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"Telah dilakukan penelitian yang bertujuan memperoleh identitas dua isolat bakteri termofilik dari geiser. Isolat LC2-23 diperoleh dari serasah pada geiser di Cisolok, Jawa Barat, Indonesia, dan isolat RKB-2 diperoleh dari serasah pada geiser di Onikobe, Miyagi, Jepang.!!Identifikasi dilakukan berdasarkan gabungan data fenotipik dan genotipik. Berdasarkan karakterisasi fenotipik, isolat LC2-23 memiliki sel berbentuk batang; menghasilkan endospora; motil; gram positif; bersifat aerob dan fakultatif aerob; mampu tumbuh pada suhu 60 oC, sedangkan suhu optimum pertumbuhan 50 oC. Berdasarkan karakterisasi genotipik, data full sequence gen 16S rRNA isolat LC2-23 memiliki homologi 99,1% terhadap Brevibacillus agri. Berdasarkan data fenotipik dan genotipik, isolat LC2-23 diidentifikasi sebagai Brevibacillus agri (Family Paenibacillaceae, Order Bacillales, Class Bacilli, Phylum Firmicutes). Berdasarkan karakterisasi fenotipik, isolat RKB-2 membentuk miselium vegetatif dan aerial yang bercabang; menghasilkan spora aerial; gram positif; bersifat aerob; mampu tumbuh pada suhu 60 oC, sedangkan suhu optimum pertumbuhan 50 oC. Berdasarkan karakterisasi genotipik, data full sequence gen 16S rRNA isolat RKB-2 memiliki homologi yang rendah, yaitu 98,4% terhadap spesies terdekatnya, Thermosporothrix hazakensis (Family Thermosporotrichaceae, Order Ktedonobacteriales, Class Ktedonobacteria, Phylum Chloroflexi). Hasil analisis filogenetik menunjukkan posisi isolat RKB-2 terpisah dari T. hazakensis. Data kemotaksonomi (komposisi asam lemak) dan hasil analisis proteomik menggunakan MALDI-TOF MS mendukung perbedaan antara isolat RKB-2 dan T. hazakensis. Berdasarkan perbedaan tersebut isolat RKB-2 diidentifikasi sebagai spesies baru dari Thermosporothrix. Untuk pengajuan nama spesies baru diperlukan data hibridisasi DNA-DNA antara isolat RKB-2 dengan T. hazakensis.

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This research was aimed to identify two bacterial isolates obtained from geysers. Strain LC2-23 was isolated from litters on a geyser in Cisolok, West Java, Indonesia, and isolate RKB-2 was obtained from litters on a geyser in Onikobe, Miyagi Prefecture, Japan. Identification of bacteria was based on integrated data of phenotypic and genotypic characterizations. Based on phenotypic characterizations of isolate LC2-23: it has a rod (bacilli)-shaped cells, forms endospores; gram positive; motile; aerobic, and able to grow up to a temperature of 60 oC. Based on genotypic characterizations of isolate LC2-23: the full sequence of genes 16S rRNA shows 99.1% sequence homology to Brevibacillus agri. Based on phenotypic and genotypic data, isolate LC2-23 can be identified as Brevibacillus agri (Family Paenibacillaceae, Order Bacillales, Class Bacilli, Phylum Firmicutes). Based on phenotypic characterizations of isolate RKB-2: vegetative and branching aerial mycelia forms, gram positive, aerobic, and able to grow up to a temperature of 60 oC. Based on genotypic characterizations of isolate RKB-2: the full sequence of 16S rRNA gene of isolate RKB-2 showed low homology (98.4%) to Thermosporothrix hazakensis (Family Thermosporotrichaceae, Order Ktedonobacteriales, Class Ktedonobacteria, Phylum Chloroflexi). Phylogenetic analysis showed the isolate RKB-2 was distinct from cluster of Thermosporothrix hazakensis and Ktedonobacteria bacterium. The genotypic and phylogenetic data, plus chemotaxonomic and proteomic analysis using MALDI-TOF MS, suggest that isolate RKB-2 represent novel species of the genus Thermosporothrix. The DNA-DNA hibridization data is needed for proposal of new species."

"Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk memperoleh isolat Actinobacteria termofilik potensial dari tanah di sekitar geiser Cisolok yang dapat mendegradasi xylan dan mengetahui hubungan kekerabatannya dengan taksa terdekat dari Actinobacteria penghasil xylanase. Tujuh belas isolat Actinobacteria termofilik diisolasi dari tanah di sekitar geiser Cisolok, Jawa Barat. Penapisan kemampuan 17 isolat Actinobacteria dan type strain Actinomadura keratinilytica NBRC 105837T mendegradasi xylan dilakukan menggunakan medium Minimal (Mm) padat dengan penambahan substrat xylan 0,5, inkubasi selama 7 hari. Pewarnaan dengan Congo red 0,2 (b/v) menunjukkan terbentuknya zona bening di sekitar koloni isolat Actinobacteria yang dapat mendegradasi xylan 0,5 pada suhu 45 C (15 isolat), 50 C (14 isolat), 55 C (4 isolat), dan 60 C (3 isolat). Type strain NBRC 105837T dapat mendegradasi xylan 0,5 pada suhu 45 C hingga 60 C. Tiga isolat (SL1- 2-R-2, SL1-2-R-3, dan SL1-2-R-4) yang mendegradasi xylan 0,5 hingga suhu 60 C dipilih sebagai isolat potensial. Tiga isolat potensial dan type strain NBRC 105837 dapat mendegradasi substrat Remazol Brilliant Blue R-xylan (RBB-xylan) 0,1 pada medium Mm padat setelah 3 hari inkubasi pada suhu 45 hingga 60 C. Tiga isolat potensial telah diidentifikasi pada penelitian sebelumnya sebagai Actinomadura keratinilytica berdasarkan karakter genotip dan fenotip. Crude enzyme dari tiga isolat potensial dan type strain NBRC 105837 dapat mendegradasi xylan 0,5 dan RBB-xylan 0,1 pada medium Mm padat setelah 24 jam inkubasi pada suhu 45 hingga 60 C. Berdasarkan analisis filogenetik sequence gen 16S rRNA menggunakan metode neighbor-joining, minimum evolution, dan maximum likelihood, 3 isolat potensial membentuk clade yang monofiletik dengan dua spesies Actinomadura termofilik yang dapat mendegradasi xylan (A. keratinilytica dan A. miaoliensis). Tiga isolat potensial membentuk clade yang monofiletik dengan empat spesies Actinomadura termofilik (A. keratinilytica, A. miaoliensis, A. rubrobrunea, dan A. viridilutea). Tiga isolat potensial menghasilkan miselium substrat yang bercabang dan tidak berfragmen, serta miselium aerial yang menghasilkan spora pada medium modified Bennetts padat setelah 14 hari inkubasi pada suhu 45 C. Penelitian ini memberikan informasi tambahan mengenai kemampuan typestrain A. keratinilytica NBRC 105837 mendegradasi xylan.

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The aims of this study were to obtain the potential xylan-degrading thermophilic Actinobacteria isolates from soil of Cisolok geysers and to understand their relationship with the closely related taxa of xylanase-producing Actinobacteria. Seventeen thermophilic Actinobacteria isolates were isolated from soil collected around Cisolok geysers, West Java. Xylan-degrading ability of 17 Actinobacteria isolates and type strain Actinomadura keratinilytica NBRC 105837T were screened by using Minimal (Mm) agar medium with the addition of 0.5 xylan substrate, incubated for 7 days. Clear zone was formed around the colony of Actinobacteria isolates which showed xylan-degrading ability at 45 C (15 isolates), 50 C (14 isolates), 55 C (4 isolates), and 60 C (3 isolates) after staining by 0.2 (w/v) Congo red. Type strain NBRC 105837T was able to degrade 0,5 xylan at 45 to 60 C. Three isolates (SL1-2-R-2, SL1-2-R-3, dan SL1-2-R-4) that showed xylan-degrading ability at 45 to 60 C were choosen as potential isolates. Three potential isolates and type strain NBRC 105837T were able to degrade 0,1 Remazol Brilliant Blue R-xylan (RBB-xylan) substrate on Mm agar after 3 days incubation at 45 to 60 C. In the previous study, these potential isolates were identified as Actinomadura keratinilytica based on genotypic and phenotypic characters. Crude enzyme of 3 potential isolates and type strain NBRC 105837T were able to degrade both 0.5 xylan and 0.1 RBB-xylan on Mm agar after 24 hours at 45 to 60 C. Phylogenetic analyses based on 16S rRNA gene using neighbor-joining, minimum evolution, and maximum likelihood methods showed the 3 potential isolates formed monophyletic clade with two thermophilic xylan-degrading Actinobacteria species (A. keratinilytica and A. miaoliensis). Three potential isolates formed monophyletic clade with four thermophilic Actinobacteria species (A. keratinilytica, A. miaoliensis, A. rubrobrunea, and A. viridilutea). These isolates produced non-fragmented branched substrate mycelia and spores produced from aerial mycelia after 14 days incubation at 45 C. This study reports a new information regarding the xylan-degrading ability of A. keratinilytica NBRC 105837."

