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"[ABSTRAKPenyakit diare masih merupakan masalah serius di Indonesia, terutama pada anak-anak. Salah satu patogen tersering penyebab diare adalah Escherichia coli, terutama ETEC. Penggunaan Nigella sativa untuk berbagai penyakit sudah diteliti, namun hasil penelitian terhadap Escherichia coli belum konklusif. Oleh karena itu dilakukan percobaan untuk mengetahui potensi antibakteri Nigella sativa Linn. terhadap Escherichia coli. Penelitia dilakukan di Laboratorium Mikrobiologi FKUI secara in vitro, menggunakan metode sumuran. Konsentrasi ekstrak N. sativa yang digunakan ialah 1000 mg/ml, 500 mg/ml, 250 mg/ml, 125 mg/ml, dan 62,5 mg/ml, dengan siprofloksasin sebagai kontrol positif dan akuades sebagai kontrol negatif. Percobaan dilakukan tiga kali dengan pengulangan masing-masing empat kali. Pada penelitian ini tidak ditemukan adanya efek antibakteri Nigella sativa Linn. terhadap Escherichia coli. Hal ini dapat disebabkan oleh karakteristik Nigella sativa di Indonesia

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ABSTRACTDiarrhea is still a serious problem in Indonesia, especially in children. One of the most common pathogen causing diarrhea is Escherichia coli, particularly ETEC. The use of Nigella sativa for various diseases have been studied, but the results of a study of Escherichia coli has not been conclusive. Therefore an experiment is conducted to determine the antibacterial activity of Nigella sativa Linn. against Escherichia coli. The experiment is conducted at the Laboratory of Microbiology Faculty of Medicine in vitro, using agar dilution method. N. sativa extract concentration used was 1000 mg / mL, 500 mg / mL, 250 mg / mL, 125 mg / ml, and 62.5 mg / ml, with ciprofloxacin as a positive control and distilled water as a negative control. Experiments were performed three times with each repetition of four times. The study results show no antibacterial effects of Nigella sativa Linn. against Escherichia coli. It can be caused by the characteristics of Nigella sativa in Indonesia;Diarrhea is still a serious problem in Indonesia, especially in children. One of the most common pathogen causing diarrhea is Escherichia coli, particularly ETEC. The use of Nigella sativa for various diseases have been studied, but the results of a study of Escherichia coli has not been conclusive. Therefore an experiment is conducted to determine the antibacterial activity of Nigella sativa Linn. against Escherichia coli. The experiment is conducted at the Laboratory of Microbiology Faculty of Medicine in vitro, using agar dilution method. N. sativa extract concentration used was 1000 mg / mL, 500 mg / mL, 250 mg / mL, 125 mg / ml, and 62.5 mg / ml, with ciprofloxacin as a positive control and distilled water as a negative control. Experiments were performed three times with each repetition of four times. The study results show no antibacterial effects of Nigella sativa Linn. against Escherichia coli. It can be caused by the characteristics of Nigella sativa in Indonesia;Diarrhea is still a serious problem in Indonesia, especially in children. One of the most common pathogen causing diarrhea is Escherichia coli, particularly ETEC. The use of Nigella sativa for various diseases have been studied, but the results of a study of Escherichia coli has not been conclusive. Therefore an experiment is conducted to determine the antibacterial activity of Nigella sativa Linn. against Escherichia coli. The experiment is conducted at the Laboratory of Microbiology Faculty of Medicine in vitro, using agar dilution method. N. sativa extract concentration used was 1000 mg / mL, 500 mg / mL, 250 mg / mL, 125 mg / ml, and 62.5 mg / ml, with ciprofloxacin as a positive control and distilled water as a negative control. Experiments were performed three times with each repetition of four times. The study results show no antibacterial effects of Nigella sativa Linn. against Escherichia coli. It can be caused by the characteristics of Nigella sativa in Indonesia, Diarrhea is still a serious problem in Indonesia, especially in children. One of the most common pathogen causing diarrhea is Escherichia coli, particularly ETEC. The use of Nigella sativa for various diseases have been studied, but the results of a study of Escherichia coli has not been conclusive. Therefore an experiment is conducted to determine the antibacterial activity of Nigella sativa Linn. against Escherichia coli. The experiment is conducted at the Laboratory of Microbiology Faculty of Medicine in vitro, using agar dilution method. N. sativa extract concentration used was 1000 mg / mL, 500 mg / mL, 250 mg / mL, 125 mg / ml, and 62.5 mg / ml, with ciprofloxacin as a positive control and distilled water as a negative control. Experiments were performed three times with each repetition of four times. The study results show no antibacterial effects of Nigella sativa Linn. against Escherichia coli. It can be caused by the characteristics of Nigella sativa in Indonesia]"

