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"[ABSTRAKLatar Belakang : Pada kanker pankreas dapat terjadi obstruksi pada duktus pankreatikus yang menghambat transfer enzim dan bikarbonat ke duodenum yang menyebabkan aktifitas enzim tidak cukup adekuat untuk mempertahankan proses pencernaan secara normal yang disebut sebagai pancreatic exocrine insufficiency (PEI), yang dapat dideteksi dengan pemeriksaan kadar fecal elastase 1.Tujuan : Mengetahui proporsi dan derajat PEI, proporsi steatore pada kanker pankreas, perbedaan kadar fecal elastase 1 antara kanker pankreas yang resectable dan unresectable dan perbedaan rerata kadar fecal elastase 1 berdasarkan stadium kanker pankreas.Metode : Penelitian ini adalah studi potong lintang untuk menentukan perbedaan kadar fecal elastase 1 antara kanker pankreas yang resectable dan unresectable. Penelitian ini dilakukan di Rumah Sakit Cipto Mangunkusumo, beberapa rumah sakit jejaring RSCM, dan RS Wahidin Sudirohusodo Makasar dari bulan November 2014 sampai dengan Mei 2015. Uji statistik yang digunakan untuk menilai perbedaan kadar fecal elastase 1 antara kanker pankreas yang resectable dan unresectable adalah Mann Whitney dan untuk menilai perbedaan rerata kadar fecal elastase 1 berdasarkan stadium kanker pankreas adalah Kruskal Wallis.Hasil : Sebanyak 48 subyek kanker pankreas diikutkan dalam penelitian, dengan kategori resectable sebanyak 19(39,6%) subyek, dan 29(60,4%) subyek yang unresectable. Proporsi pasien kanker pankreas yang mengalami PEI sebanyak 75% (IK 95% 0,63-0,87) dan proporsi pasien kanker pankreas yang memberikan gejala steatore sebanyak 68,8% (IK 95% 0,557-0,819). Tidak ada perbedaan kadar fecal elastase 1 yang bermakna (P=0,738) antara kelompok resectable dan unresectable dengan nilai median pada kelompok resectable adalah 38,0(15-500) μg/g dan pada kelompok unresectable adalah 35,0(15-500) μg/g. Tidak ada perbedaan bermakna (p=0,767) kadar fecal elastase 1 berdasarkan stadium kanker pankreas dengan nilai median(rentang) pada stadium IB 36(15-100) μg/g, stadium IIA 62(15-500) μg/g, stadium III 15(15-500) μg/g, dan stadium IV 36(15-500) μg/g.Kesimpulan : Pada penelitian ini didapatkan proporsi PEI dan steatore yang tinggi pada kanker pankreas. Tidak ditemukan perbedaan bermakna kadar fecal elastase 1 antara kanker pankreas yang resectable dan unresectable. Tidak terdapat perbedaan rerata kadar fecal elastase 1 berdasarkan stadium kanker pankreas.

