days group, 16 days group, 3-4 months group, more than 12 months group. In accordance with the age-related grouping, alveolar tissue sampling was done and stained by trichrome-masson staining method. Measurement was done by comparing interalveolar septal thickness with microscope field of view. Result data normality evaluated by Shapiro-wilk test then tested with Pearson correlation test. Calculation of mean alveolar wall thickness value from each age-related groups gives following results: 2-days group: 0.436 ± 0.059 m thick, while 16-days group: 0.399 ± 0.022 m thick, 3-4 months old group: 0.474 ± 0.043 m thick, and >12 months old group: 0.512 ± 0.020 m thick. Pearson correlation test gave result of r=0,375 which marked a weak correlation between age and interalveolar septum thickness."

"Background: The purpose of this study was to provide a reference of chronic diabetes complications by investigatingthe prolonged hyperglycemia effects on hematological, biochemical and histopathological changes (liver, kidney,spleen, cardiac muscle, adrenal gland, and endocrine pancreas) in diabetic rats induced by streptozotocin. Methods:Ten adult female Sprague-Dawley of uniform age were divided into two Groups. Group 1 was made diabetic by singleintraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin (60 mg/kg/bw) whereas Group 2 served as control. After six months, the ratswere anesthetized using pentobarbital. Cardiac puncture was performed to get 3 ml of the blood sample; following 12hours of an overnight fast. Serum chemistry test and complete blood analysis for lipid profile and blood glucose test;liver and renal functions were performed. Tissue specimens of liver, kidney, spleen, cardiac muscle, adrenal gland, andendocrine pancreas were fixed in 10% formal saline and processed for histological study. Results: There were severehistopathological changes in the affected organs; and the presence of a significant abnormality of lipid profile, liver, andrenal functions. Conclusions: The presence of histopathological changes with abnormal biochemical changes is relatedto the chronic absence of insulin production in the destroyed β –cells which reflect the diabetic complications in ahuman being."