"DNA polimerase merupakan sebuah enzim yang memiliki aplikasi luas dalam dunia bioteknologi. Peran DNA polimerase dalam sintesis DNA membuat DNA polimerase sebuah reagen yang sering digunakan pada berbagai metode amplifikasi DNA. Proses sintesis DNA pada metode-metode tersebut menggunakan suhu tinggi, sehingga dibutuhkan DNA polimerase yang tidak terdenaturasi pada suhu tinggi atau dengan kata lain termostabil. Salah satu sumber DNA polimerase termostabil adalah bakteri termofilik Geobacillus thermoleovorans Strain SGAir0734 (GBK Pol) yang diisolasi dari mata air panas Batu Kuwung, Banten, Indonesia. Pada penelitian sebelumnya, telah diuji coba produksi dari GBK Pol dengan suhu purifikasi pada rentang 60 – 80℃ dimana diduga terjadi denaturasi dari enzim. Maka dari itu, pada penelitian ini dilakukan purifikasi GBK Pol sekuens utuh dan parsial dengan metode immobilized metal affinity chromatography (IMAC) dengan rentang suhu 40 – 60℃ dan uji aktivitas amplifikasi DNA dengan metode loop mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) dengan rentang suhu 25 – 60℃. Hasil uji Lowry menunjukkan bahwa pemanasan 60℃ menghasilkan GBK pol dengan konsentrasi tertinggi, yaitu sekitar 134 µg/ml untuk plasmid sekuens utuh. GBK pol hasil purifikasi kemudian diuji aktivitasnya dengan LAMP, dimana reaksi pada suhu 40℃ selama 2 jam menghasilkan pita yang jelas pada elektroforesis dan menghasilkan konsentrasi DNA tertinggi. GBK pol dari hasil purifikasi dengan pemanasan 60℃ menghasilkan konsentrasi DNA tertinggi pada LAMP suhu 40℃ baik untuk sekuens parsial dan utuh.

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DNA polymerase is an enzyme that has a wide application in the world of biotechnology. DNA Polymerase’s role in synthesizing DNA makes DNA polymerase a favorable reagent in various DNA amplification methods. The synthesis process in these methods is done in high temperatures, thus a DNA polymerase that won’t experience denaturation in high temperatures, or in other words thermostable, is needed. One source of thermostable DNA polymerase is the thermophilic bacteria Geobacillus thermoleovorans Strain SGAir0734 (dubbed GBK Pol) that has been isolated from Batu Kuwung hot springs, Banten, Indonesia. In the previous study, a production trial of GBK pol has been carried out with purification temperatures that range between 60 – 80℃, where denaturation of the enzyme is suspected to have happened. As such, in this study, lower temperatures of 40 – 60℃ are employed in the purification of GBK Pol with immobilized metal affinity chromatography (IMAC) as well as in the activity study with loop mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) with reaction temperatures of 25 – 60℃. The Lowry assay results show that the highest GBK pol concentration is achieved with 60℃ heat treatment, with a concentration of around 134 µg/ml for full sequence plasmid. Purified GBK pol are then tested with LAMP, where isothermal amplification at 40℃ for 2 hours resulted in the clearest bands during gel electrophoresis as well as highest concentrations of DNA. The highest concentration of DNA is achieved from GBK pol with 60℃ heat treatment, suggesting that 60℃ is the optimal temperature for purification."

"Eksplorasi bakteri termofilik di Indonesia sangat penting untuk berbagai aplikasi industri. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk identifikasi Gen 16S-rRNA dari bakteri termofilik yang terdapat di Mata Air Panas Cisolong, Banten. Ekstraksi dilakukan dengan dua metode yaitu komersial GeneAll® Exgene™ dan LOC ChipGenie® Edition P. Hingga saat ini, belum ada yang melakukan identifikasi bakteri dari mata air panas dengan menggunakan LOC untuk purifikasi DNA. Oleh karena itu, dalam penelitian ini dilakukan pengujian identifikasi bakteri dengan membandingkan kedua metode. Harapan kedepannya LOC dapat membantu purifikasi DNA secara langsung sehingga mempermudah identifikasi tanpa perlu di laboratorium.Penelitian selanjutnya juga akan dilakukan reverse engineering sehingga dapat membuat LOC sendiri. Variabel yang diujikan adalah hasil kemurnian, konsentrasi template DNA, dan identifikasi jenis bakteri. Purifikasi dilakukan dengan variasi jumlah kultur bakteri berdasarkan absorbansi agar dapat mengetahui jumlah bakteri optimum untuk LOC. Didapatkan hasil bahwa bakteri berhasil dipurifikasi menggunakan LOC pada variasi waktu kultur 4 dan 28 jam. Konsentrasi template DNA bakteri yang dihasilkan LOC juga baik dan dapat bersaing dengan kit komersial. Hasil PCR didapatkan bakteri sumber berada pada 1518 bp dan bakteri kolam 1422 bp. Bakteri berhasil diidentifikasi dengan BLAST dan berdasarkan pohon filogenetik, hubungan terdekat bakteri sumber yaitu Geobacillus kaustophilus strain BGSC 90A1 dan bakteri kolam yaitu Geobacillus thermoleovorans strain V0 chromosome.