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ABSTRACTBackground : In the pancreatic cancer can occur obstruction of the pancreatic duct that inhibit the enzyme transfer and bicarbonate into the duodenum which causes the enzyme activity is not quite adequate to maintain normal digestive process referred to as pancreatic exocrine insufficiency (PEI) that can be detected by measurement of fecal elastase 1 level.Objective : Knowing the proportion and the degree of PEI, the steatore proportion in pancreatic cancer, the difference levels of fecal elastase 1 between resectable and unresectable pancreatic cancer and differences between the mean levels of fecal elastase 1 based on the stage of pancreatic cancer.Methods : A cross-sectional study to determine the difference levels of fecal elastase 1 between resectable and unresectable pancreatic cancer. This research was conducted at Cipto Mangunkusumo hospital, some satellite of Cipto Mangunkusumo hospital, and Wahidin Sudirohusodo Makasar hospital at November 2014 until May 2015. The statistical test used to assess differences in the levels of fecal elastase 1 between resectable and unresectable pancreatic cancer is Mann Whitney and to assess the differences between the mean levels of fecal elastase 1 based on staging pancreatic cancer is the Kruskal Wallis.Results : A total of 48 subjects with pancreatic cancer were participated in this study, with resectable category were 19 (39.6%) subjects, and 29 (60.4%) subjects who unresectable. The proportion of patients with pancreatic cancer that experienced PEI are 75% (CI 95% 0.63 - 0.87) and the proportion of patients with pancreatic cancer which provide steatore symptoms are 68.8% (CI 95% 0.557 - 0.819). There is no significant difference levels of fecal elastase 1 (P = 0.738) between the resectable and unresectable where the resectable group median value is 38.0 (15-500) μg / g and in unresectable group was 35.0 (15-500) μg / g. There is no significant difference (p = 0.767) levels of fecal elastase 1 based on the stage of pancreatic cancer with median (range) in stage IB 36 (15-100) pg / g, stage IIA 62 (15-500) pg / g, stage III 15 (15-500) μg / g, and stage IV 36 (15-500) μg / g.Conclusion : This study found a high proportion of PEI and steatore in pancreatic cancer. there is no significant difference fecal elastase 1 levels between the resectable and unresectable pancreatic cancer. There is no significant difference between mean levels of fecal elastase 1 based on the stage of pancreatic cancer., Background : In the pancreatic cancer can occur obstruction of the pancreatic duct that inhibit the enzyme transfer and bicarbonate into the duodenum which causes the enzyme activity is not quite adequate to maintain normal digestive process referred to as pancreatic exocrine insufficiency (PEI) that can be detected by measurement of fecal elastase 1 level.Objective : Knowing the proportion and the degree of PEI, the steatore proportion in pancreatic cancer, the difference levels of fecal elastase 1 between resectable and unresectable pancreatic cancer and differences between the mean levels of fecal elastase 1 based on the stage of pancreatic cancer.Methods : A cross-sectional study to determine the difference levels of fecal elastase 1 between resectable and unresectable pancreatic cancer. This research was conducted at Cipto Mangunkusumo hospital, some satellite of Cipto Mangunkusumo hospital, and Wahidin Sudirohusodo Makasar hospital at November 2014 until May 2015. The statistical test used to assess differences in the levels of fecal elastase 1 between resectable and unresectable pancreatic cancer is Mann Whitney and to assess the differences between the mean levels of fecal elastase 1 based on staging pancreatic cancer is the Kruskal Wallis.Results : A total of 48 subjects with pancreatic cancer were participated in this study, with resectable category were 19 (39.6%) subjects, and 29 (60.4%) subjects who unresectable. The proportion of patients with pancreatic cancer that experienced PEI are 75% (CI 95% 0.63 - 0.87) and the proportion of patients with pancreatic cancer which provide steatore symptoms are 68.8% (CI 95% 0.557 - 0.819). There is no significant difference levels of fecal elastase 1 (P = 0.738) between the resectable and unresectable where the resectable group median value is 38.0 (15-500) μg / g and in unresectable group was 35.0 (15-500) μg / g. There is no significant difference (p = 0.767) levels of fecal elastase 1 based on the stage of pancreatic cancer with median (range) in stage IB 36 (15-100) pg / g, stage IIA 62 (15-500) pg / g, stage III 15 (15-500) μg / g, and stage IV 36 (15-500) μg / g.Conclusion : This study found a high proportion of PEI and steatore in pancreatic cancer. there is no significant difference fecal elastase 1 levels between the resectable and unresectable pancreatic cancer. There is no significant difference between mean levels of fecal elastase 1 based on the stage of pancreatic cancer.]"

