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"[ABSTRAKSalah satu tahap yang penting dalam perancangan pabrik adalah perhitungankeekonomian yang biasanya dilakukan dengan menggunakan aplikasi simulasi proses.Beberapa penelitian terdahulu, memanfaatkan SuperPro Designer sebagai simulasiproses, namun belum banyak yang menggunakannya pada proses produksi bioethanolberbahan baku tandan kosong kelapa sawit (TKKS). Pada simulasi ini, dilakukan empatskenario proses: (1) SHF-Adsorpsi; (2) SHF-Permeasi Uap; (3) SSF-Adsorpsi; danSSF-Permeasi Uap, dimodelkan menggunakan SuperPro Designer yang memfasilitasikomposisi bahan baku dan produk, ukuran unit operasi, konsumsi utilitas, estimasimodal dan biaya operasional serta pendapatan dari produk dan coproduk. Pemodelandidasarkan pada data yang diperoleh dari produsen ethanol, penyedia jasa teknologi,manufaktur peralatan dan jasa engineering untuk industri. Dari hasil analisis ekonomihasil simulasi, skenario SSF-Permeasi Uap yang paling rendah biaya produksinya dandapat dikembangkan di Indonesia. Berdasarkan analisis sensitivitas pada skenariotersebut, fluktuasi harga jual bioethanol, harga tepung TKKS dan harga produksi enzimakan mempengaruhi nilai keekonomiannya

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ABSTRACKOne of the important steps in plant design is economic analysis that usually done byusing simulator process application. Many research reports have used SuperProDesigner as simulator, but only a few used it in bioethanol production simulationprocess for Empty Fruit Bunches (EFB) as feedstock. In this simulation, four scenarioprocess models: (1) SHF-Adsorption; (2) SHF-Vapor Permeation; (3) SSF-Adsorpstion;and (4) SSF-Vapor Permeation for ethanol production from EFB were developed usingSuperPro Designer software that handle the composition of raw materials and product,sizing of unit operations, utility consumption, estimation of capital and operating costsand the revenues from products and coproducts. The models were based on datagathered from ethanol producers, technology suppliers, equipment manufacturers, andengineering working in the industry. Based on economic analysis, scenario model SSFVaporPermeation provided cost effective and can be developed in Indonesia. It wassuggested through sensitivity analysis that, deviation bioethanol selling price, EFBpowder price and enzime production cost were necessary for bioethanol productionvalue.;One of the important steps in plant design is economic analysis that usually done byusing simulator process application. Many research reports have used SuperProDesigner as simulator, but only a few used it in bioethanol production simulationprocess for Empty Fruit Bunches (EFB) as feedstock. In this simulation, four scenarioprocess models: (1) SHF-Adsorption; (2) SHF-Vapor Permeation; (3) SSF-Adsorpstion;and (4) SSF-Vapor Permeation for ethanol production from EFB were developed usingSuperPro Designer software that handle the composition of raw materials and product,sizing of unit operations, utility consumption, estimation of capital and operating costsand the revenues from products and coproducts. The models were based on datagathered from ethanol producers, technology suppliers, equipment manufacturers, andengineering working in the industry. Based on economic analysis, scenario model SSFVaporPermeation provided cost effective and can be developed in Indonesia. It wassuggested through sensitivity analysis that, deviation bioethanol selling price, EFBpowder price and enzime production cost were necessary for bioethanol productionvalue., One of the important steps in plant design is economic analysis that usually done byusing simulator process application. Many research reports have used SuperProDesigner as simulator, but only a few used it in bioethanol production simulationprocess for Empty Fruit Bunches (EFB) as feedstock. In this simulation, four scenarioprocess models: (1) SHF-Adsorption; (2) SHF-Vapor Permeation; (3) SSF-Adsorpstion;and (4) SSF-Vapor Permeation for ethanol production from EFB were developed usingSuperPro Designer software that handle the composition of raw materials and product,sizing of unit operations, utility consumption, estimation of capital and operating costsand the revenues from products and coproducts. The models were based on datagathered from ethanol producers, technology suppliers, equipment manufacturers, andengineering working in the industry. Based on economic analysis, scenario model SSFVaporPermeation provided cost effective and can be developed in Indonesia. It wassuggested through sensitivity analysis that, deviation bioethanol selling price, EFBpowder price and enzime production cost were necessary for bioethanol productionvalue.]"

