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"Latar belakang: Pengukuran suhu tubuh sebenarnya (core body temperature) tidak lazim dilakukan pada anak karena invasif dan sulit, sehingga pengukuran suhu aksila dan membran timpani lebih disukai. Namun sampai saat ini ketepatan hasil pengukuran suhu membran timpani dan aksila masih diperdebatkan.Tujuan: Membandingkan ketepatan hasil pengukuran suhu membran timpani dan aksila dengan rektal, mengetahui metode terbaik pengukuran suhu tubuh, dan cut off demam pada anak berdasarkan masing-masing metode pengukuran suhu.Metode: Penelitian diagnostik potong lintang pada anak demam berusia 6 bulan ? 5 tahun yang dipilih secara konsekutif di Poliklinik Anak, IGD Anak, dan Ruang Perawatan Anak Gedung A RSCM antara bulan Desember 2014 ? Januari 2015.Hasil: Dengan cut off demam suhu aksila 37,4oC dan membran timpani 37,6oC didapatkan sensitivitas 96% (IK 95% 0,88-0,98) dan 93% (IK 95% 0,84-0,97), spesifisitas 50% (IK 95% 0,47-0,84) dan 50% (IK 95% 0,31-0,69), NDP 90% (IK 95% 0,81-0,95) dan 85% (IK 95% 0,75-0,91), NDN 83% (IK 95% 0,61-0,94) dan 69% (IK 95% 0,44-0,86). Cut off optimal demam suhu membran timpani dan aksila pada penelitian ini adalah 37,8oC (AUC 0,903 dan 0,903).Simpulan: Hasil pengukuran suhu aksila sama baik dengan membran timpani dalam mendeteksi demam dan dapat digunakan dalam praktik klinis sehari-hari maupun di rumah. Dengan cut off demam 37,8oC didapatkan sensitivitas 81% dan 88%, spesifisitas 86% dan 73%, NDP 95% dan 91%.

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Background: Core body temperature measurement is not common in pediatric population because it is invasive and difficult. Therefore tympanic and axillary temperature measurement are prefereble but their accuracy still debated.Objective: To compare the accuracy of axillary and tympanic temperature to rectal temperature in children with fever and measure the cut off point for fever based on each temperature measurement method.Methods: A cross-sectional diagnostic study was conducted among children age 6 months ? 5 years which was selected consecutively at Pediatric Out-patient clinic, Pediatric emergency unit, and the in-patient wards in building A RSCM from December 2014 to January 2015.Results: With the cut off for fever on axilla 37,4oC and tympanic membrane 37,6oC the sensitivity was 96% (95% CI 0,88-0,98) and 93% (95% CI 0,84-0,97), specificity 50% (95% CI 0,47-0,84) and 50% (95% CI 0,31-0,69), NDP 90% (95% CI 0,81-0,95) and 85% (95% CI 0,75-0,91), NDN 83% (95% CI 0,61-0,94) and 69% (95% CI 0,44-0,86). Optimal cut off of tympanic membrane and axilla temperature was 37,8oC (AUC 0,903 dan 0,903).Conclusions: Axillary temperature measurement is as good as the tympanic membrane temperature measurement and can be used at the daily clinical practice or at home. By increasing the optimum fever cut off point for axilla temperature and tympanic membrane to 37,8oC, we found sensitivity 81% and 88%, specificity 86% and 73%, NDP 95% and 91%."

"Pengembangan pengisian form dalam bentuk digitalisasi adalah salah satu hal yang penting untuk memudahkan pengisian serta pemantauan pengisian form oleh penanggung jawab. Hal ini khususnya diperlukan pada pemantauan suhu cold room di luar jam operasional karena produk rantai dingin merupakan produk yang memiliki persyaratan khusus yang harus dipenuhi sebagai standar, meliputi aturan yang berkaitan dengan pemantauan suhu pada saat penerimaan, penyimpanan, dan pengiriman. Usulan digitalisasi pengisian form pada PT. Anugerah Pharmindo Lestari dilakukan melalui aplikasi “InformU” yang dapat diakses staff security untuk mengisi form dan BRQA (Branch Regulatory and Quality Assurance) untuk me-review hasil pengisian form. Digitalisasi pengisian form pemantauan suhu di luar jam operasional diharapkan dapat membuat pencatatan dan pemantauan suhu menjadi lebih efisien, terintegrasi, dan mudah diakses bagi PT. Anugerah Pharmindo Lestari serta dapat menghindari kemungkinan pencatatan form yang tidak dilakukan secara real time.

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The development of filling out forms in digitized form is one of the important things to facilitate filling and monitoring of forms by the person in charge. This is especially necessary for cold room temperature monitoring outside of operating hours because cold chain products are products that have specific requirements that must be met as standards, including rules relating to temperature monitoring during admission, storage and delivery. Proposed digitization of filling out forms at PT. Anugerah Pharmindo Lestari is carried out through the "InformU" application which can be accessed by security staff to fill out the form and BRQA (Branch Regulatory and Quality Assurance) to review the results of the filled out form. Digitalization of filling out temperature monitoring forms outside of operating hours is expected to make temperature recording and monitoring more efficient, integrated and easily accessible for PT. Anugerah Pharmindo Lestari and can avoid the possibility of recording forms that are not done in real time."