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Exploration of thermophilic bacteria in Indonesia is important for various industrial applications. This study aims to identify the 16S-rRNA gene from thermophilic bacteria found in Cisolong Hot Springs, Banten. Extraction was carried out by two methods, namely GeneAll® Exgene™ commercial kit and LOC ChipGenie® Edition P. To date, there has not yet been bacteria identification from hot springs using LOC for DNA purification. Therefore, in this study, a bacterial identification test carried out by comparing the two methods. The hope of this research is that in the future, LOC can be directly implemented in DNA purification, making it easier to identify without the need for laboratory procedures. In future research, reverse engineering will also be carried out so that we can make our own LOC. The variables tested were the results of DNA purity, templates concentration, and identification of the type of bacteria. Purification was also carried out by varying the number of bacterial cultures based on absorbance in order to determine the optimum number of bacteria for LOC. It was found that the bacteria were successfully purified using LOC at 4 and 28 hours of culture. The concentration yield of LOC is good and can compete with commercial kits. From the PCR results, it was found that the source bacteria were at 1518 bp and the pool bacteria at 1422 bp. Bacteria were identified by BLAST and based on the phylogenetic tree, the closest relationship to the source bacteria is Geobacillus kaustophilus strain BGSC 90A1 and the pool bacteria is Geobacillus thermolevorans strain V0 chromosome."

"Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk memperoleh isolat 'Actinobacteria' termofilik dari tanah di sekitar geiser Cisolok, Jawa Barat yang memiliki aktivitas selulolitik pada suhu tinggi serta mengetahui posisi filogenetik isolat terpilih terhadap spesies-spesies terdekatnya berdasarkan gen 16S rRNA. Penapisan kemampuan degradasi selulosa 17 isolat dilakukan secara kualitatif pada 'Minimal medium' (Mm) padat yang ditambahkan substrat yaitu 'carboxymethyl cellulose' (CMC) 1% (b/v) atau  'microcrystalline cellulose' (MCC) 1% (b/v) kemudian diinkubasi selama 7 hari. Pengamatan dilakukan dengan pewarnaan 'Congo red' 0,2% (b/v) dan zona bening pada sekitar koloni mengindikasikan degradasi substrat. Hasil penapisan menunjukkan bahwa 15 isolat mendegradasi CMC 1% dan 12 isolat mendegradasi MCC 1% pada suhu 45 ^oC, 14 isolat mendegradasi CMC 1% dan MCC 1% pada suhu 50 ^oC, 4 isolat mendegradasi CMC 1% dan MCC 1% pada suhu 55 ^oC, dan 3 isolat mendegradasi CMC 1% dan MCC 1% pada suhu 60 ^oC. Tiga isolat (SL1-2-R-2, SL1-2-R-3, dan SL1-2-R-4) yang mendegradasi CMC 1% dan MCC 1% hingga 60 ^oC merupakan isolat terpilih. Identifikasi dan karakterisasi telah dilakukan pada penelitian sebelumnya dan melaporkan tiga isolat terpilih memiliki kekerabatan terdekat dengan 'Actinomadura keratinilytica' WCC-2665^T(=NBRC 105837^T). Hasil pengujian menunjukkan 'type strain' NBRC 105837^T mendegradasi CMC 1% dan MCC 1% pada medium Mm padat dengan suhu 45, 50, 55, dan 60 ^oC setelah inkubasi 7 hari. 'Crude enzyme' dari tiga isolat potensial dan 'type strain' NBRC 105837^T menunjukkan aktivitas selulolitik pada medium Mm padat yang ditambahkan CMC 1% atau MCC 1% pada suhu 45, 50, 55, dan 60 ^oC. Analisis filogenetik tiga isolat terpilih berdasarkan gen 16S rRNA menggunakan metode 'Neighbor-Joining' (NJ), 'Minimum Evolution' (ME), dan 'Maximum Likelihood' (ML) menunjukkan bahwa tiga isolat terpilih berada pada satu 'clade' monofiletik dengan 'Actinomadura' 'keratinilytica' WCC-2665^T. Analisis filogenetik juga menunjukkan dua kelompok yang terpisah berdasarkan kemampuan menghasilkan selulase pada anggota famili 'Thermomonosporaceae'.

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The aims of this study were to obtained thermophilic 'Actinobacteria' isolates from soil around Cisolok geyser, West Java with the ability to degrade cellulose at high temperatures and to analyze the phylogenetic position based on 16S rRNA gene of the selected isolates compared to closely related species. Cellulose degradation screening was performed on Minimal (Mm) medium with the addition of 1% (w/v) carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) or 1% (w/v) microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) as substrate then incubated for 7 days. Cellulose degradations were observed by staining the plates with  0,2% (w/v) Congo red and clear zone formation around the bacterial colony would indicate the cellulose degradation. The results showed that 15 isolates were able to degrade 1% CMC and 12 isolates were able to degrade 1% MCC at 45 ^oC, 14 isolates were able to degrade 1% CMC and 1% MCC at 50 ^oC, 4 isolates were able to degrade 1% CMC and 1% MCC at 55 ^oC, and 3 isolates were able to degrade 1% CMC and 1% MCC at 60 ^oC. Three isolates (SL1-2-R-2, SL1-2-R-3, and SL1-2-R-4) were selected due to their CMC and MCC degrading ability at 60 ^oC. Molecular identification based on 16S rRNA gene and characterization in previous study showed that the three selected isolates are closely related to 'Actinomadura keratinilytica' WCC-2665^T(=NBRC 105837^T). The assay showed that type strain NBRC 105837^T was able to degrade 1% CMC and 1% MCC at 45, 50, 55, and 60 ^oC after 7 days of incubation. Cellulolytic activity show that the crude enzymes of the three selected isolates and type strain were able to degrade 1% CMC and 1% MCC at 45, 50, 55, and 60 ^oC. Phylogenetic analysis using Neighbour-Joining (NJ), Minimum Evolution (ME), and Maximum Likelihood (ML) methods showed that the  three selected isolates  were  clustered  together in monophyletic clade with 'Actinomadura keratinilytica' WCC-2265^T with 100% bootstrap value. Phylogenetic analysis also showed that cellulase  producers  and  non-cellulase  producers  in 'Thermomonosporaceae' were grouped into different clades."

