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"Kasa ber-framycetin sudah lama digunakan untuk menutup luka supaya tidak terjadi infeksi, terutama oleh bakteri Staphylococcus aureus. Belum diketahui apakah kasa ber-framycetin juga mempunyai daya hambat terhadap MRSA, yaitu bakteri Staphylococcus aureus yang sudah bermutasi resisten terhadap banyak antibiotik. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui daya hambat kasa yang mengandung framycetin terhadap MRSA dibandingkan dengan kasa yang mengandung parafin. Penelitian dilakukan dengan metode uji aktivitas bakterisidal kasa berframycetin dan kasa berparafin terhadap pertumbuhan bakteri MRSA secara in vitro. Kontrol positif adalah bakteri tanpa pemberian kasa. Kontrol negatif adalah medium uji tanpa bakteri dan kasa. Perolehan data berupa jumlah koloni MRSA yang tumbuh pada waktu pemaparan selama 0 menit, 30 menit, 2, 4, 6, dan 24 jam. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan daya hambat kasa ber-framycetin terhadap pertumbuhan MRSA diperoleh sejak waktu pemaparan 30 menit sampai dengan 24 jam. Daya hambat kasa ber-framycetin secara statistik bermakna pada waktu pemaparan 2, 4, 6 dan 24 jam. Kasa berparafin memiliki daya hambat pada waktu pemaparan 4, 6, dan 24 jam, namun tidak bermakna secara statistik. Daya hambat kasa ber-framycetin berbeda bermakna dengan kasa berparafin pada waktu pemaparan 2, 4, 6, dan 24 jam. Pada pemaparan selama 4, 6, dan 24 jam, kasa ber-framycetin mempunyai daya bunuh terhadap bakteri MRSA. Daya hambat kasa ber-framycetin lebih baik dibandingkan kasa berparafin dan mempunyai kemampuan daya bunuh terhadap MRSA pada pengujian in vitro.

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Framycetin gauze dressing has long been used to cover wounds in order to prevent infection, especially by Staphylococcus aureus. It has not been discovered whether framycetin gauze dressing also has inhibitory effect to MRSA, multidrugs resistant Staphylococcus aureus. This study aims to know the inhibitory activity of framycetin gauze dressing against MRSA compared with paraffin gauze dressing. This study was conducted using in vitro bactericidal activity test of framycetin gauze dressing and paraffin gauze dressing against MRSA. Positive control is bacteria without any dressings. Negative control is medium with neither bacteria nor any dressings. Data were in the form of the number of MRSA colonies after 0 minute, 30 minute, 2, 4, 6, and 24 hours exposure to those dressings. The result shows the inhibitory activity of framycetin gauze dressing against MRSA was obtained since 30 minutes exposure. This inhibitory activity is statistically significant at exposure time of 2, 4, 6, and 24 hours. Paraffin gauze dressing shows inhibitory activity at exposure time of 4, 6, and 24 hours but is not significant statistically. The inhibitory effect of framycetin gauze dressing is significantly different with paraffin gauze dressing after 2, 4, 6, and 24 hours exposure. On exposure for 4, 6, and 24 hours, framycetin gauze dressing has bactericidal activity to MRSA. Framycetin gauze dressing has greater inhibitory effect to MRSA compared with paraffin gauze dressing and has bactericidal activity in this in vitro study."

"Acinetobacter baumannii adalah bakteri kokobasil Gram negatif yang sering menjadi penyebab infeksi di rumah sakit. Belum diketahui apakah kasa ber-framycetin yang sering digunakan untuk perawatan luka dapat digunakan pada pencegahan luka yang dirawat di rumah sakit, misalnya luka paska operasi. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk membandingkan daya hambat kasa ber-framycetin dengan kasa berparafin terhadap bakteri Acinetobacter baumannii secara in vitro. Penelitian ini menggunakan desain eksperimental secara in vitro dengan mengamati daya hambat kasa yang mengandung framycetin terhadap pertumbuhan bakteri Acinetobacter baumannii dibandingkan dengan kasa berparafin. Penelitian ini dilakukan pada Juli 2014—Juni 2015 di Laboratorium Departemen Mikrobiologi Fakultas Kedokteran Universitas Indonesia. Daya hambat kasa uji dinilai dengan cara melakukan penghitungan koloni yang tumbuh (CFU/mL), selama waktu pemaparan 0, 30 menit, 2, 4, 6, dan 24 jam. Data dianalisis dengan menggunakan program SPSS 20.0 for windows dengan uji Kruskal-Wallis dan uji Mann-Whitney untuk analisis Post Hoc. Hasil penelitian memperlihatkan bahwa kasa ber-framycetin memiliki daya hambat pada waktu pemaparan selama 30 menit, 2 jam, 4 jam, 6 jam dan 24 jam. Secara statistik, daya hambat kasa ber-framycetin bermakna pada waktu pemaparan selama 30 menit. Kasa berparafin memiliki daya hambat pada waktu pemaparan 4 jam, 6 jam, dan 24 jam, yang secara statistik tidak bermakna. Daya hambat kasa ber-framycetin dan daya hambat kasa berparafin tidak berbeda bermakna secara statistik terhadap pertumbuhan koloni bakteri Acinetobacter baumannii secara in vitro pada seluruh waktu pemaparan.