"Latar Belakang: Kanker pankreas merupakan penyakit dengan kesintasan rendah dan kesulitan untuk melakukan diagnosis. Pemeriksaan Computed Tomography (CT)-Scan abdomen dan Ca 19-9 merupakan modalitas yang murah, mudah, dan terjangkau dalam diagnosis kanker pankreas. Endoscopic Ultrasound Fine Needle Aspiration (EUS-FNA) merupakan pemeriksaan baku emas untuk diagnosis kanker pankreas tetapi belum banyak tersedia di fasilitas kesehatan di IndonesiaTujuan: Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui kemampuan diagnostik CT-Scan abdomen dan Ca 19-9 dibandingkan dengan EUS-FNA dalam diagnosis kanker pankreas.Metode: Desain studi ini adalah potong lintang dengan melihat rekam medis 62 pasien dengan kecurigaan kanker pankreas di RSCM pada tahun 2015-2019. Diambil pasien-pasien yang memiliki data Ca 19-9 dan CT-Scan abdomen yang kemudian dilakukan EUS-FNA untuk penegakan diagnosis kanker pankreas.Hasil: Sensitivitas dan spesifisitas CT-Scan abdomen masing-masing 76,27% dan 100%, sedangkan Ca 19-9 masing-masing 67,8% dan 33,33%. Nilai duga positif (NDP), nilai duga negatif (NDN), rasio kemungkinan positif (RKP), rasio kemungkinan negatif (RKN), dan akurasi CT-Scan abdomen masing-masing adalah 100%, 17.65%, tidak dapat dinilai, 0,24 , dan 77,42%. Nilai duga positif, NDN, RKP, RKN, dan akurasi untuk Ca 19-9 masing-masing adalah 95.24%, 5%, 1,02, 0,97, dan 66,13%.Kesimpulan: Kombinasi pemeriksaan CT-Scan Abdomen dan Ca 19-9 memiliki sensitivitas yang tinggi untuk kanker pankreas. Computed Tomography abdomen dapat digunakan untuk diagnosis kanker pankreas dengan sensitivitas dan spesifisitas yang baik.

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Introduction: Pancreatic cancer is a disease with low survival rate and difficult to diagnose. Abdominal computed tomography (CT) and Ca 19-9 are diagnostic modalities which are easy, simple, and non-invasive in diagnosis of pancreatic cancer. Endoscopic Ultrasound Fine Needle Aspiration (EUS-FNA) is the gold standard for diagnosis of pancreatic cancer but it is not available in many health care facilities in Indonesia.Purpose: This study aims to know the diagnostic accuracy of abdominal CT and Ca 19-9 compared to EUS-FNA for diagnosis of pancreatic cancer.Methods: The design of this study is cross-sectional by searching medical record of 62 patients with clinical suspicion of pancreatic cancer in Cipto Mangunkusumo hospital from year 2015-2019. Patients who undergo EUS-FNA with clinical suspicion of pancreatic cancer and have abdominal CT and Ca 19-9 data is included.Results: The sensitivity and specificity of abdominal CT are 76.27% and 100%, respectively, and Ca 19-9 are 67.8% and 33.33%, respectively. Positive predictive value, NPV, positive likelihood ratio, negative likelihood ratio, and accuracy of abdominal CT are 100%, 17.65%, unmeasurable, 0.24 , and 77.42%, respectively. Positive predictive value, NPV, positive likelihood ratio, negative likelihood ratio, and accuracy of Ca 19-9 are 95.24%, 5%, 1.02, 0.97, and 66.13%, respectively.Conclusion: The combined sensitivity of abdominal CT and Ca 19-9 has high sensitivity to diagnose pancreatic cancer. Abdominal CT can be used to diagnose pancreatic cancer with good sensitivity and specificity."

"Pancreatic carcinoma commonly occur in patients over 60 years. It is usually manifested as abdominal pain, jaundice, and pancreatic mass. In this report, a pancreatic carcinoma occured in young woman is presented. A surgical drainage was done and followed by Whipple resection. However the patient passed away three month after the diagnosis.

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Karsinoma pankreas umumnya terjadi pada pasien berusia di atas 60 tahun. Biasanya bermanifestasi sebagai perut nyeri, penyakit kuning, dan massa pankreas. Dalam laporan ini, karsinoma pankreas yang terjadi pada wanita muda adalah disajikan. Drainase bedah dilakukan dan diikuti dengan reseksi Whipple. Namun pasien tersebut meninggal hilang tiga bulan setelah diagnosis."

"Colorectal cancer is the fourth leading cause of cancer-related mortality worldwide. Early detection of colorectal cancer is necessary in term of increasing survival. Immunochemical fecal occult blood test (I-FOBT) is one of the simple and inexpensive screening modality that can be used widely. No data has been available yet regarding the usage of I-FOBT in Indonesia. This study is a prevalance study of I-FOBT in asymptomatic population in Indonesia. A cross sectional study was conducted in asymptomatic population visiting five public health service centers in Depok district, West Java, Indonesia. This study was performed from January to March 2012. Case report form from and I-FOBT kit were used to assess and screen the patient. Statistic analysis was performed using Chi-square test. The prevalence of positive I-FOBT was almost equally distributed among age group. Female dominated whole patients 202 (72.7%). Most of them had middle to low education level 116 (41.7%). As many as 50.7% patients had normal body mass index. we had 11 (4%) patients with positive result of I-FOBT. Prevalence of positive result of I-FOBT in asymptomatic in Indonesia was 4% further studies were needed to confirm sensitivity and specifity of I-FOBT in Indonesia."

