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"Keju mozzarella substitute merupakan salah satu alternatif pilihan pengganti keju mozzarella komersiil yang harganya cukup mahal di pasaran. Pembuatan keju mozzarella substitute dilakukan dengan variasi bahan baku, yaitu dengan atau tanpa penambahan bee bread, serta variasi jenis bee bread yang digunakan Penentuan jenis keju mozzarella substitute terbaik dilakukan dengan analisis proksimat, uji organoleptik oleh ahli perkejuan, dan uji hedonic dari masyarakat sekitar. Keju mozzarella substitute terbaik adalah tipe A (tanpa penambahan bee bread), dengan kadar protein sebesar 7%; kadar air 52,92%; kadar abu 1,62%; kadar lemak 14,5%; dan kadar karbohidrat 23,96%. Dari hasil uji organoleptik yang dilakukan oleh ahli keju, dari ketiga jenis sampel tersebut disimpulkan sampel A (keju mozzarella substitute tanpa penambahan bee bread) lebih acceptable dari segi rasa, aroma, tekstur dan warna dibandingkan kedua jenis sampel lainnya. Di samping itu, hasil uji hedonik juga menunjukkan bahwa responden lebih menyukai keju mozzarella substitute tipe A dengan persentase kesukaan terhadap rasa sebesar 90%; aroma 80%; tekstur 74%; dan warna 80%.

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Mozzarella cheese substitute is one of the alternative food choices that can replace the commercial mozzarella cheese which is quite expensive in the market. In this research, manufacturing process of mozzarella cheese substitute is divided into three types, the first type doesn’t use bee bread, the second type use2% of bee bread Trigona, and the third type use2% of bee bread A.dorsata as its raw material. The best mozzarella cheese substitute is determined by using proximate analysis, organoleptic analysis, and hedonic test. The best mozzarella cheese substituteis the first type (without an addition of bee bread) with a protein content of 7%; moisture content of 52,92%; ash content of 162%; fat content of 14,5%; and carbohydrate content of 23,96%.

From the results of organoleptic test conducted by its experts, from three types of the samples are summed sample A (substitute mozzarella cheese without the addition of bee bread) is more acceptable in terms of flavor, aroma, texture and color than the other two types of samples. In addition, hedonic test results also showed that the respondents preferred the substitute mozzarella cheese type A with a preference for flavors percentage of 90%; aroma 80%; texture of 74%; and color of 80%."

"Niosom adalah salah satu vesikel surfaktan nonionik yang dapat membawa obat yang sekarang ini sedang dikembangkan. Salah satu eksipien yang digunakan dalam niosom adalah maltodektrin. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mempelajari kemampuan penjerapan obat oleh niosom yang menggunakan maltodekstrin DE 5-10 dart pati singkong sebagai bahan pembawa. Maltodekstrin dengan ukuran 60 mesh (250 um) ditambah surfaktan non ionik menghasilkan proniosom. Proniosom tersebut bila dihidrasi akan menghasilkan niosom. Proniosom dan niosom yang dihasilkan dievaluasi secara mikroskopik dan analisis kuantiatatif terhadap obat yang dijerap, sebagai bahan obat digunakan klorfeniramin maleat (CTM) sebagai model. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa maltodekstrin DE 5-10 dari pati singkong dapat digunakan sebagai pembawa dalam pembuatan proniosom dan proniosom yang dihasilkan tersebut dapat digunakan untuk membuat niosom, dan dapat menjerap obat sebesar 45,54% pada konsentrasis urfaktan lOmMdanCTM ImM.

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Niosomes are nonionic surfactant vesicles as carrier for drug, that developed by researcher. One of the exipient can be used in niosom is maltodextrin. The aim of this research was to study entrapment ability of drug by niosom that used maltodextrin DE 5-10 from tapioca starch as carrier substance. The maltodextrin DE 5-10 with particle size 60 mesh (250 um) was added non ionic surfactant for proniosomes preparation. The proniosomes when hydrated could be produced niosomes. Both proniosom and niosomes had been evaluated by microscopic and quantity entrapment drug method, and was used chlorpheniramin maleat as a drug model. Results of this research show that maltodextrin DE 5-10 from tapioca starch can be used as the carrier in the proniosome preparations and can be used for producing niosomes, and could entrapped drug 45,54% at 10 mM surfactant concentration and 1 mM CTM."