"DNA Polimerase merupakan enzim sintesis DNA yang dimanfaatkan dalam metode amplifikasi DNA Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) untuk deteksi penyakit. Proses PCR dilakukan pada suhu tinggi dan memungkinkan terjadinya denaturasi enzim, sehingga diperlukan DNA polimerase yang termostabil dari bakteri termofilik. Penggunaan PCR yang meningkat mengakibatkan akibat masa pandemi mengakibatkan harga enzim tinggi. Sampai saat ini Indonesia masih menggunakan DNA polimerase dari impor sehingga menyebabkan tingginya biaya operasi. Di sisi lain, Indonesia memiliki potensi besar dalam pemanfaatan bakteri termofilik alami sehingga memungkinkan dilakukannya produksi DNA polimerase dari bakteri termofilik lokal seperti Geobacillus thermoleovorans strain SGAir0734 (GBK Pol) yang diisolasi dari sumber air panas Batu Kuwung, Banten. Sebelumnya, GBK Pol telah berhasil diproduksi pada skala laboratorium dalam flask 1000 ml. Pada penelitian ini, GBK Pol sekuens utuh diproduksi pada dalam flask yang diisi 50 ml, 100 ml, dan 250 ml serta pada skala bench menggunakan fermentor dengan volume kerja 3000 ml. GBK Pol berhasil dipurifikasi menggunakan metode immobilized metal affinity chromatography (IMAC), kemudian diuji menggunakan SDS-PAGE dan menghasilkan protein GBK Pol pada ±50 kDa. Kondisi optimum kultur pada fermentor mencakup: induksi IPTG pada jam ke-2 setelah kultur dan inkubasi setelah induksi selama 3 jam.

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DNA polymerase is a DNA synthesis enzyme that is utilized in DNA polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification method for disease detection. PCR process is carried out at high temperatures which allows denaturation of the enzyme, therefore, a thermostable DNA polymerase from thermophilic bacteria is required. The increased usage of PCR after the pandemic resulting in high enzyme prices. Until now, Indonesia still uses DNA polymerase from imports, causing high operating costs. On the other hand, Indonesia has great potential in utilizing naturally occurring thermophilic bacteria to produce DNA polymerase from local source such as the Geobacillus thermoleovorans strain SGAir0734 (GBK Pol) isolated from Batu Kuwung hot springs, Banten. Previously, GBK Pol had been successfully produced on a laboratory scale in 1000 ml flasks. In this study, a full sequence GBK Pol was produced with working volume of 50 ml, 100 ml and 250 ml in flasks and 3000 ml in a fermenter. GBK Pol was successfully purified using the immobilized metal affinity chromatography (IMAC) method, and tested using SDS-PAGE, resulting in GBK Pol protein at ±50 kDa. The optimum conditions for culture on the fermentor were as follows: induction of IPTG after 2 hours and 3 hours incubation after induction."