"Urbanisasi yang cepat terutama di daerah tropis telah menjadi perhatian serius akhir-akhir ini. Pembangunan tipe "sprawl" telah ditemukan di beberapa negara dimana pembangunan perumahan dan komersial dengan kepadatan rendah meluas hingga ke pinggiran luar kota. Karena keadaan ini, sebagian besar ruang hijau pada akhirnya akan mengalami degradasi yang menyebabkan fenomena yang disebut Urban Health Island (UHI) dan heat stress. Selain itu, peningkatan populasi perkotaan juga akan mempengaruhi peningkatan pembangunan gedung. Lebih dari sepertiga dari total kebutuhan konsumsi energi yang diperlukan untuk menyediakan kondisi ruangan yang nyaman dengan sistem pendingin, pemanas, dan ventilasi, menjadi tanggung jawab sektor bangunan. Penggunaan sistem pendingin ruangan yang berlebihan pada sebuah bangunan dapat menyebabkan peningkatan konsumsi energi, emisi gas, dan juga polusi udara di luar ruangan. Karena negara-negara di daerah tropis memiliki iklim yang panas dan lembab, sebagian besar bangunan di daerah tersebut membutuhkan sistem pengkondisian ruangan terutama dengan pendinginan dan dehumidifikasi. Suhu dan kelembaban di dalam ruangan tergantung pada seberapa banyak panas yang masuk ke dalam ruangan. Istilah ini disebut sebagai perolehan panas, dimana sebagian besar berasal dari radiasi matahari yang masuk melalui atap. Salah satu cara terbaik untuk mengurangi heat gain tanpa mempengaruhi konsumsi energi dan lingkungan adalah dengan menggunakan Closed Loop Pulsating Heat Pipe (CLPHP). Pada penelitian ini, kinerja sistem atap CLPHP diuji dengan menggunakan dua jenis fluida kerja, yaitu air murni dan etanol murni. Sistem atap CLPHP kemudian dibandingkan dengan kondisi ketika sistem atap tidak menggunakan CLPHP dengan menggunakan metode eksperimen. Hasil eksperimen menunjukkan bahwa pada 113 W/m2, sistem atap CLPHP dengan etanol FR 55% memiliki resistansi termal terendah yaitu 0,224 K/W dan akan memberikan penurunan temperatur loteng sebesar 2,4◦C. Pada 270 W/m2, sistem atap CLPHP dengan air FR 70% memiliki resistansi termal terendah sebesar 0,160 K/W dan dapat memberikan pengurangan suhu loteng sebesar 3,1◦C. Pada 355 W/m2, sistem atap CLPHP dengan air FR 70% memiliki resistansi termal terendah sebesar 0,095 K/W dan dapat memberikan pengurangan suhu loteng sebesar 3,4◦C. CLPHP dengan etanol FR 55% telah terbukti bekerja lebih baik pada masukan panas rendah untuk pengurangan suhu. CLPHP dengan air FR 70%, di sisi lain, telah terbukti memiliki kinerja pengurangan suhu yang lebih besar dalam input panas sedang dan tinggi.

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A rapid urbanization especially in tropical regions have becoming a serious concern recently. A “sprawl” type development has been found in several countries whereas low-density residential and commercial development are expanding into the outer edges of cities and towns. Due to these circumstances, most of the green spaces will eventually degrade causing a phenomenon called Urban Health Island (UHI) and heat stress. Moreover, an increase in urban population will also affect the increase in building construction. Over one third of the total demand of energy consumption required to provide comfortable room condition with cooling, heating and ventilation system, is becoming the building sector’s accountability. An excessive use of air conditioning system in a building could lead to an increase in energy consumption, gas emission and also outdoor air pollution. Since countries in tropical areas have a hot and humid climate, most of the building in that regions require a room conditioning system especially by cooling and dehumidification. Temperature and humidity inside the room depend on how much heat enters the room. This term is called as heat gain, whereas it is mostly coming from a solar radiation that enters through the roof. One of the best ways to reduce heat gain without affecting energy consumption and environment is by using a Closed Loop Pulsating Heat Pipe (CLPHP). In this study, the performance of the CLPHP roofing system was tested using two types of fluids, pure water and pure ethanol. The CLPHP roof system was then compared with the condition when the roof system did not use CLPHP using the experimental method. The results of the experiment showed that at 113 W/m², the CLPHP roofing system with ethanol FR 55% has the lowest thermal resistance of 0.224 K/W and will provide a 2.4◦C reduction in attic temperatures. At 270 W/m², the CLPHP roofing system with water FR 70% has the lowest thermal resistance of 0.160 K/W and can give a 3.1◦C reduction in attic temperatures. At 355 W/m², the CLPHP roofing system with water FR 70% has the lowest thermal resistance of 0.095 K/W and can deliver a 3.4◦C reduction in attic temperatures. CLPHP with ethanol FR 55% has been shown to work better in low heat input for temperature reduction. CLPHP with water FR 70%, on the other hand, has been shown to have greater temperature reduction performance in medium and high heat input."

"ABSTRACT

We proposed a method for measuring the temperature by using Mach - Zehnder Interferometer, one arms of Mach - Zehnder Interferometer was used as a test arms which was disturbed by an object, it's temperature was to be measured. In our experiment, we used a combustion flame and a heated welder with temperature variation as a testing object.

System, contains He - Ne laser source, two beams splatters and two mirrors which form two arms of interferometer, with a length of 1,06 meter.

The experiment results shows that the variation of temperature could give the difference of fringe spacing at the screen. Several photographs of fringe pattern on the screen have been successfully taken on both under temperature disturbance and normal condition.

The comparison between the fringe spacing under those two conditions could give the information about temperature of the testing objects.

This result was also compared with the measurement using thermocouple with digital display. This comparison gives us a good agreement."