"ABSTRAKTujuan: Menilai ekspresi protein Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor (EGFR) pada Karsinoma Sel Ginjal (KSG) serta kaitannya dengan faktor-faktor prediktor prognosis yang dinilai secara histopatologik (subtipe, staging histopatologik, derajat anaplasia inti Fuhrman)Metode: Studi potong lintang terhadap jaringan yang difiksasi formalin dan diletakkan di dalam parafin dari pasien-pasien dengan KSG, yang diwarnai menggunakan metode imunohistokimia terhadap protein EGFR. Hasil: Ekspresi EGFR pada membran ditemukan pada 46% dari keseluruhan kasus (N=41) dan ekspresi EGFR di sitoplasma ditemukan pada 49% dari keseluruhan kasus (N=41). Terdapat hubungan antara subtipe histopatologik dan derajat anaplasia inti Fuhrman dengan ekspresi EGFR di sitoplasma (nilai p 0,017 dan 0,014 dengan uji Fisher’s exact). Tidak ditemukan asosiasi antara staging histopatologik dengan ekspresi EGFR.Diskusi: Perlu dibuat penelitian lanjutan dengan membandingkan ekspresi EGFR terhadap angka kesintasan pasien serta dibandingkan dengan faktor prediktor prognosis yang lain. Kemaknaan lokasi ekspresi EGFR di sitoplasma juga memerlukan perhatian khusus dan pembuktian secara ilmiah.

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ABSTRACTObjective: To study the expression of Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor protein in Renal Cell Carcinoma (RCC) and its relationship with prognostic predictor factors evaluated histopathologically (subtype, histopathological staging, Fuhrman nuclear grading). Methods: This was a cross-sectional study on 41 formalin-fixated paraffin-embedded tissue of patients with RCC, stained using immunohistochemical method against EGFR protein. Result: Membranous EGFR expression was found in 46% of cases (N=41), while cytoplasmic EGFR expression was found in 49% of cases. There was a significant association between histopathological subtype or Fuhrman nuclear anaplasia grading and cytoplasmic expression of EGFR (p value 0,017 and 0,014, respectively, using Fisher’s exact test). No significant association was found between histopathological staging and EGFR expressionDiscussion: A further study on the association EGFR expression and survival, and its comparison to other prognostic factors is necessary. The significance of EGFR expresion in the cytoplasm requires special attention and further scientific evidence."

"Pendahuluan. Fistula pankreas masih merupakan komplikasi paling sering setelah pankreatikoduodenektomi yang menyebabkan masa rawat lama dan biaya besar.  Fistula ini terjadi sampai 45%.  Kebocoran anastomosis pankreatikojejunostomi merupakan faktor yang paling penting. Belum ada data tentang faktor pankreas yang dapat memengaruhi fistula pankreas di Jakarta, khususnya RS Cipto Mangunkusumo sehingga dilakukan penelitian ini.

Metode.  Penelitian cross sectional ini dilakukan pada 70 orang penderita yang dilakukan pankreatikoduodenektomi. Data dikumpulkan dari data sekunder rekam medis tahun 2016-2019 berupa tekstur pankreas, diameter duktus pankreatikus, teknik anastomosis pankreatikojejunal, dan penggunaan stent pada pankreatikojejunal sebagai variabel bebas. Fistula pankreas sebagai variabel terikat. Data diuji dengan uji Spearman dikarenakan abnormalitas distribusi data.

Hasil.  Didapatkan 70 subjek. Tidak ada kejadian fistula pankreas sebanyak 21,4% dan ada fistula pankreas sebanyak  78,6%. Diameter duktus pankreatikus tidak melebar sebanyak 78,6% dan melebar sebanyak 21,4%. Tekstur pankreas soft sebanyak 22,9% dan hard sebanyak 77,1%. Penggunaan stent sebanyak 21,4% dan tidak ada penggunaan sebanyak 78,6%. Tipe anastomosis pankreatikojejunal dunking atau invaginasi sebanyak 82,9% dan duck to mucosa sebanyak 17,1%.  Faktor risiko yang bermakna pada analisis bivariat adalah diameter duktus pankreatikus (p=0,007). 