"Penelitian bertujuan mengetahui keanekaragaman bakteri Ktedonobacteria dari sampel tanah hutan di sekitar Geiser Cisolok, Jawa Barat dengan metode culture-dependent dan metode culture-independent. Isolasi bakteri menggunakan medium Reasoner's 2A (10%) dengan penambahan 2% gellan gum, cycloheximide, dan sodium azide. Inkubasi dilakukan pada suhu 30 oC selama 3 minggu. Amplifikasi gen 16S rRNA isolat bakteri menggunakan primer spesifik Ktedonobacteria (primer 161F dan 941R), dan primer universal bakteri (9F dan 1510R). Identitas isolat bakteri diperoleh berdasarkan data full sequence gen 16S rRNA melalui pencarian homologi pada EZBioCloud (www.ezbiocloud.net). Analisis filogenetik menggunakan metode Neighbour Joining, Maximum Evolution, dan Maximum Likelihood. Analisis keanekaragaman bakteri Ktedonobacteria menggunakan Next Generation Sequencing berdasarkan data partial sequence (daerah variabel V1--V3) dari gen 16S rRNA. Analisis data komposisi taksonomi bakteri dan indeks keanekaragaman menggunakan software QIIME2. Empat isolat Ktedonobacteria dengan kode K17-1, K17-2, K42, dan K44 berhasil diperoleh. Analisis filogenetik menunjukkan bahwa keseluruhan isolat merupakan anggota kelas Ktedonobacteria dan berada dalam satu grup dengan type strain Dictyobacter aurantiacus S-27T. Namun demikian, persentase homologi sequence gen 16S rRNA keempat isolat menunjukkan nilai yang rendah terhadap type strain Dictyobacter aurantiacus S-27T, yaitu 97.16 -- 98.02%. Berdasarkan nilai tersebut, keempat isolat yang diperoleh diduga merupakan spesies baru. Hasil analisis dengan software QIIME2 menunjukkan bahwa sampel tanah yang digunakan memiliki nilai indeks keanekaragaman bakteri yang tinggi, dengan nilai sebagai berikut: 6,49 (Shannon-Winner); 0,98 (Simpson); 177 (Chao1); dan 117 (Ace). Filum Acidobacteria, Proteobacteria dan Bacteriodetes, merupakan tiga filum dengan persentase paling besar pada sampel tanah, dengan nilai persentase masing-masing 44%, 25%, dan 9%. Kelas Ktedonobacteria pada filum Chloroflexi memiliki persentase yang sangat rendah, yaitu 1,89%. Namun demikian, analisis filogenetik data amplikon (culture-independent) menunjukkan bahwa Ktedonobacteria yang terdapat pada sampel tanah tersebar dalam 5 grup, yang seluruhnya mengindikasikan taksa baru. Penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa metode culture-dependent hanya berhasil menemukan satu dari lima grup Ktedonobacteria yang berhasil dideteksi menggunakan metode culture-independent.

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The study aims to determine the diversity of Ktedonobacteria from forest soil samples around the Cisolok Geiser, West Java with culture-dependent and culture-independent methods. Bacterial isolation using Reasoner's 2A (10%) medium with 2% gellan gum, cycloheximide, and sodium azide. Incubation was carried out at 30 oC for three weeks. Amplification of 16S rRNA gene of bacterial isolates performed using Ktedonobacteria specific primers (primers 161F and 941R), and universal bacterial primers (9F and 1510R). The identity of bacterial isolates was obtained based on full 16S rRNA gene sequence data through a homology search on EZBioCloud (www.ezbiocloud.net). The phylogenetic analysis was performed by Neighbor-Joining, Maximum Evolution, and Maximum Likelihood methods. Analysis of Ktedonobacteria diversity using Next-Generation Sequencing based on partial sequence data (variable regions V1 -- V3) of the 16S rRNA gene. Analysis of bacterial taxonomy composition data and diversity index was conducted using QIIME2 software. Four isolates of Ktedonobacteria, namely K17-1, K17-2, K42, and K44, were successfully obtained. Phylogenetic analysis showed that all isolates were members of the class Ktedonobacteria and were in the same group as Dictyobacter aurantiacus S-27T. However, the percentage of homology of the 16S rRNA gene sequence of the four isolates showed a low value on the type strain of Dictyobacter aurantiacus S-27T, which accounted for 97.16 -- 98.02%. Based on these values, the four isolates obtained probably belonged to the new species. The results of the analysis with QIIME2 software showed that the soil samples had high bacterial diversity index values, with the following values: 6,49 (Shannon-Winner); 0,98 (Simpson); 177 (Chao1); and 117 (Ace). Phylum Acidobacteria, Proteobacteria, and Bacteriodetes are the three phyla with the largest percentage in soil samples, with percentage values of 44%, 25%, and 9%, respectively. Whereas the class Ktedonobacteria in the phylum Chloroflexi has a very low percentage, which is 1.89%. However, phylogenetic analysis of the amplicon data (culture-independent) showed that Ktedonobacteria found in soil samples distributed into five groups, indicating new taxa. In this study, culture-dependent methods found only one of the five groups of Ktedonobacteria that detected using the culture-independent method."