"Candida glabrata adalah spesies kedua yang terisolasi pada kandidiasis oral setelah Candida albicans. Nigella sativa (jintan hitam) dilaporkan memiliki efek antijamur. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah menganalisis efek antijamur ekstrak biji Nigella sativa terhadap viabilitas Candida glabrata. Candida glabrata ditambahkan ke dalam 96 microwell plate yang telah dilapisi saliva buatan kemudian dipajankan dengan ekstrak biji Nigella sativa 6.25%-50% dan amphotericin B 250 mg/ml. Dilakukan pengujian viabilitas Candida glabrata dengan uji MTT. Viabilitas Candida glabrata lebih rendah setelah pamajanan dengan ekstrak biji Nigella sativa dibandingkan kontrol negatif. Viabilitas Candida glabrata semakin menurun seiring dengan peningkatan konsentrasi ekstrak biji Nigella sativa.

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Candida glabrata is the second most frequently isolated species from Oral Candidiasis, after Candida albicans. Nigella sativa (black cumin) is reported has antifungal effect. This research was to analyze Nigella sativa antifungal effect Seeds’ extract to the Candida glabrata viability. Candida glabrata was added on 96-microwell plate that had been coated with artificial saliva and exposed to 6.25-50% Nigella sativa seeds’ extract and amphotericin B 250 mg/ml. Candida glabrata viability was determined by MTT assay. Candida glabrata viability was lower after exposed by Nigella sativa seeds’ extract than negative control. Candida glabrata viability was decreased with increasing Nigella sativa seeds’ extract concentrations."

"Latar belakang : Nigella sativa dilaporkan memiliki efek antijamur terhadap Candida albicans. Candida albicans adalah jamur yang menyebabkan kandidiasis oral. Tujuan : Menganalisis efektivitas antijamur ekstrak biji Nigella sativa terhadap viabilitas Candida albicans. Metode : Candida albicans ditambahkan pada 96-microwell plate yang telah dilapisi saliva buatan, kemudian dipaparkan ekstrak biji Nigella sativa dengan konsentrasi 6.25%-50% dan amphotericin B 1µl (250mg/ml) sebagai kontrol positif. Viabilitas Candida albicans dihitung dengan uji MTT. Hasil : Nilai optical density Candida albicans lebih rendah setelah pemberian ekstrak biji Nigella sativa dibandingkan dengan kelompok tanpa perlakuan. Kesimpulan : Viabilitas Candida albicans setelah dipaparkan ekstrak biji Nigella sativa turun dibandingkan dengan kelompok tanpa perlakuan dan viabilitas Candida albicans menurun seiring dengan peningkatan konsentrasi ekstrak biji Nigella sativa.

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Back ground : Nigella sativa has antifungal effect against Candida albicans. Candida albicans is a fungi that causes oral candidiasis.

Objective : To analyze the antifungal effectiveness of the extract of Nigella sativa seed on the viability of Candida albicans.

Methods : Candida albicans was added on 96-well plate that had lined been by artificial saliva and exposed by the extract of Nigella sativa seed 6.25%-50% and amphotericin B 1µl (250mg/µl) was used as positive control. The viability of Candida albicans was determined by MTT assay.

Result : The optical density value of Candida albicans after exposed by the extract of Nigella sativa seed was lower than the negative control.

Conclusion : The viability of Candida albicans after exposed by the extract of Nigella sativa seed was decreased than the negative control and viability of Candida albicans was decreased as increasing concentrations of the extract of Nigella sativa seed."