"Estikomah SA, Sutarno, Pangastuti A 2010. Ripening for improving the quality of inoculated cheese Rhizopus oryzae. Nusantara Bioscience 2: 1-6. Cheese is dairy product resulted from fermented milk in which the fermentation process can be done by lactic acid bacteria or fungus. Rhizopus oryzae is able to produce lactic acid, protease and lipase. The ripening process changes the tasteand texture. The purpose of this study is ripening to improve the quality of inoculated cheese R. oryzae. In this research the ripening wasconducted the concentration variation of temperature (5o C, 10o C, 15o C), and time (7 days, 14 days). The procedure of research consisted of two steps, namely un-ripened cheese preparation followed by ripening cheese preparation. Cheese produced in this study analyzed the value of pH, fat content, protein content, amino acid levels and identification of microbe with ANOVA then followed by DMRT at 5%level of significance. Data results were analyzed with the like?s nonparametric statistical test, followed by Fridman Wilcoxon SignedRank Test (WSRT) at 5% level significance. The results showed that the preferred ripened cheese panelist was at a temperature of 15oC for 14 days. Ripening conditions affect pH, fat content, protein content and do not affect the levels of amino acids that formed ripenedcheese. The best quality ripened cheese i.e. at a temperature of 15°C for 14 days, had a pH value of 4.40, the highest protein content of9.78%, and fat content of 35.02%. The results of identified microbe in un-ripened cheese and ripened cheese include Enterococcus hirae(Enterococcus faecalis), Bacillus subtilis, and Aspergillus sp. "

"Studi interaksi antara TiO2 dan ekstrak klorofil dari daun singkong (Manihot utilissima) telah dilakukan. TiO2 yang telah dibuat dengan metode Rapid Breakdown Anodization (RBA) dilapisi pada permukaan kaca substrat FTO dengan teknik doctor blade sebagai fotoanoda. Pengukuran dilakukan terhadap fotoanoda yang direndam maupun yang tidak direndam dengan ekstrak dyes. Interaksi antar komponen diukur menggunakan spektrofotometer UV-Vis/DRS dan FTIR. Spektrofotometer UV-Vis digunakan untuk mengukur adanya perubahan absorbansi sedangkan DRS digunakan untuk menentukan perubahan energi TiO2 yang telah direndam ekstrak dyes. Spektrofotometer FTIR digunakan untuk menentukan karakteristik gugus fungsi. Kemudian juga diukur energi level HOMO LUMO dari ekstrak dyes dengan penentuan potensial oksidasi reduksi menggunakan metode voltametri siklik. Teknik Linear Sweep dan Multi Pulse Amperommetry digunakan untuk menentukan pengaruh penyinaran oleh sinar UV maupun sinar tampak pada fotoanoda sebelum dan sesudah perendaman dengan ekstrak dyes. Koefisien degradasi dan formasi serta koefisien difusi hole ekstrak dye diukur dengan menggunakan teknik spektroelektrokimia. Komunikasi yang baik (good anchor) antara TiO2 dengan ekstrak dye klorofil alami dapat dilihat dari niali energi level LUMO dye (-4,26 eV) yang mendekati pita konduksi TiO2 (-4,3 eV), nilai koefisien degradasi dan formasi yang menunjukkan dye klorofil bersifat quasi reversible dan nilai koefisien difusi hole yang kecil menyebabkan terjadinya rekombinasi juga kecil sehingga bisa digunakan sebagai sensitizer.

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Interaction between TiO2 and dyes sensitizer have been studied. Natural pigment has been extracted from cassava (Manihot utilissima) leaves as dyes sensitizer. Thin film photoanode consist of TiO2 which have been made using Rapid Breakdown Anodization (RBA) method then applied to film FTO using doctor blade technique. The interaction between components have been measured by UVVis / DRS and FTIR spectroscopy before and after chlorophyll dyes loading to thin film photoanode. UV-Vis spectroscopy was used to determine the absorbance changing and DRS spectroscopy to determine the band gap energy changing.