"Penghematan energi dan upaya mencari bahan bakar alternatif yang terbarukan seperti bioetanol perlu dilakukan saat ini. Produksi bioetanol dapat ditingkatkan diantaranya dengan mengoptimasi temperatur fermentasi dan waktu retensiya. Waktu retensi dipengaruhi oleh laju reaksi pembentukan, yang dalam penelitian ini akan diteliti lebih lanjut mengenai konstanta laju reaksi pembentukan bioetanol. Pada penelitian ini akan diproduksi bioetanol berbasis tandan kosong sawit TKS. TKS terlebih dahulu didelignifikasi untuk menghilangkan kandungan ligninnya, kemudian TKS tersebut dikonversi menjadi bioetanol dengan menggunakan metode Simultaneous Saccharification and Fermentation SSF. Pada proses ini, suhu reaksi divariasikan yaitu 30, 33, dan 35 agar diperoleh suhu terbaik, dengan pengambilan sampel setiap 24 jam selama 4 hari. Kondisi terbaik pada penelitian dicapai pada suhu 30 dengan waktu sakarifikasi dan fermentasi selama 24 jam. Koefisien kinetika yang diperolah pada kondisi terbaik tersebut yaitu maximum spesific growth reaction rate ?max = 0,008 h-1; monod constant Ks = 0,005 g/dm3; specific natural death constant Kd = 0,011 h-1; dan cell maintenance constant m = 0,457 h-1.

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It is necessary for energy savings as well as searching for alternative renewable fuels, such as bioethanol. Bioethanol production could be improved such as by optimizing the fermentation temperature and retention time. The retention time is influenced by the rate of reaction formation, which in this study will be further examined on the reaction rate constant formation of bioethanol. In this research, bioethanol will be produced from oil palm empty fruit bunches EFB. Empty fruit bunches of oil palm EFB will undergo delignification process to remove its lignin content, then cellulosic rich oil palm empty fruit bunches EFB will then be converted into bioethanol using Simultaneous Saccharification and Fermentation SSF method. In this process, the reaction temperature variation 30, 33, and 35 performed to determine the optimum temperature, with sampling every 24 hours for 4 days. The optimum conditions in the study achieved at a temperature of 30 C in 24 hour of sacarification and fermentation. Meanwhile, the kinetic coefficients achieved in this optimum condition are maximum spesific growth reaction rate max 0,008 h 1 monod constant Ks 0,005 g dm3 specific natural death constant Kd 0,011 h 1 and cell maintenance constant m 0,457 h 1."

"Telah dilakukan uji kelayakan peningkatan kadar menggunakan mini destilator portable. Penelitian ini berhasil mengetahui korelasi laju evaporasi terhadap variasi konsentrasi dan volume masukan dengan proses yang berlangsung berupa destilasi. Hasil diperoleh berupa volume campuran ethanol-air dalam kolom destilasi memiliki korelasi negative terhadap total volume output, konsentrasi ethanol awal terhadap total ouput memiliki korelasi positif, laju evaporasi bervariasi bergantung pada volume dan konsentrasi awal ethanol pada penelitian ini berkisar antara 1,38 x 10-3 ml/s hingga 8,05 x 10-3 ml/s, peningkatan konsentrasi Initial to Result Ratio terhadap konsentrasi awal memiliki korelasi negative namun menyiratkan kemungkinan keberadaan konsentrasi optimum di sebelah kiri 40% untuk dapat digunakan sebagai konsentrasi optimal low grade ethanol sebagai bahan bakar, loss dari portable mini destilator dibandingkan output sangat besar yakni berkisar antara 5,5% hingga 13,5% dari volume awal.

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Feasibility test has been performed using elevated levels of portable mini-distillation. This research work to study the correlation rate of evaporation of various concentration and volume inputs to the process that took place in the distillation process. The Results is the volume of ethanol-water mixture in a distillation column has a negative correlation to the total volume of output, the initial ethanol concentration of total output has a positive correlation, the rate of evaporation varies depending on the volume and initial concentration of ethanol in this study ranged from 1.38 x 10 - 3 ml / s to 8.05 x 10-3 ml / s, increasing to Result Initial concentration ratio of initial concentration has a negative correlation but suggests the possibility of the existence of an optimum concentration in the left 40% to be used as the optimal concentration of ethanol as low grade materials burns, loss of a portable mini-distillation is very large compared to the output ranged from 5.5% to 13.5% of the initial volume."