"[Pendahuluan: Penyakit menular di Indonesia masih menjadi permasalahanutama. Salah satu etiologi ISPA tersering ialah Streptococcus pyogenes. Seiringmeningkatnya angka resistensi bakteri terhadap antibiotik lini utama, ekstrakNigella sativa Linn. dikembangkan sebagai alternatif terapi. Biji jintan hitam(Nigella sativa Linn.) dipercaya memiliki potensi efek antibakteri. Penelitian iniditujukan untuk mengetahui potensi aktivitas antibakteri dari ekstrak Nigellasativa Linn.Metode: Percobaan dilakukan di Departemen Mikrobiologi Klinik FKUI. Potensiaktivitas antibakteri diamati melalui tiga percobaan. Percobaan pertamamenggunakan lima konsentrasi berbeda yakni 200 mg/mL, 100 mg/mL, 50mg/mL, 25 mg/mL, 12,5 mg/mL. Percobaan kedua dan ketiga menggunakan limakonsentrasi lain, yakni 1000 mg/mL, 500 mg/mL, 250 mg/mL, 125 mg/mL dan62,5 mg/mL. Ekstrak kemudian diuji secara in vitro dengan metode difusi carasumuran, dibandingkan dengan antibiotik amoksisilin 10 ug/mL sebagai kontrolpositif dan larutan akuades sebagai kontrol negatif. Setiap percobaan dilakukandengan empat kali pengulangan.Hasil: Tidak terdapat zona hambat pada sumuran ekstrak Nigella sativa Linn.Hasil ini berbeda dengan penelitian sebelumnya yang menunjukkan ekstrakNigella sativa Linn. memiliki aktivitas antibakteri terhadap S. Pyogenes. Beberapafaktor yang berpotensi memengaruhi hasil penelitian ialah penggunaan pelarutekstrak, sifat dari bahan dasar biji jintan hitam, serta metode uji, Introduction: Infectious diseases in Indonesia are still a major problem. One ofthe most common etiology of respiratory infection is Streptococcus pyogenes.Several studies have shown an increase of antibiotic resistance for treatment ofStreptococcus pyogenes, extracts of Nigella sativa Linn. was developed as analternative therapy. Black cumin seeds (Nigella sativa Linn.) is believed to havethe potential antibacterial effect. This study aimed to determine the potentialantibacterial activity of extracts of Nigella sativa Linn.Methods: Experiments were performed at the Department of ClinicalMicrobiology, Faculty of Medicine Universitas Indonesia. Potential antibacterialactivity was observed through three experiments. The first experiments using fivedifferent concentrations of the 200 mg/mL, 100 mg/mL, 50 mg/mL, 25 mg/mL,12.5 mg/mL. The second and third experiments using five differentconcentrations, 1000 mg/mL, 500 mg/mL, 250 mg/mL, 125 mg/mL and 62.5mg/mL. Extracts were then tested in vitro using agar well plate method, comparedwith the antibiotic amoxicillin 10 ug/mL as a positive control and aquades as anegative control. Each experiment was tested with four repetitions.Results: There was no inhibition zone on extracts of Nigella sativa Linn. Theseresults differ from previous studies that showed antibacterial activity of Nigellasativa Linn. Some of the factors that could potentially influence the outcome ofresearch is the use of solvent extract, the nature of the basic ingredients of blackcumin seeds, as well as test methods.]"