"Limbah pulp kertas dari proses daur ulang kertas diketahui memiliki potensi nilai kalor yang dapat dijadikan solid recovered fuel. Limbah pulp kertas pada penelitian ini diketahui memiliki kadar air yang tinggi (84,82%) dengan kadar volatile solid sebesar 79,60%, dan rasio C/N 33,58%. Komposisi limbah pulp kertas terdiri dari kertas sebanyak 69,40% dan komposisi plastik sebanyak 30,60%. Dalam upaya menurunkan kadar air dan meningkatan nilai kalor limbah pulp kertas, akan dilakukan pretreatment dengan metode biodrying. Pada penelitian ini, dilakukan biodrying pada feedstock limbah pulp kertas dengan menggunakan campuran sampah daun. Rasio limbah pulp kertas pada tiap reaktor dibuat berbeda. Rasio antara limbah pulp kertas dengan sampah daun pada Reaktor 1, 2, dan 3 berturut-turut adalah 50:50; 60:40; 80:20. Suhu tertinggi pada biodrying dihasilkan pada Reaktor 3, tetapi Reaktor 3 mengalami penurunan kadar air akhir terkecil (9,13%) dengan penurunan volatile solid terbesar (13,12%). Namun hasil uji ANOVA menunjukkan tidak ada perbedaan signifikan (p<0,05) untuk suhu pada tiap reaktor. Performa biodrying yang paling baik dicapai oleh Reaktor 2 karena mengalami penurunan kadar air akhir terbesar (23,04%) dengan penurunan volatile solid terkecil (7,84%). Nilai kalor (LHVwet) produk biodrying pada Reaktor 1, 2, dan 3 berturut-turut 5,95 MJ/kg; 4,68 MJ/kg; 2,86 MJ/kg. Berdasarkan nilai kalor, produk biodrying yang memenuhi standar SRF adalah Reaktor 1 dan Reaktor 2. Panas yang dihasilkan pada proses biodrying merupakan tanda terjadinya aktivitas mikroorganisme dalam mendegradasi senyawa organik. Jenis mikroorganisme yang terdapat pada feedstock biodrying berdasarkan fase suhu yang dihasilkan terdiri dari mikroorganisme mesofilik dan mikroorganisme termofilik. Pada penelitian ini juga diteliti jumlah bakteri mesofilik dan bakteri termofilik selama proses biodrying. Dari pengujian jumlah bakteri dengan metode Total Plate Count (TPC) dihasilkan bakteri mesofilik terbanyak ada pada Reaktor 3 dengan rata-rata 17 x 109 CFU/gram, begitu pula dengan bakteri termofilik dengan rata-rata 13 x 106 CFU/gram. Uji ANOVA menunjukkan terdapat perbedaan yang signifikan (p>0,05) untuk jumlah bakteri mesofilik antar reaktor. Jumlah bakteri termofilik juga menghasilkan perbedaan yang signifikan antar reaktor (p>0,05).

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The waste of paper pulp from the paper recycling process is known to have potential heating values ​​that can be used as solid recovered fuel. The paper pulp waste in this study is known to have high water content (84.82%) with a volatile solid content of 79.60%, and C/N ratio of 33.58%. The composition of paper pulp waste consists of 69.40% paper and 30.60% plastic. In an effort to reduce water content and increase the calorific value of paper pulp waste, a pretreatment will be carried out using the biodrying method.

In this study, biodrying was carried out on paper pulp waste feedstock by using a mixture of leaf waste. The ratio of paper pulp waste to each reactor is made different. The ratio between paper pulp waste and leaf waste in Reactors 1, 2, and 3 respectively is 50:50; 60:40; 80:20 The highest temperature on biodrying was generated in Reactor 3, but Reactor 3 decreased the smallest final moisture content (9.13%) with the largest decrease in volatile solids (13.12%). However, the ANOVA test results showed no significant difference (p <0.05) for the temperature of each reactor. The best biodrying performance was achieved by Reactor 2 because it experienced the largest decrease in final moisture content (23.04%) with the smallest volatile solid decline (7.84%).

Calorific value (LHVwet) of biodrying products in Reactor 1, 2, and 3 respectively 5.95 MJ/kg; 4.68 MJ/kg; 2.86 MJ/kg. Based on the heating value, biodrying products that meet the SRF standard are Reactor 1 and Reactor 2. The heat generated in the biodrying process is a sign of the activity of microorganisms in degrading organic compounds. The types of microorganisms found in biodrying feedstock based on the resulting phase temperature consist of mesophilic microorganisms and thermophilic microorganisms.

In this study also examined the number of mesophilic bacteria and thermophilic bacteria during the biodrying process. From testing the number of bacteria using the Total Plate Count (TPC) method produced the most mesophilic bacteria in Reactor 3 with an average of 17 x 109 CFU/gram, as well as thermophilic bacteria with an average of 13 x 106 CFU/gram. ANOVA test showed that there were significant differences (p> 0.05) for the number of mesophilic bacteria between reactors. The number of thermophilic bacteria also produced a significant difference between reactors (p> 0.05)."

"Telah dilakukan penelitian yang bertujuan untuk mengetahui aktivitas antimikroba actinomycetes termofil hasil isolasi dari geiser di Cisolok, Jawa Barat. Delapan belas isolat yang memiliki morfologi menyerupai actinomycetes berhasil diisolasi dari serasah daun dan ranting di sekitar pusat semburan geiser. Seluruh isolat diuji aktivitas antimikrobanya menggunakan paper disk method dan agar block method dengan Kocuria rhizophila, Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis sebagai bakteri uji Gram positif, dan Escherichia coli sebagai bakteri uji Gram negatif. Pengujian menggunakan metode paper disk menunjukkan hasil negatif pada isolat actinomycetes yang dikultur pada medium International Streptomyces Project (ISP) 1 cair selama 14 hari pada suhu 50oC dan 40oC. Berdasarkan uji menggunakan metode blok agar, didapatkan bahwa dua isolat, yaitu LC2-2 dan LC2-6 memberikan hasil positif terhadap bakteri uji Gram positif. Isolat LC2-2 menunjukkan morfologi makroskopis dan mikroskopis menyerupai genus Bacillus sehingga tidak digunakan untuk identifikasi molekuler. Hasil identifikasi molekuler sequence parsial gen 16S rRNA menggunakan primer 785F dan primer 802R menunjukkan bahwa LC2-6 diidentifikasi sebagai Actinomadura keratinilyitica dengan nilai homologi 99%. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian, direkomendasikan untuk mempelajari lebih lanjut senyawa antimikroba yang dihasilkan isolat LC2-6. Hal tersebut disebabkan oleh belum adanya laporan penelitian mengenai aktivitas antimikroba Actinomadura keratinilytica.