"ABSTRAKTelah berhasil dilakukan sintesis semikonduktor Cu2ZnSnS4 (CZTS) sebagai absorber sel surya lapis tipis menggunakan metode yang ekonomis dan ramah lingkungan menggunakan sistem prekursor baru basis pelarut etanol. Dipelajari pengaruh penggunaan ethanolamine (ETA) dan 2-mercaptopropionic acid (MPA) sebagai stabilisator dan untuk menurunkan tegangan permukaan prekursor pada proses deposisi. Prekursor CZTS dilakukan deposisi diatas kaca soda lime pada nilai konsentrasi yang berbeda. Pengaruh sistem prekursor yang digunakan, etanol-ETA-MPA dan etanol-MPA, terhadap struktur, morfologi, komposisi dan sifat optik lapis semikonduktor CZTS dibahas detail.Analisis uji X-ray diffraction dan energy dispersive spectroscopy menunjukkan fasa kesterite CZTS dengan kristalinitas yang tinggi. Kristalinitas CZTS meningkat seiring dengan meningkatnya molaritas prekursor etanol-MPA. Fenomena tersebut berjalan liniar sebelum mencapai nilai molaritas prekursor 2.2 molar. Sedangakn eksperimen menggunakan prekursor etanol-ETA-MPA 1.2 molar dan 1.6 molar tidak menunjukkan kenaikan kristalinitas yang signifikan. Kristalinitas CZTS tertinggi didapat menggunakan prekursor etanol-MPA 2 molar dengan nilai energi celah pita 1.3 eV. Hasil rekam morfologi permukaan CZTS menggunakan SEM menunjukkan bahwa senyawa CZTS terbentuk dengan besar butir sekitar 1.5 mikrometer dan beberapa porositas yang dapat diminimalisir melalui optimalisasi sistem prekursor dan perlakuan termal. Hasil studi pada penelitian ini dapat berperan dalam menurunkan biaya produksi semikonduktor CZTS dengan sifat kristalinitas tinggi.

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ABSTRACTHereby, we present a new, cost-effective and environmentally friendly method of preparing a high crystalline Cu2ZnSnS4 (CZTS) absorber layer for thin film solar cells using ethanol-based solutions. Ethanolamine (ETA) and 2-mercaptopropionic acid (MPA) were studied as stabilizer and to improve wetting ability of the precursors during deposition process. Cu2ZnSnS4 precursors is deposited onto soda lime glass using spin coater in different molar of kations in the precursors. The effects of the precursor system, ethanol-ETA-MPA and ethanol-MPA, on the structure, morphology, composition and optical properties of CZTS thin films have been investigated in details.X-ray diffraction and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy analyses confirmed the succesful fabrication of high crystalline Cu2ZnSnS4 kesterite phase. The crystallinity of CZTS in continue increasing before reaching 2.2 molar kations of the ethanol-MPA precursors. The crystallinity of ethanol-ETA-MPA precursors remain similar in the experiment using 1.2 molar and 1.6 molar. The highest crystallinity was achievedusing 2 molar kations of the precursors ethanol-MPA. Its band gap energy is found to be around 1.3 Ev. The SEM micrographs of CZTS film shows the average grain size around 1.5 micrometer and some porosity which indicated the room of improvement. The high-crystallinity CZTS achieved in the present study brings a low-cost absorber semiconductor one step closer to practical use."

"[ABSTRAKKebutuhan akan bahan bakar alternatif beserta metode penggunaannya yang tepat telah menjadi kajian untuk mengatasi kelangkaan bahan bakar di Papua, Indonesia. Salah satu alternatif yang digunakan ialah pemanfaatan ampas sagu untuk pengolahan bahan bakar etanol, yang disebut bioetanol. Penelitian ini ditujukan untuk mempelajari salah satu alternatif metode pembakaran pada kompor etanol yakni dengan menciptakan fenomena flame jet dengan memvariasikan lebar celah antara kompor tersebut. Adapun parameter yang diukur antara lain ialah kestabilan nyala api, temperatur nyala api, luas proyeksi nyala, serta tinggi jetting. Selain itu, beberapa karakteristik bioetanol sebagai bahan bakar juga diteliti.