Kesimpulan. Penilaian diameter duktus pankreatikus intraoperatif mempunyai hubungan bermakna dalam memperkirakan kejadian fistula pankreas pascaoperasi pankreatikoduodenektomi.

 

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Introduction. Pancreatic fistula is the most common complication after pancreaticoduodenectomy that cause longer hospital stay and higher cost. It happens 45%. Pancreaticojejunostomy anastomosis leakage is the most important factor. No data about pankreas’ factor that can influence pancreatic fistula in Cipto Mangunkusumo hospital so this study is held.

Method. This cross sectional study was done for 70 patients. Data was collected from medical record in 2016-2019.   The data are pancreatic texture, pancreatic duct diameter, pancreaticojejunal anastomotic technique, and use of  stent in pancreaticojejunal as the independent variables. Pancreatic fistula as the dependent variable.   We analyzed  using Spearman test due to abnormality data distribution.

 

Results. There are 70 subjects enrolled. Subjects with no pancreatic fistula about 21,4% and with pancreatic fistula 78,6%.   No dilated pancreatic duct diameter about 78,6% and dilated about 21,4%. Soft texture pancreas about 22,9% and hard 77,1%. Use of stent about 21,4% and no stent 78,6%. Pancreaticojejunal anastomotic type of dunking or invaginating about 82,9% and duck to mucosa about 17,1%.  The significant risk factor in bivariate analysis is diameter of the pancreatic duct (p=0,007). 

Conclusion. Intraoperative assessment of the pancreatic duct diameter associated significantly in predicting pancreatic fistula after pancreaticoduodenectomy.

 

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"ABSTRAKSediaan krim merupakan salah satu produk kosmetik yang banyak diminati. Bahan aktif kosmetik harus dapat menembus kulit untuk menjadi efektif. Oleh karena itu penelitian dan pengembangan untuk kosmetika tidak hanya mencakup sumber, struktur dan mekanisme interaktif bahan kulit, tetapi juga efektivitasnya pada komponen kulit yang ditargetkan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendapatkan aktivitas anti-kolagenase dan anti-elastase dari ekstrak kering Thalassia hemprichii, dan mengaplikasikan ekstrak kering tersebut ke dalam formula krim yang stabil dan memiliki aktivitas penghambat elastase dan kolagenase, serta dapat terpenetrasi secara in vitro. Ekstrak kering Thalassia hemprichii diperoleh dari hasil maserasi 50 etanol selama 24 jam dan dievaporasi. Aktivitas penghambatan kolagenase diukur dengan menggunakan enzim kolagenase dari Clostridium hystolyticum ChC tipe IA dan N- 3-[2-Furil]-asriloil -Leu-Gly-Pro-Ala FALGPA sebagai substrat, sedangkan aktivitas penghambatan elastase diukur melalui hasil reaksi enzimatis Human leucocyte elastase HLE tipe I dengan menggunakan N-succinyl- Ala 3-p-nitroanilide SANA sebagai substrat. Ekstrak etanol Thalassia hemprichii memiliki IC50 penghambatan kolagenase 21,877 g/mL dan IC50 penghambatan elastase 469,919 g/mL. Sediaan krim yang mengandung 1,5 ekstrak kering Thalassia hemprichii memiliki IC50 penghambatan kolagenase 20,799 g/mL dan IC50 penghambatan elastase 466,844 g/mL. Krim tersebut menunjukkan stabilitas fisik yang baik selama 12 minggu dan uji mekanik yang baik, dan dapat terpenetrasi secara in vitro. Dengan demikian, dapat disimpulkan bahwa krim yang mengandung ekstrak kering Thalassia hemprichii stabil secara fisik dan memiliki aktivitas anti-kolagenase, serta mampu berpenetrasi secara in vitro.