"[Dari tahun ke tahun, terdapat kecenderungan peningkatan prevalensi kasus penyakit demam tifoid yang disebabkan oleh bakteri Salmonella typhi. Telah banyak dilaporkan hasil penelitian mengenai aktivitas antibiotik untuk menangani infeksi S. typhi yang sudah tidak sensitif. Oleh karena itu diperlukan tatalaksana alternatif untuk infeksi S. typhi. Di berbagai negara, Nigella sativa Linn. dipercaya oleh masyarakat untuk mengobati berbagai macam penyakit. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui potensi ekstrak Nigella sativa Linn. sebagai antibakteri Salmonella typhi. Penelitian dilakukan di Laboratorium Mikrobiologi Klinik Fakultas Kedokteran Universitas Indonesia dengan desain eksperimental secara in vitro pada agar nutrisi menggunakan metode difusi cara sumuran. Nigella sativa Linn. diuji potensinya sebagai antibakteri dalam bentuk ekstrak dengan pelarut metanol pada konsentrasi 1000 mg/mL, 500 mg/mL, 250 mg/mL, 125 mg/mL, dan 62,5 mg/mL sebanyak empat kali pengulangan, serta diukur dalam bentuk zona hambat yang dibandingkan dengan larutan antibiotik siproflokasasin konsentrasi 5 μg/mL sebagai kontrol positif dan akuades sebagai kontrol negatif. Penelitian menunjukan bahwa ekstrak Nigella sativa Linn. tidak berpotensi sebagai antibakteri Salmonella typhi., There is a trend of increasing prevalence of typhoid fever cases caused by Salmonella typhi. It has been widely reported, some research results on the activity of antibiotics to deal with S. typhi infections that are not sensitive. Therefore, we need an alternative for the treatment of S. typhi infection. In many countries, Nigella sativa Linn. is trusted by the community to treat various diseases. The purpose of this study was to determine the potential of Nigella sativa Linn. extract as an antibacterial agent for Salmonella typhi. The study was conducted at the Laboratory of Clinical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia with experimental design, in vitro on nutrient agar using well diffusion method. The potential of Nigella sativa Linn. was tested in the form of extract with methanol at a concentration of 1000 mg/mL, 500 mg/mL, 250 mg/mL, 125 mg/mL, and 62.5 mg/mL, four times repetition, and measured in terms of inhibition zone that were compared to antibiotic ciprofloxacin solution at a concentration of 5 mg/mL as a positive control and to distilled water as a negative control. The experiment showed that the extract of Nigella sativa Linn. has no potential as an antibacterial agent for Salmonella typhi.]"

"[Di Indonesia, penyakit menular akibat infeksi virus dan bakteri masihmendominasi penyebab kematian bersama dengan non communicable disease.Salah satu bakteri yang menyebabkan morbiditas dan mortalitas tinggi sertaresistensi terhadap berbagai antibiotik yaitu bakteri gram negatif, Pseudomonasaeruginosa.Karena itu diperlukan suatu alternatif antibiotik untuk infeksi bakteriini. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk menilai efek antibakteri dari ekstrakNigella sativa Linn. terhadap bakteri Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Penelitiandilakukan di Laboratorium Mikrobiologi FKUI dengan desain penelitianeksperimental secara in vitro menggunakan metode sumuran. Penelitianmenggunakan lima konsentrasi berbeda dari ekstrak Nigella sativa Linn. yaitu 1g/ml, 0.5 g/ml, 0.25 g/ml, 0.125 g/ml, 0.0625 g/ml dibandingkan dengankontrolpositif yaitu antibiotik siprofloksasin dengan konsentrasi 1 mg/ml dan kontrolnegatif yaitu akuades. Penelitian dilakukan dua kali dengan masing-masing empatpengulangan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan tidak terdapat efek antibakteri dariNigella sativa Linn. terhadap Pseudomonas aeruginosa., Of all the causes of death in Indonesia, communicable diseases caused bybacterial and viral infections, along with the non communicable diseases, havebeen the leading causes of death. The gram negative bacteria, Pseudomonasaeruginosa, is one of the causes of high morbidity, mortality, and antibioticresistance. For that reason, we need to find another alternative antibiotic choicefor infections caused by this bacteria. The aim of this study is to assess theantibacterial effect of the Nigella sativa Linn.extract towards Pseudomonasaeruginosa. This in vitro experimental trial was done in LaboratoriumMikrobiologi FKUI using the agar welldilution method. This study used fivedifferent concentration ofNigella sativa Linn.extract: 1 g/ml, 0.5 g/ml, 0.25 g/ml,0.125 g/ml, 0.0625 g/ml. Ciprofloxacin 1mg/ml was used for the positive controland aquades was used for the negative. The trials were done twice with fourrepetitions. The results showed no antibacterial effects of Nigella sativaLinn.extract towards Pseudomonas aeruginosa.]"