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ABSTRACTThe need of alternative fuel and its method of using has been a subject to solve the scarcity of fuel in Papua, Indonesia. The utilization of dregs from Metroxylon sago to be processed into ethanol, called bioethanol, is one of alternative used to solve the problem. The aim of this research is to study the design of appropriate stove used for ethanol as fuel by using the method of flame jet by varying the gap width. The tested parameters are stability, temperature, area, and jetting height of flame. The characteristic of bioethanol as fuel is also studied., The need of alternative fuel and its method of using has been a subject to solve the scarcity of fuel in Papua, Indonesia. The utilization of dregs from Metroxylon sago to be processed into ethanol, called bioethanol, is one of alternative used to solve the problem. The aim of this research is to study the design of appropriate stove used for ethanol as fuel by using the method of flame jet by varying the gap width. The tested parameters are stability, temperature, area, and jetting height of flame. The characteristic of bioethanol as fuel is also studied.]"

"Pengembangan energi baru dan terbarukan di Indonesia menjadi salah satu program strategis pemerintah Indonesia untuk mereduksi emisi CO2 dan mengurangi ketergantungan akan bahan bakar minyak. Salah satu sumber energi alternatif yang prospektif untuk dikembangkan adalah bioetanol yang merupakan satu-satunya pengganti bensin yang dikenal saat ini. Singkong dan tandan kosong kelapa sawit (TKKS) menjadi sumber bioetanol yang sangat potensial dikarenakan persediaannya yang melimpah di Indonesia. Studi ini meninjau daur hidup (lifecycle) dari bioetanol berbasis singkong dan TKKSdi Indonesia dengan output berupa reduksi emisi CO2 dan net energi. Batasan yang digunakan dalam studi LCA ini adalah plantation to tankdengan mempertimbangkan pemanfaatan produk samping dan alih fungsi lahan. Hasil Studi ini menunjukan bahwa pengembangan singkong dan TKKS sebagai sumber bioetanol di Indonesia menghasilkan reduksi emisi CO2 dan net energi yang positif. Didapatkan pula bahwa pemanfaatan produk samping dari proses produksi bioetanol akan meningkatkan peforma lingkungan dan net energi bioetanol hingga 30-70%. Studi ini juga menunjukan bahwa pengembangan bioetanol dari kedua bahan baku ini di Indonesia menghasilkan hasil yang baik jika dibandingkan dengan hasil serupa di negara lain.

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The development of new and renewable energy resources in Indonesia is one of Indonesia government?s strategic programs to reduce CO2 emission and national dependence for oil. Bioethanol is one of the most promising renewable energy today for its status as the only known substitute for gasoline. Cassava and Empty Fruit Bunch (EFB) become two of the most promising feedstock for Indonesia based on the crops abundant supply. This study observes the lifecycle of cassava and EFBbasedboethanol in Indonesia with output as CO2 emission reduction and net energy. The study uses the plantation to tank scope with consideration of by-products utilization and land use change. This study shows that the development of both cassava and EFB as bioethanol feedstock in Indonesia produce a positive net energy and CO2 emission reduction. It is also shown that the utilization of by-products from bioethanol production process will increase the net energy and environmental performance of bioethanol up to 30-70%. This study also shows that the development of bioethanol from both feedstock in Indonesia give a good results compared to results from research in other countries."

" ABSTRAKp.p1 margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; font: 11.5px Times New Roman Kebutuhan akan energi bersih dan berkelanjutan meningkat semenjak dunia mengakui bahwa perubahan iklim yang disebabkan oleh emisi karbon-antropogenik merupakan masalah yang serius. Bahan bakar minyak berbasis etanol yang terbuat dari tebu dan jagung digunakan sebagai sumber energi berkelanjutan. Kendati produksi etanol yang umum, yaitu dengan metode distilasi, sudah mencapai pada tahap kematangannya, proses tersebut masih mengonsumsi energi yang tinggi. Hal tersebut membuat peneliti mencari opsi baru untuk proses produksi tersebut. Membran Forward Osmosis FO , membran separasi yang umum digunakan dalam riset untuk memisahkan campuran berbasis air, diusulkan untuk memisahkan campuran berbasis etanol. Namun, tingkat riset yang telah dilakukan untuk separasi etanol masih minim dan belum dapat diimplementasikan pada skala industri yang bersifat kontinu. Model matematika yang berasal dari hasil laboratorium kemudian dibentuk untuk merancang proses dari berbagai parameter berskala industri. Model tersebut kemudian diimplementasikan pada program simulasi Aspen-Plus. Berdasarkan hasil simulasi percobaan, membran komersil Cellulose Triacetate CTA dinyatakan tidak layak untuk digunakan karena tinggi nya jumlah etanol yang terbuang. Maka dari itu, beberapa parameter membran telah dimanipulasi untuk menghasilkan membran teoritis untuk digunakan dalma perancangan proses beriorientasi FO secara umum, menganalisa perbandingan secara ekonomi dengan proses distilasi, dan menentukan target riset untuk parameter optimum pada membran di masa depan.