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ABSTRACTCreams are one of the most popular cosmetic products. Cosmetic active ingredients must be able to penetrate the skin to be effective. Therefore research and development for cosmetics includes not only the skin 39 s interactive source, structure and mechanism, but also its effectiveness on targeted skin components. The aim of this research is to get anti collagenase and anti elastase activity from dry extract of Thalassia hemprichii, and apply the dried extract into stable cream, has anti collagenase and anti elastase activity, and can be penetrated. Thalassia hemprichii dry extract was obtained from 50 ethanol maceration for 24 hours and evaporated. Collagenase inhibitory activity was measured by enzymatic reaction results using collagenase from Clostridium hystolyticum ChC type IA dan N 3 2 Furil asriloil Leu Gly Pro Ala FALGPA as the substrate, while the elastase inhibitory activity was measured by enzymatic reaction results using Human leucocyte elastase HLE type I and N succinyl Ala 3 p nitroanilide SANA as the substrate. The IC50 of collagenase inhibition from the dry extract was 21,877 g mL and IC50 of elastase inhibition was 469,919 g mL. The IC50 of collagenase inhibition and The IC50 of elastase inhibition of 1.5 Thalassia hemprichii dry extract cream was 20.799 g mL and 466,844 g mL respectively. The cream showed good physical stability for 12 weeks, good mechanical tests and can be penetrated. Thus, it can be reported that Thalassia hemprichii extract has anti collagenase activity and the cream is a stable cream and also has anti collagenase activity and can be penetrated. "

"Latar Belakang: Gen Interleukin-1 Receptor Antagonist IL-1RN merupakan gen yang mengkodekan protein IL-1RN dan polimorfisme VNTR 86bp gen tersebut telah dihubungkan dengan terjadinya berbagai kanker, termasuk kanker kepala dan leher KKL. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendeskripsikan polimorfisme gen IL-1RN pada penderita KKL di Indonesia. Metode: Analisis Polymerase Chain Reaction PCR digunakan pada sampel DNA tersimpan dari 50 subyek kontrol dan 50 subyek penderita KKL untuk melihat polimorfisme gen IL-1RN VNTR. Hasil: Persentase genotip pembawa alel A2 alel mutan adalah 18 pada sampel kontrol dan 32 pada sampel penderita KKL. Nilai p>0,05 untuk distribusi genotip dan alel pada sampel kontrol dan penderita KKL. Kesimpulan: Ditemukan polimorfisme gen IL-1RN VNTR pada penderita KKL dan tidak terdapat perbedaan bermakna pada distribusi polimorfisme gen IL-1RN VNTR antara penderita KKL dan individu sehat di Indonesia.

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Background: Interleukin 1 Receptor Antagonist IL-1RN gene encodes IL-1RN protein and its 86bp variable number of tandem repeat VNTR polymorphism within intron 2 has been associated with the development of several cancers, including head and neck cancer HNC. This study aimed to describe the IL-1RN polymorphism of HNC patients in Indonesia.

Methods: The polymerase chain reaction PCR analysis was conducted on stored blood derived DNA samples from 50 control subjects and 50 HNC subjects for IL-1RN VNTR polymorphism.

Results: The percentage of A2 carrier genotype is 18 in control samples and 32 in HNC samples. The p value is 0,05 in the frequencies of genotypes or alleles in both control and cancer groups.

Conclusion: There is IL-1RN VNTR gene polymorphism in HNC patients and there is no significant association of IL 1RN VNTR polymorphism between HNC patients and healthy individuals in the studied Indonesian population."