"Penyakit yang disebabkan oleh infeksi merupakan penyebab kematian tertinggi nomor dua di Indonesia. Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) adalah salah satu patogen tersering yang dapat menyebabkan penyakit infeksi. Resistensi terhadap antibiotik untuk mengobati S. aureus adalah masalah yang perlu dicari solusinya. Salah satu alternatif yang digunakan sebagai pengobatan adalah ekstrak Nigella sativa Linn. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui efek antimikroba dari ekstrak Nigella sativa Linn.terhadap bakteri S. aureus. Ekstrak Nigella sativa Linn. diekstrak dari bijinya menggunakan pelarut metanol di Laboratorium Farmasi Fakultas Kedokteran Universitas Indonesia (FKUI) dan kemudian disiapkan dalam lima konsentrasi berbeda, yaitu 1000 mg/mL, 500 mg/mL, 250 mg/mL, 125 mg/mL, dan 62,5 mg/mL. Masing-masing ekstrak kemudian diuji secara in vitro dengan cara sumuran dan dibandingkan dengan kontrol positif antibiotik siprofloksasin 1 mg/mL dan kontrol negatif akuades. Pengujian dilakukan sebanyak dua kali dengan pengulangan masing-masing sebanyak empat kali di Laboratorium Mikrobiologi Klinik FKUI. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa ekstrak Nigella sativa Linn. tidak memiliki efek antibakteri terhadap S. aureus. Faktor yang dapat memengaruhi hasil penelitian diantaranya adalah sifat bahan dasar, pelarut ekstrak, serta pemilihan metode uji.

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Infectious disease is the second cause of death in Indonesia. Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) is one of the most pathogen that can cause those diseases. The resistance of antibiotic to treat S. aureus is a problem that needs to be resolved. The alternative treatment which can be used is Nigella sativa Linn.’s extract. This research aimed to find out the antimicrobial effect of Nigella sativa Linn.’s extract against S. aureus. Nigella sativa Linn.’s extract was extracted from the seeds using methanol in the Pharmacy Laboratory of Faculty of Medicine Universitas Indonesia (FMUI). The extract then prepared in five different concentrations : 1000 mg/mL, 500 mg/mL, 250 mg/mL, 125 mg/mL, and 62,5 mg/mL. Each extract was tested in vitro using agar well plate method and compared with ciprofloxacin 1 mg/mL as positive control and aquadest as negative control. The experiment was done twice with each repetition as much as four times in Clinical Microbiology Laboratory of FMUI. The result showed that Nigella sativa Linn.’s extract does not have antimicrobial effect against S. aureus. Some factors that may affected the result were characteristic of the seeds, solvent extract, and the test method."

"Pada proses sintesis nanopartikel ZnO, diperlukan surfaktan yang digunakan untuk mengontrol ukuran dan dispersi nanopartikel. Daun sengon memiliki kandungan saponin yang berperan sebagai biosurfaktan dan dapat berperan sebagai alternatif dari surfaktan yang umum digunakan yang bersifat toksik dan non-biodegradable. Pada penelitian ini, daun sengon (Albizia Chinensis) diekstrak menggunakan metode maserasi untuk menghasilkan maserat kental. Saponin pada ekstrak daun sengon dapat digunakan sebagai agen capping pada proses biosintesis nanopartikel ZnO. Nanopartikel ZnO kemudian digunakan dalam formulasi tabir surya untuk meningkatkan kemampuan antibakteri. Proses pembentukkan ZnO pada sintesis berlangsung terjadi melalui mekanisme reaksi antara larutan prekursor Zn(CH3COO)2.2H2O dengan ekstrak saponin dari daun sengon dan NaOH. Biosintesis nanopartikel ZnO dilakukan menggunakan ekstrak daun sengon dan pengujian kristal ZnO dilakukan. Formulasi tabir surya dilakukan dan pengujian antibakteri dilakukan dengan mengukur zona hambat bakteri E. Coli. ZnO yang disintesis memiliki struktur kristal heksagonal wurtzite dengan ukuran partikel terkecil 405 nm dan kemurnian 75%. Tabir surya yang dihasilkan menggunakan ZnO hasil sintesis memiliki performa Sun Protection Factor (SPF) dan antibakteri yang serupa dengan ZnO komersial dengan nilai SPF tertinggi 32 dan diameter daerah hambat 10,2 cm.