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ABSTRACTp.p1 margin 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px font 11.5px Times New Roman Demand for sustainable and clean energy carriers had increased since the world acknowledged climate change caused by anthropogenic carbon emissions as a serious issue. Fuel grade ethanol made from sugarcane or corn is a biofuel that has been placed as one renewable energy source. Despite the maturity of the ethanol production process, it is energy intensive and researchers are always looking for new options. Forward Osmosis FO is a membrane based separation technique that is popular in many water mixture research papers, which recently proposed for ethanol production. However, these papers have only looked at membrane materials and minimal research exists into the feasibility of incorporating FO technology into continuous production. Working from a laboratory scale data in FO research paper, mathematical models could be constructed to design certain parameters for industrial scale FO. These were implemented in Aspen Plus simulation. Commercial Cellulose Triacetate CTA membranes were concluded to be not feasible due to the comparatively low ethanol rejection, which leads to high losses. Nonetheless, building on these results, certain parameters were manipulated to produce theoretical membranes, which help to visualize FO oriented process design, an economical comparison analysis with the current distillation technology and research targets for membrane performance properties. "

"Terus meningkatnya angka konsumsi bahan bakar oleh masyarakat Indonesia dalam kurun waktu tahun 2008-2011 patut dikhawatirkan mengingat tingginya ketergantungan ketahanan energi Indonesia pada bahan bakar minyak dan gas bumi. Dari sektor minyak bumi saja, sejak tahun 2008, kuantitas produksinya justru makin menurun dari tahun ke tahun. Untuk mengantisipasi hal tersebut, salah satu langkah solusinya adalah memanfatkan bioethanol sebagai sumber energi alternatif. Pemanfaatan bioethanol pada motor bakar 4 langkah berfokus pada pencampuran bensin dan bioethanol dengan sistem yang sederhana namun memungkinkan kontrol volume sebagai variabel penelitian. Desain penelitian ini memanfaatkan pencampuran bioethanol dengan bensin yang langsung dilakukan pada saat pengkabutan di ruang venturi karburator. Tujuan dari perancangan sistem pencampuran bahan bakar ini nantinya akan digunakan pada penelitian mengenai pengaruh pencampuran bahan bakar bioethanol pada emisi gas buang serta konsumsi bahan bakar dengan variabel berupa kontrol volume bioethanol (7%, 10%, 13%,16%, 20%).

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Ever-increasing fuel consumption in Indonesia in span of 2008-2011 should be worried about, considering the high dependency of Indonesian energy sustainability in oil and gas energy. Since 2008, the production quantity in petrolyum sector continue to decline. In anticipation of that, one of the solutions is to utilize bioethanol as a source of alternative energy. The utilization in a 4-stroke engine is to focus on mixing gasoline and bioethanol using a simple system but allowing control volume as research variables. This particular research design utilize the mixing of bioethanol and gasoline which performed directly at the carburateor ventury chamber. This fuel mixer will eventually be used in the correlated research about the effect of controlled-volume bioethanol mix with gasoline towards the engine exhaust gas emission and specific fuel consumption, which varies between 7%, 10%, 13%,16%, 20%. "

"Commercialization of bioethanol has recently intensified due to its market stability, low cost,sustainability, alternative fuel energy composition, greener output and colossal fossil fuel depletion. Recently, because of greenhouse intensity worldwide, many researches are ongoing to reprocess the waste as well as turning down the environmental pollution. With this scenario, the invention of bioethanol was hailed as a great accomplishment to transform waste biomass to fuel energy and in turn reduce the massive usages of fossil fuels. In this study, our review enlightens various sources of plant-based waste feed stocks as the raw materials for bio ethanol production because they do not adversely impact the human food chain. However, the cheapest and conventional fermentation method, yeast fermentation is also emphasized here notably for waste biomass-to-bio ethanol conversion. Since the key fermenting agent, yeastis readily available in local and international markets, it is more cost-effective in comparison with other fermentation agents. Furthermore, yeasthas genuine natural fermentation capability biologically and it produces zero chemical waste. This review also concerns a detailed overview of the biological conversion processes of lignocellulosic waste biomass-to-bio ethanol, the diverse performance of different types of yeasts and yeast strains, plus bioreactor design, growth kinetics of yeast fermentation, environmental issues, integrated usages on modern engines and motor vehicles, as well as future process development planning with some novel co-products."