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Acinetobacter baumannii is a Gram negatif cocobacil bacteria which often cause infection in the hospital. It is not yet known if framycetin gauze dressing, which is usually used in wound care management, can be used to prevent infection of sound in hospital such as post-surgical wound. The aim of this research was to compare the in vitro inhibitory effect of framycetin gauze dressing with paraffin gauze dressing towards Acinetobacter baumannii. This in vitro experimental research was done by observing the comparison of inhibitory effect towards Acinetobacter baumannii growth between framycetin gauze dressing and paraffin gauze dressing. The data were collected from July 2014—June 2015 in Laboratory of Microbiology Department of Faculty of Medicine Universitas Indonesia. The inhibitory effect was measured by counting the growth of Acinetobacter baumannii (CFU/mL), during six exposure times (0, 30 minutes, 2, 4, 6, and 24 hours). All results were statistically analysed by SPSS 20.0 for windows by using Kruskal-Wallis test and Mann-Whitney test for the Post Hoc analysis. The result showed that the inhibitory effect of framycetin gauze dressing was noted at 30 minutes, 2, 4, 6, and 24 hours. Its inhibitory effect was statistically significant at 30 minutes. The inhibitory effect of paraffin gauze dressing was noted at 4, 6, and 24 hours. However, statistically there was no significant inhibitory effect of paraffin gauze dressing noted at all exposure times. It was noted that there was no statistically significant difference in inhibitory effect towards Acinetobacter baumannii growth in vitro between framycetin gauze dressing and paraffin gauze dressing at any exposure time."

"Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection on wounds, especially burn wounds can cause prolonged healing and may lead to sepsis. Framycetin, an aminoglycoside, can be impregnated into paraffin based-dressing used in wound management to prevent wound infection. Inhibitory potential of framycetin dressing against Pseudomonas aeruginosa needs to be evaluated in order to find out whether this dressing can prevent pseudomonas wound infection or not. This research aims to determine inhibitory potential of framycetin dressing against Pseudomonas aeruginosa compared to paraffin dressing. In vitro test was conducted by exposing suspension of Pseudomonas aeruginosa to framycetin dressing and paraffin dressing. The suspension was diluted in ten time serial dilution. Plating on agar plates was done in duplo at exposure time of 0, 30 minutes, 2, 4, 6, and 24 hours. Growth of colonies on medium was evaluated and colonies on plates that are 10-150 in number were counted. The test was done in triplicate. Inhibitory potential of dressing is defined as its ability to inhibit bacterial growth, indicated by lower colony number in dressing exposed groups compared to positive control. The result of this experiment showed that framycetin dressing exhibited inhibitory potential at exposure time of 4, 6, and 24 hours. Optimal inhibitory potential of framycetin dressing was exhibited after 4 hours of exposure, when the only decrease in colony number throughout the incubation occured. Paraffin dressing exhibited its potential at 4 and 24 hours. The colony number of framycetin dressing exposed suspension was signifficantly lower than that of paraffin dressing after exposure time of 4 and 6 hours. In conclusion, framycetin dressing has better inhibitory potential compared to paraffin dressing especially within 4 to 6 hours of exposure. This result implicates that framycetin dressing may have the ability to prevent Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection. "