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In the process of synthesizing ZnO nanoparticles, surfactants are needed to control the size and dispersion of nanoparticles. Sengon leaves contain saponins that act as biosurfactants and can act as an alternative to commonly used surfactants that are toxic and non-biodegradable. In this study, the leaves of sengon (Albizia Chinensis) were extracted using maceration. Saponins in the extract can be used as capping agents in the ZnO nanoparticle biosynthesis process. The ZnO nanoparticles were then used in sunscreen formulations to enhance the antibacterial ability. The process of forming ZnO in the synthesis takes place through a reaction mechanism between the precursor solution of Zn(CH3COO)2.2H2O with saponin from sengon leaves and NaOH. The biosynthesis of ZnO nanoparticles was carried out using sengon leaf extract and ZnO crystal analysis was carried out. Sunscreen formulations were carried out and antibacterial testing was carried out by measuring the inhibition zone of E. Coli. The synthesized ZnO has a hexagonal wurtzite crystal structure with the particle size of 405 nm and 75% purity. The sunscreen produced using synthesized ZnO has Sun Protection Factor (SPF) and antibacterial performance similar to commercial ZnO with the highest SPF value of 32 and the diameter of the inhibition zone is 10.2 cm."

"Senyawa β-glukan merupakan polimer D-glukosa yang dihasilkan oleh dinding sel khamir, bakteri, dan tumbuhan. β-glukan mempunyai banyak maanfaat khusus dalam bidang farmasi karena aman, alami dan tidak toksik. Manfaat β-glukan antara lain sebagai antikolesterol, antidiabetes, dan antitumor. Penelitian ini bertujuan memproduksi β-glukan yang diisolasi dari Saccharomyces cerevesiae (galur SC, RTA dan RN-4) dan Agrobacterium sp (galur A1.5 dan Bro 121) serta mengetahui aktivitasnya terhadap perkembangan bakteri. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa β-glukan yang diisolasi dari Saccharomyces cerevesiae dan Agrobacterium sp tidak mempunyai aktivitas daya hambat terhadap perkembangan bakteri dan tidak ada pengaruh yang signifikan terhadap kerja ampicilin dengan penambahan crude β-glukan. Crude β-glukan yang diisolasi setelah diukur dengan FTIR diketahui mempunyai komposisi gugus fungsi yang mirip dengan gugus fungsi β-glukan standar. Crude β-glukan mempunyai kadar protein cukup tinggi jika dibandingkan dengan standar β-glukan."

"Minyak biji jinten hitam yang dikenal memiliki khasiat sebagai obat herbal mempunyai bau dan rasa yang khas. Oleh karena itu dibuat sediaan emulsi minyak biji jinten hitam tipe O/W. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menutupi bau dan rasa serta mengetahui stabilitas sediaan emulsi yang baik dari esktraksi Jinten hitam (Nigella sativa Linn) dengan emulgator Span 80 dan Tween 80 dengan variasi konsentrasi 20%,50% dan 70 % dari jumlah minyak biji jinten hitam dalam sediaan. Evaluasi yang dilakukan meliputi volume sedimentasi, viskositas, ukuran partikel, uji stabilitas fisik, pH, dan penetapan kadar. Dari hasil pengujian, emulsi dengan konsentrasi emulgator 70% memiliki stabilitas yang baik. Formula emulsi tersebut telah dapat memperbaiki aroma dan rasa minyak biji jinten hitam, tetapi belum untuk penampilannya.

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The black seeds cumin oil known to have efficacy as medicinal herbs having peculiar odor and taste. Hence preparation made emulsify oils black seeds cumin type O/W. This study aims to cover odor and taste and knowing stability emulsion preparation of black cumin esktract (nigella sativa linn) with emulgator span 80 and tween concentration with variations 20%, 50% and 70% of the oil of cumin black seeds in preparation. Evaluation volume discontinuous, conducted include viscosity, size of particles, the physical stability pH levels and determination. The evaluation of emulsion with concentration emulgator 70% having good stability. This formula could prove the odor and taste of black seeds cumin oil."