"Penggunaan kendaraan bermotor di Indonesia yang terus meningkat dapat menyebabkan beberapa masalah seperti penurunan kualitas udara dan polusi. Selain itu, peningkatan jumlah kendaraan bermotor setiap tahunnya juga berarti meningkatnya penggunaan bahan bakar fosil dengan emisi gas buang seperti CO, HC, dan NOx yang berbahaya bagi kesehatan manusia. Kemudian hal tersebut juga meningkatkan ketergantungan Indonesia akan impor minyak, sehingga pemerintah Indonesia berupaya untuk mencari bahan bakar alternatif yang salah satunya adalah campuran Bioethanol dan Methanol. PT Pertamina juga telah membangun sebuah pilot plant untuk memproduksi GEM 80 yaitu bahan bakar dengan persentase bensin 80%, Bioethanol 5%, dan Methanol 15%. Bioethanol dan bensin yang bersifat polar dan non-polar membutuhkan methanol agar campuran menjadi lebih homogen. Pengujian dilakukan dengan engine test bed pada motor Honda Supra dan pengujian performa uji jalan (road test) pada mobil Toyota Kijang produksi 1998. Berdasarkan hasil pengujian dengan metode engine test bed, penggunaan campuran bioethanol dan methanol pada RON 90 menyebabkan daya dan torsi cenderung mengalami peningkatan. Sedangkan hasil pengujian performa dengan metode uji jalan menyebabkan daya dan torsi cenderung mengalami penurunan. Kemudian penggunaan campuran Bioethanol dan Methanol pada RON 90 dapat menurunkan nilai Coefficient of Variations (COV) pada kendaraan. Berdasarkan metode engine test bed, nilai daya maksimum didapat dari campuran bahan bakar M20 di 8000 RPM dengan nilai 6.67 kW dan nilai torsi maksimum didapat dari campuran bahan bakar M20 di 4000 RPM dengan nilai 8.74 Nm. Berdasarkan metode performa uji jalan, nilai daya maksimum didapat dari campuran bahan bakar E20 di 4733 RPM dengan nilai 39.95 kW dan nilai torsi maksimum didapat dari campuran bahan bakar E20 di 3218 RPM dengan nilai 144.8 Nm.

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The increasing use of motorized vehicles in Indonesia can cause several problems such as a decrease in air quality and pollution. In addition, the increase in the number of motorized vehicles every year also means an increase in the use of fossil fuels with exhaust emissions such as CO, HC, and NOx which are harmful to human health. Then it also increases Indonesia's dependence on oil imports, so the Indonesian government seeks to find alternative fuels, one of which is a mixture of Bioethanol and Methanol. PT Pertamina has also built a pilot plant to produce GEM 80, namely fuel with a percentage of 80% gasoline, 5% bioethanol, and 15% methanol. Bioethanol and gasoline which are polar and non-polar require methanol to make the mixture more homogeneous. The tests were carried out with an engine test bed on a Honda Supra and a road test on a 1998 Toyota Kijang. From the results of the test using the engine test bed method, the use of a mixture of bioethanol and methanol on RON 90 causes power and torque to tend to increase. While the test results using the road test cause power and torque to tend to decrease. Then the use of a mixture of Bioethanol and Methanol at RON 90 can reduce the value of the Coefficient of Variations (COV) on the vehicle. Based on the engine test bed method, the maximum power value is obtained from the M20 fuel mixture at 8000 RPM with a value of 6.67 kW and the maximum torque value is obtained from the M20 fuel mixture at 4000 RPM with a value of 8.74 Nm. Based on the road test performance method, the maximum power value is obtained from the E20 fuel mixture at 4733 RPM with a value of 39.95 kW and the maximum torque value is obtained from the E20 fuel mixture at 3218 RPM with a value of 144.8 Nm."