"Latar Belakang: Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) merupakan bakteri Staphylococcus aureus yang telah resisten terhadap antibiotik methicillin. Saat ini, MRSA masih merupakan ancaman di seluruh dunia. Infeksi MRSA dapat menimbulkan berbagai komplikasi. Oleh karena itu, diperlukan pengobatan yang mampu menangani MRSA di masa mendatang. Daun kelor atau Moringa oleifera dikenal memiliki banyak khasiat, salah satunya adalah sebagai antibakteri. Maka dari itu, peneliti mengusulkan untuk melakukan penelitian terkait potensi ekstrak etanol daun kelor (Moringa oleifera) sebagai antibakteri terhadap MRSA. Metode: Penelitian dilakukan dengan uji eksperimental melalui metode makrodilusi. Makrodilusi dilakukan baik pada ekstrak etanol daun kelor maupun vankomisin. Makrodilusi pada ekstrak etanol daun kelor dilakukan untuk mengetahui efek antibakteri ekstrak tersebut terhadap bakteri MRSA. Sedangkan makrodilusi pada vankomisin dilakukan sebagai pembanding. Hasil: Pada penelitian ini tidak ditemukan efek antibakteri ekstrak etanol daun kelor (Moringa oleifera) terhadap bakteri MRSA. Hal tersebut terbukti dengan tidak ditemukannya konsentrasi hambat minimun (KHM) maupun konsentrasi bunuh minimum (KBM) pada percobaan ini. Pembahasan: Hasil pada penelitian ini berbeda dengan beberapa penelitian yang sudah pernah dilakukan. Perbedaan tersebut dapat terjadi akibat beberapa faktor. Peran ekstrak etanol daun kelor (Moringa oleifera) sebagai antibakteri terhadap MRSA dapat diteliti lebih lanjut dengan metode yang berbeda ataupun konsentrasi yang lebih tinggi.

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Background: Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is a group of bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus) which are found to be resistant against antibiotics called methicillin. Nowadays, MRSA is still becoming a threat across the globe. Infections caused by MRSA may cause various complications. Due to this fact, proper-management is needed to deal with MRSA in the future. Moringa oleifera has been popularly known for its benefits, one of which is the antibacterial effect. Therefore, the author proposed to do a research on the potential of Moringa oleifera ethanol extract as an antibacterial agent against MRSA. Method: The research done is an experimental test using macrodilution method. Macrodilution was done on both the ethanol extract and vancomycin. Macrodilution on the extract was done to discover its antibacterial effect against MRSA, while macrodilution on vancomycin was done as a comparison. Results: In this research, there is no antibacterial effect found from Moringa oleifera extract against MRSA. This result is supported by the absence of minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) in this experiment. Discussion: The result in this research was different from some previous research findings. The difference might be caused by several factors. The role of Moringa oleifera extract as antibacterial agent against should be further studied using different methods or higher concentration."

"ABSTRAK

Latar Belakang: Infeksi Staphylococcus aureus semakin meningkat dan diperumit oleh munculnya jenis yang resisten terhadap antibiotik methicillin. Perkembangan terakhir melaporkan penurunan kepekaan Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) terhadap terapi lini pertamanya yaitu antibiotik vankomisin. Daun kelor (Moringa oleifera) telah lama diketahui memiliki banyak manfaat bagi kesehatan dan berpotensi memiliki aktivitas antimikroba terhadap MRSA.

Tujuan: Mengetahui kemampuan antibakteri yang dimiliki oleh fraksi heksan daun kelor terhadap MRSA.

Metode: Penelitian dilakukan dengan uji Konsentrasi Hambat Minimum (KHM) dan Konsentrasi Bunuh Minimum (KBM) fraksi heksan daun kelor terhadap MRSA menggunakan metode makro dilusi. Konsentrasi yang digunakan adalah 0,078125 μg/mL hingga 1280 μg/mL. Uji makro dilusi antibiotik vankomisin terhadap MRSA dilakukan sebagai standar pembanding.

Hasil: Tidak ditemukan KHM dan KBM fraksi heksan daun kelor terhadap MRSA pada konsentrasi yang digunakan pada penelitian.

Kesimpulan: Fraksi heksan daun kelor tidak memiliki aktivitas antimikroba terhadap MRSA pada konsentrasi 0,078125 μg/mL hingga 1280 μg/mL.

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ABSTRACT

Background: Staphylococcus aureus infection is increasing and becomes more complicated as a methicillin-resistant strain arises. Latest updates report decline in sensitivity of Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) to vancomycin as its first line therapy. Moringa oleifera leaves has long been known to possess many health benefits and potentially has antimicrobial properties against MRSA.

Aim: To find out antimicrobial activities possessed by hexane fraction of Moringa oleifera leaves against MRSA.