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The aim of this study was to screen the antimicrobial activity by actinomycetes isolated from Cisolok Geyser, West Java. Eighteen isolates which are have similar morphology with actinomycetes have been isolated from leaves and branches around the geyser. The isolates were screened for their antimicrobial activity using paper disk method and agar block method with Kocuria rhizophila, Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis as Gram positive test bacteria and Escherichia coli as Gram negative test bacteria. Screening by paper disk method showed negative result from all the isolates that cultured on International Streptomyces Project (ISP) 1 medium at 50oC and 40oC for 14 days. Screening by block agar method showed that two isolates, LC2-2 and LC2-6 gave positive result to Gram positive test bacteria. Morphologically, LC2-2 showed similarity to genus Bacillus, thus it’s not used for molecular identification. Molecular identification based on partial sequence of 16S rRNA gene with primer 785F and primer 802R showed that LC2-6 identified as Actinomadura keratinilytica (99%). Based on this research, it is suggested to do further study about the antimicrobial activity produced by LC2-6, because there is still no report about antimicrobial activity produced by Actinomadura keratinilytica."

"Resistensi bakteri terhadap antibiotik sudah menjadi masalah di rumah sakit Indonesia dan dunia. Banyaknya penggunaan antibiotik dengan dosis yang tidak adekuat, dan pemakaian antibiotik dalam jangka waktu lama memberikan andil besar pada peningkatan resistensi antibiotik. Bangsal Bedah RSUPN CM merupakan salah satu unit kesehatan yang memiliki insiden tinggi terjadinya infeksi. Pola bakteri beserta pola resistensi penting diketahui sebagai pertimbangan dalam penatalaksanaan infeksi. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pola resistensi bakteri yang diisolasi dari bangsal bedah. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode potong lintang; data merupakan data sekunder hasil uji kepekaan bakteri yang diisolasi dari bangsal bedah RSUPN CM pada tahun 2003-2006 yang didapat dari Laboratorium Mikrobiologi Klinik FKUI. Data dibagi dua berdasarkan kurun waktu 2003-2004 dan 2005-2006. Dari data didapatkan tujuh bakteri terbanyak yaitu Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Proteus mirabilis, dan Streptococcus viridans. Staphylococcus aureus mempunyai nilai resistensi terbesar pada Chloramphenicol. Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Proteus mirabilis, dan Pseudomonas aeruginosa mempunyai nilai resistensi yang besar pada Amoxicillin dan Trimethoprim-Sulfamethoxazole. Escherichia coli dan Klebsiella pneumoniae juga mempunyai nilai resistensi besar pada Ciprofloxacin. Terjadi peningkatan persentase resistensi beberapa antibiotik uji pada 2003-2004 ke 2005-2006. Namun ada pula uji yang menurun atau menetap. Perbedaan ini dapat terjadi karena berbagai hal dan dipengaruhi bebagai faktor. Harus dilakukan upaya-upaya pengendalian dalam penggunaan antibiotika dan pencegahan resistensi dengan berbagai strategi.

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Bacterial resistance to antibiotics has been an issue in hospitals in Indonesia as well as around the world. Inappropriate usage of antibiotics for a long period and errors in prescribing inadequate antibiotics dosages have been the main cause of the resistance. Due of its nature, The Surgery ward of RSUPNCM is one of the medical units that has high infection occurrence rates. The knowledge of bacterial resistence patterns must be studied and understood to successfully execute the right antibiotic for a certain infection. The purpose of this study is to evaluate bacterial resistance patterns which were isolated from the surgical ward of Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital in 2003-2006. During the study, secondary data of bacterial isolation report from Clinical Microbiology Laboratory FKUI in 2003-2006 are also used. The data are divided into two time spans, 2003-2004 and 2005-2006. From the data gathered, we have found the top seven bacteria quantity wise; they are Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Proteus mirabilis, and Streptococcus viridans. Staphylococcus aureus has the highest resistance to Chloramphenicol. Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Proteus mirabilis, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa have the highest resistance to Amoxicillin and Trimethoprim-Sulfamethoxazole. Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae also have the highest resistance to Ciprofloxacin. The Antibiotics resistance tests show an increasing trend of the isolated bacteria resistance to antibiotics in the comparative study of the two years time spans. Nonetheless, we did also find some of the resistances that are decreasing in trend or stayed constant. These alterations are caused by many factors. Correct procedural usage of antibiotics and, management of infection preventions and treatments for controlling the bacterial resistance growth are essentials."