FTIR spectroscopy was used to determine the characteristic functionalities. Energy level of the dyes were measured by cyclic voltammetry method. Linear sweep and multi pulse amperometry technique was used to determine the effect of ultraviolet and visible light irradiation to photoanode before and after dyes loading. The coefficient of degradation and formations and diffusion coefficient hole recombination of the dyes was determined by spectro-electrochemical.

Good anchor between TiO2 with dye extracts natural chlorophyll can be seen from niali dye LUMO energy level (-4.26 eV) is approaching the conduction band of TiO2 (-4.3 eV), the coefficient of degradation and formations that show dye chlorophyll quasi reversible and diffusion coefficient hole recombination values were small so that it can be used as a sensitizer."

"Dalam penelitian ini, penulis mencoba untuk mengembangkan keju yang dibuat dari susu unta karena potensi dari susu unta sendiri berdasarkan literatur yang ada sangatlah bagus. Untuk menggantikan enzim rennet sebagai koagulan, digunakan enzim papain sebagai alternatif. Enzim papain terdapat dalam getah papaya yang dibuat dengan cara menyadap getah papaya kemudian diproses lebih lanjut untuk diperoleh enzim papain. Penelitian dilakukan di laboratorium, dimulai dari proses pembuatan enzim papain, proses koagulasi, dan di akhir, keju hasil dari masingmasing penggumpalan dengan koagulan berbeda dianalisa dengan analisis proksimat untuk diketahui kadar protein, kadar lemak, karbohidrat, air dan abu, analisis potensial zeta untuk mengamati kestabilan larutan, uji pH dan uji organoleptik untuk memastikan hasil keju yang dihasilkan berkualitas baik dan dapat diterima oleh masyarakat. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian, keju terbaik dihasilkan dari hasil ekstraksi enzim papain dengan pencampuran getah 3 ml dengan aquadest hingga 10 ml ketika suhu susu 70oC, yang menghasilkan keju dengan yield 13,22 gram; pH 5; kadar protein 25,00%; kadar air 56,40%; kadar abu 0,59%; kadar lemak 0,78%; kadar karbohidrat 17,20%; dan nilai potensial zeta -11,59 mV. Dari segi organoleptik, aspek yang paling menonjol adalah aroma dan yang dianggap kurang adalah warna dari keju.

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In this research, writer is trying to develop a cheese made from cow milk because the potential of camel milk itself according to existing literature is very good. To replace rennet enzyme as the coagulant, papain enzyme is used as the alternative. Papain enzyme exists in papaya latex which can be made by extracting papaya latex then processed further to obtain the enzyme.

The research is done in a laboratory, from the making of enzyme, coagulation process, and in the end, cheese obtained from each coagulation process with different coagulant will be analyzed with proximate analysis to know the amount of protein, fat, carbohydrate, water and ash, zeta potential analysis to know the stability of the colloid, pH analysis and organoleptic analysis to ensure that the quality of the cheese made in this research and can be accepted in the society.

Based on the research, the best cheese resulted from mixing papain enzyme extracted from papaya with 3 ml of sap, diluted by aquadest until 10 ml that was added on 70oC, which resulted cheese with 13,22 gram of yield; pH 5; 25,00% of protein; 56,40% of water; 0,59% of ash; 0,78% of fat; 17,20% of carbohydrate and it has -11,59 mV on its zeta potential value. From organoleptic analysis, the best aspect from the cheese was the aroma while the color of the cheese is considered as the least best."