Methods: Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) and Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC) test was carried out by macrodilution method. Concentration of hexane fraction used in the study was 0,078125 μg/mL to 1280 μg/mL. Macrodilution of vancomycin was done as a comparison standard.

Results: In MIC and MBC test of hexane fraction of Moringa oleifera leaves, there was no MIC nor MBC found in all concentration.

Conclusion: Hexane fraction of Moringa oleifera leaves in concentrations of 0,078125 μg/mL to 1280 μg/mL does not possess antimicrobial activities against MRSA."

"Infeksi bakteri Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) merupakan masalah yang marak terjadi dalam pelayanan kesehatan Indonesia. Sejauh ini MRSA dapat diobati dengan antibiotik vankomisin, namun sangat perlu dilakukan pencarian antibiotik alternatif untuk mencegah adanya resistensi lagi. Shorea spp. adalah tumbuhan yang diketahui memiliki sifat antibakteri terhadap bakteri Gram positif dan Gram negatif, namun belum dilakukan penelitian mengenai efeknya terhadap bakteri MRSA. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui efek antibakteri ekstrak Shorea spp. terhadap MRSA. Uji dilakukan dengan metode makro dilusi tabung untuk mengetahui konsentrasi hambat minimum dan konsentrasi bunuh minimum ekstrak Shorea spp. dan vankomisin sebagai pembanding. Ekstrak Shorea spp. dipaparkan dengan suspensi bakteri MRSA pada sepuluh pengenceran makro dilusi dan diamati konsentrasi hambat minimumnya. Tabung yang dicurigai memiliki konsentrasi hambat minimum kemudian dikultur untuk mengetahui konsentrasi bunuh minimum. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan ditemukan kekeruhan dan pertumbuhan koloni bakteri pada setiap tabung mulai dari konsentrasi 1280 μg/mL hingga 2,5 μg/mL, sehingga tidak didapatkan adanya konsentrasi hambat minimum dan konsentrasi bunuh minimum ekstrak Shorea spp terhadap MRSA pada konsentrasi 1280 μg/mL hingga 2,5 μg/mL.

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Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus (MRSA) infection is a problem that is rife in Indonesian healthcare services. In recent years, MRSA can be treated by vancomycin, an antibiotic used to treat serious bacterial infections, but it is necessary to search alternative antibiotics to prevent further resistance. Shorea spp. is a plant that is known to have antibacterial properties against Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria, but there has not been any research referring to its effect on MRSA. This study aims to evaluate the antibacterial effect of Shorea spp. extract compared to vancomycin. Tests were conducted with macro dilution method to determine the minimum inhibitory concentration and minimum bactericidal concentration of Shorea spp. extract with vancomycin as comparison. Shorea spp. extract were exposed to MRSA suspension in ten times serial dilution and the minimum inhibitory concentration were observed. Tubes suspected of having minimum inhibitory concentration were cultured to determine the minimum bactericidal concentration. The results showed that turbidity and growth occurs at each dilution with concentration ranged from 1280 μg/mL to 2,5 μg/mL. This study suggests that minimum inhibitory concentration and minimum bactericidal concentration of Shorea spp. extract are not found in the concentration ranged from 1280 μg/mL to 2,5 μg/mL."

"Infeksi bakteri Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus MRSA merupakan salah satu masalah kesehatan dengan prevalensi yang tinggi di Asia, khususnya Indonesia dengan kepadatan penduduk yang juga tinggi sehingga berpengaruh terhadap penyebaran penyakit infeksi ini. Hingga saat ini, vankomisin merupakan antibiotik yang dapat digunakan untuk menangani infeksi MRSA. Untuk itu, perlu dikembangkan alternatif antibiotik agar dapat mencegah peningkatan penyakit infeksi akibat MRSA. Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk mengetahui aktivitas antibakteri ekstrak daun kayu ulin Eusideroxylon zwageri terhadap MRSA dengan melihat konsentrasi hambat minimum KHM dan konsentrasi bunuh minimum KBM. Penelitian menggunakan metode makrodilusi ekstrak daun kayu ulin Eusideroxylon zwageri dan antibiotik vankomisin sebagai pembanding. Konsentrasi bakteri MRSA dalam penelitian ini sesuai dengan Mc Farland 0,5. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan terjadi kekeruhan pada tabung di setiap konsentrasi dan tumbuh koloni bakteri pada agar Mueller Hinton yang menunjukkan adanya bakteri MRSA. Oleh karena itu, dari penelitian ini dapat disimpulkan bahwa ekstrak daun kayu ulin Eusideroxylon zwageri pada konsentrasi 1280 g/mL hingga 0,625 g/mL tidak memiliki aktivitas antibakteri terhadap MRSA.

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Bacterial infection of Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus MRSA is one of the health problem with high prevalence in Asia, especially Indonesia with high population density that influence the spread of this infectious disease. Until now, vancomycin is an antibiotic that can be used to treat MRSA infection. It is necessary to develop alternative antibiotic in order to prevent the increase of infection due to MRSA. This study was conducted to determine the antibacterial activity of ironwood Eusideroxylon zwageri leaf extract against MRSA to see the minimum inhibitory concentration MIC and the minimum bactericidal concentration MBC.

This research used macrodilution method with ironwood Eusideroxylon zwageri leaf extract and vancomycin as a comparison. Concentration of MRSA in this study based on Mc Farland 0,5. The results showed turbidity occured in tubes at each concentrations and bacterial colonies grown on Mueller Hinton Agar that indicate the presence of MRSA. Therefore, from this study we can conclude that the ironwood Eusideroxylon zwageri leaf extract at concentration of 1280 g mL until 0,625 g mL do not have antibacterial activity against MRSA."

"Penyakit infeksi masih menjadi permasalahan mayor pada negara berkembang. Berdasarkan data WHO, setiap tahun penyakit infeksi membunuh 3,5 juta penduduk dunia terutama pada masyarakat berpendapatan rendah dan anak-anak. Antibiotik menjadi terapi utama untuk menangani masalah infeksi. Namun penggunaan yang irasional mengakibatkan munculnya strain bakteri yang tahan terhadap antibiotik tertentu. MRSA menjadi penyebab utama infeksi nosokomial. Saat ini pengobatan untuk infeksi MRSA bergantung kepada vankomisin.Dibutuhkan terapi pendukung dan apabila memungkinkan menggantikan vankomisin dalam penanganan infeksi MRSA. Swietenia mahagoni diduga memiliki potensi dalam mengatasi infeksi terutama akibat bakteri. Oleh karena itu penelitian ini dilakukan untuk mengetahui aktivitas antibakteri Swetenia mahagoni terhadap bakteri MRSA. Ekstrak Swietenia mahagoni didapatkan dari LIPI (Lembaga Ilmu Pengetahuan Indonesia). Ekstrak kemudian dilarutkan menjadi 10 tabung dengan konsentrasi 1280 μg/mL, 640 μg/mL, 320 μg/mL, 160 μg/mL. 80 μg/mL, 40 μg/mL, 20 μg/mL, 10 μg/mL, 5 μg/mL, dan 2,5 μg/mL. Kemudian, setiap tabung diujikan kepada bakteri MRSA secara in vitro denganmetode dilusi.Hasil penelitian, tidak ditemukan Konsentrasi Hambat Minimum dan Konsentrasi Bunuh Minimum dari ekstrak Swietenia mahagoni yang di uji. Hal ini dapat diakibatkan oleh berbagai faktor, baik dari proses ekstraksi Swietenia mahagoni, konsentrasi ekstrak, ataupun proses persiapan bahan kultur bakteri

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Infectious diseases remain major problems in developing countries. Based on data from WHO, infectious diseases kill 3.5 million people worldwide each year, especially in low-income communities and children. Antibiotics become the primary therapy to treat infectious diseases. However, irrational use of antibiotics leads to antimicrobial resistance among pathogenic bacteria. MRSA is a major cause of nosocomial infections. Currently the treatment for MRSA infections relies on vancomycin.

Supportive therapy is needed and preferrable to vancomycin in the treatment of MRSA infections. Swietenia mahagony was thought to have the potential to overcome bacterial infections. Therefore, this study was conducted to determine the antibacterial activity of Swietenia mahagony against MRSA. Swietenia mahagony extract is obtained from LIPI (Indonesian Institute of Sciences). Extract is then dissolved into 10 tubes with the highest concentration of 1280 μg/mL and the lowest concentration of 2.5 μg/mL. Then, each tube was tested for MRSA bacteria in vitro using dilution method.

The results showed that Minimum Inhibitory Concentration and Minimum Bactericidal Concentration of extracts of Swietenia mahagoni were not found. It might be caused by various factors, such as the extraction process of Swietenia mahagoni, the concentration of the extract, or the bacterial culture material preparation process."