"Tribadi, Suranto, Sajidan. 2009. Variation of morphological and protein pattern of cassava (Manihot esculenta) varieties of Adira1 and Cabak makao in Ngawi, East Java. Nusantara Bioscience 2: 14-22. This research is intended to find out the morphological and anatomical variation as well as the protein band pattern of cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) widely spread in three different areas of height. The sample collecting is done using simple random sampling in the three different areas of height that is 50, 300, 1000 meters asl in Ngawi District, East Java while the analysis of protein band pattern is done using SDS-PAGE. The result of the research of morphology and anatomy is analyzed descriptively and presented in the form of tabels, histograms and figures. The analysis of protein band pattern is done using quantitative and qualitative analysis that is based on the appearance or not the gel band pattern by counting the molecular weights based on code marker S 8445 and qualitative method based on the quality of the band formed. The band pattern formed is istimated and presented in the form of zimogram. The result of the research shows that the height of the cultivating site very much influences toward variations of root, stem and leaf morphology. The longest root is at 50 meter heights asl (Cabak makao local variety, the widest stem diameter is at 50 meters asl (Cabak makao local variety) the longest leaf and branch is at 300 meters asl (Cabak makao local variety) and 1000 meters asl (Cabak makao local variety). There is no difference of anatomy in the root, stem and leaf and no difference of protein band pattern either in Adira1 or Cabak makao local variety. "

"[ABSTRAKDengan potensi ekonomi yang besar dari ubi kayu dalam perdagangandunia dan meningkatnya kebutuhan dunia akan ubi kayu serta denganketerbatasan-keterbatasan Indonesia dalam meningkatkan produksi ubi kayu,perlu dikaji faktor-faktor yang dapat mempengaruhi produksi, konsumsi maupunharga ubi kayu di Indonesia. Produksi ubi kayu dipengaruhi secara signifikan olehvariabel harga ubi kayu, luas areal panen ubi kayu dan harga pupuk urea.Konsumsi ubi kayu di Indonesia dipengaruhi secara signifikan oleh variabeljumlah penduduk Indonesia. Harga ubi kayu di Indonesia dipengaruhi secarasignifikan oleh variabel luas panen ubi kayu, konsumsi ubi kayu dan panjang jalanberaspal. Berdasarkan proyeksi, produksi ubi kayu akan mengalami peningkatanjika harga ubi kayu, produktivitas lahan ubi kayu maupun luas panennyaditingkatkan. Konsumsi ubi kayu Indonesia diproyeksikan akan mengalamipenurunan jika secara bersamaan ada peningkatan harga ubi kayu, peningkatanpendapatan perkapita dan adanya peningkatan jumlah penduduk Indonesia. Hargaubi kayu diproyeksikan akan mengalami peningkatan jika konsumsi ubi kayumengalami penurunan dibarengi dengan penurunan luas areal panen ubi kayu.

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ABSTRACTWith great economic potential of cassava in the world trade and theincreasing world demand for cassava as well as the limitations of Indonesia toincrease cassava production it needs to be investigated factors that can affect theproduction, consumption and prices of cassava in Indonesia. Cassava productionis significantly influenced by the variable price of cassava, cassava harvestedarea and price of urea fertilizer. Consumption of cassava in Indonesia issignificantly influenced by population of Indonesia. The price of cassava inIndonesia is significantly influenced by cassava harvested area, consumption ofcassava and the length of tarred road. Based on projections, cassava productionwould increase if cassava price, cassava land productivity and harvested area areimproved. Indonesian cassava consumption is projected to decline if there areincreasing in cassava price, per capita income and population of Indonesiasimultaneously. The price of cassava is projected to increase if the consumption ofcassava decreased accompanied by a decrease in the total area harvestedcassava., With great economic potential of cassava in the world trade and theincreasing world demand for cassava as well as the limitations of Indonesia toincrease cassava production it needs to be investigated factors that can affect theproduction, consumption and prices of cassava in Indonesia. Cassava productionis significantly influenced by the variable price of cassava, cassava harvestedarea and price of urea fertilizer. Consumption of cassava in Indonesia issignificantly influenced by population of Indonesia. The price of cassava inIndonesia is significantly influenced by cassava harvested area, consumption ofcassava and the length of tarred road. Based on projections, cassava productionwould increase if cassava price, cassava land productivity and harvested area areimproved. Indonesian cassava consumption is projected to decline if there areincreasing in cassava price, per capita income and population of Indonesiasimultaneously. The price of cassava is projected to increase if the consumption ofcassava decreased accompanied by a decrease in the total area harvestedcassava.]"

"Penelitian ini telah berupaya untuk meningkatkan tekstur keju yang dibuat dari susu sapi segar, dengan menggunakan pengganti enzim rennet sebagai koagulan. Susu mengandung dua protein utama yaitu kasein dan whey. Namun bagian yang penting untuk dijadikan keju adalah kasein, di mana kasein ini yang mengalami koagulasi untuk membentuk produk keju. Koagulan yang digunakan adalah kombinasi enzim papain dan transglutaminase. Berdasarkan penelitian-penelitian sebelumnya, enzim papain bisa digunakan untuk mengkoagulasi kasein susu menjadi keju karena kemampuan proteolitiknya. Enzim transglutaminase digunakan untuk meningkatkan tekstur keju, dengan kemampuan ikatan silangnya. Proses pembuatan keju ini terdiri atas tiga variasi konsentrasi enzim papain yaitu 0,5; 1,5; dan 2;5 gram/100 ml susu untuk menentukan yield yang dihasilkan paling banyak, dan variasi kadar enzim transglutaminase sebesar 0,5; 1; 2 UE/gram protein susu atau setara dengan 0,027; 0,054; dan 0,11 gram enzim/100 ml susu. Pada sampel keju terbaik yang dihasilkan dilakukan pengujian seberapa banyak yield, pH, uji FTIR, uji proksimat, mikrostruktur keju, uji potensial zeta, dan uji profil tekstur. Yield yang dihasilkan sebesar 23,33%, dengan pH 6,3, dan nilai puncak potensial zeta 0,97. Mikrostruktur keju yang diamati menggunakan Scanning Electron Microscope dengan perbesaran menunjukkan penambahan TGase menyebabkan koagulum lebih memadat. Nilai proksimat yang didapat menandakan penambahan TGase meningkatkan kadar lemak dan karbohidrat, dan menurunkan kadar air dan protein. Profil tekstur yang didapat menandakan keju dengan TGase lebih keras dan elastis karena adanya peningkatan kandungan lemak dan ikatan silang lebih lanjut pada matriks protein oleh TGase"

"Singkong dapat menjadi salah satu alternative dalam pengembangan bioethanol dan ekspor di Indonesia. Selain itu tanaman singkong hampir bisa kita jumpai dimana saja. Singkong yang sudah dikeringkan atau biasa di sebut gaplek memiliki nilai untuk di ekspor. Penelitian kali ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui karakterisasi dari singkong untuk dijadikan referensi dalam perancangan rotary dryer dan juga untuk mengetahui pengaruh dari temperatur, aliran udara dan tebal singkong terhadap laju pengeringan singkong. Dalam kasus ini singkong akan dipotong dengan ukuran 0,3cm, 0,5cm, 0,7cm. Singkong yang diletakkan didalam ruang pengering akan dialirkan udara dengan 3 variasi ketinggian manometer yaitu 10mm, 18mm, 28mm. Udara yang dialirkan juga akan divariasikan temperaturnya yaitu 100℃, 80℃, 60℃. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa equilibrium moisture content (xe), konstanta pengeringan (k) dan α saling berhubungan. Critical moisture content (xc) sangat dipengaruhi oleh ketebalan potongan singkong dan laju aliran udara pengering.

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Cassava can be one of alternatives in developing bioethanol and export in Indonesia. Furthermore cassava can be found almost anywhere. Cassava which had been dried or commonly called gaplek have a sale value for export. This research is meant to observe the character of cassava to be made reference in designing a rotary dryer and also to ascertain the influence of temperature, air flow, and cassava thickness toward drying the cassava.

In this case the cassavas will be cut into pieces with measurement 0,3cm, 0,5cm, 0,7cm. Cassavas that placed in drying chamber will be air flowed with 3 height manometer variations which is 10mm, 18mm, 28mm. Air for flowing also will be variant, which is 100℃, 80℃, 60℃. Research outcome shows that equilibrium moisture content (xe), drying constants (k), and α are interrelated. Critical moisture content (xc) is greatly influenced by cassavas thickness and dryer air flow."