"ABSTRAKLatar Belakang Bayi kurang bulan masih merupakan masalah karena mempunyai morbiditas dan mortalitas yang tinggi. Selain morbiditas yang tinggi, bayi kurang bulan juga sering mengalami pertumbuhan yang kurang baik jika dibandingkan dengan bayi cukup bulan. Gangguan yang berhubungan dengan saluran cerna ialah gagal tumbuh dan malnutrisi. Penyebab gagal tumbuh terbanyak pada bayi ialah masalah pada saluran cerna, terutama maldigesti, malabsorpsi, dan diare kronik. Bayi kurang bulan dengan imaturitas saluran cerna mempunyai aktivitas enzim yang rendah, yang akan menyebabkan digesti dan absorpsi nutrien yang rendah dan pada akhirnya akan mengganggu tumbuh kembangnya. Beberapa enzim pencernaan, yaitu laktase dan elastase 1 pankreas, akan diteliti. Laktase adalah enzim pencernaan yang terdapat di usus halus dan bekerja menghidrolisis laktosa yang merupakan karbohidrat utama pada susu. Elastase 1 pankreas dihasilkan oleh pankreas dan merupakan enzim pemecah protein.Apakah aktivitas enzim bayi kurang bulan yang rendah pada saat lahir akan dapat mencapai perkembangan aktivitas enzim bayi cukup bulan? Penelitian ini berusaha menjawab pertanyaan tersebut.MetodologiDilakukan studi prospektif observasional analitik pada 25 bayi kurang bulan dan 22 bayi cukup bulan di RSB Budi Kemuliaan Jakarta, dalam periode Agustus 2003 sampai dengan Juli 2004. Aktivitas laktase dilakukan pada bayi umur 1, 14, dan 28 hari, serta pemeriksaan kadar elastase 1 pankreas dilakukan pada umur 1, 7, dan 10 hari. Aktivitas laktase dinyatakan dalam rasio ekskresi laktulosa dan laktosa. Pemeriksaan aktivitas laktase dilakukan dengan cara memberi minum bayi dengan larutan laktulosa dan laktosa (1:1) setelah puasa 2 jam, kemudian urinenya ditampung. Penetapan kadar laktulosa dan laktosa dalam urine dilakukan dengan cara kromatografi cair kinerja tinggi. Kadar elastase 1 pankreas dalam tinja diukur dengan cara Elisa.Hasil PenelitianRerata aktivitas laktase bayi kurang bulan secara bermakna lebih rendah jika dibandingkan dengan bayi cukup bulan pada saat lahir. Pada umur 14 dan 28 hari, aktivitas laktase bayi kurang bulan sudah tidak berbeda bermakna dengan perkembangan aktivitas laktase bayi cukup bulan pada umur yang sama. Rerata kadar elastase 1 pankreas bayi kurang bulan secara bermakna lebih rendah jika dibandingkan dengan bayi cukup bulan pada saat lahir. Pada umur 7 dan 10 hari, kadar elastase 1 pankreas bayi kurang bulan sudah tidak berbeda bermakna dengan perkembangan kadar elastase 1 pankreas bayi cukup bulan.SimpulanPenelitian ini membuktikan bahwa aktivitas laktase bayi kurang bulan yang relatif rendah pada saat lahir sudah mencapai perkembangan aktivitas laktase bayi cukup bulan pada umur 14 hari. Kadar elastase 1 pankreas bayi kurang bulan yang relatif rendah pada saat lahir sudah mencapai perkembangan kadar elastase l pankreas bayi cukup bulan pada umur 7 hari.

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ABSTRACT

Premature infants are problematic. As they have a high morbidity and mortality rate. In addition, the growth and development of premature infants is often also not as good as that of full term infants. Problems related to digestion can cause failure to thrive and malnutrition. The most common cause of failure to thrive are problems in the digestive system particularly maldigestion, malabsorption and chronic diarrhea. Premature infants with immature digestive systems have low enzyme activity which can cause low digestion and absorption of nutrients which will eventually inhibit their growth. Several digestive enzymes i.e. lactase and pancreatic elastase I will be studied. Lactase is a digestive enzyme that is found in the intestinal viii and it hydrolyzes lactose which is the main carbohydrate in milk. Pancreatic elastase 1 is produced by the pancreas and is the enzyme that breaks down protein.

Will the low enzyme activity of premature infants at birth be able to reach the level of activity of full term infants? This research tries to answer that question.

Methodology

A prospective observational analytical study was carried out on 25 premature infants and 22 full term infants in Budi Kemuliaan Maternity Hospital over the period August 2003 to July 2004. Lactase activity was examined at age 1, 14 and 28 days. An examination of the concentration of pancreatic elastase I was done at age 1, 7, and 10 days, Lactase activity is expressed in a ratio of excretion of lactulosa and lactose. The study of lactase activity was done by feeding the infants a solution of lactulose and lactose (1:1) after a 2-hour fasting period. Urine samples were then taken. The determination of the concentration of lactulose and lactose in the urine was carried out using high performance liquid chromatography. The concentration of pancreatic elastase 1 in the stool was measured using the Elisa method.

Results

The average lactase activity in premature infants is significantly lower compared to that of full-term infants at the time of birth. At age 14 and 28 days, the lactase activity of premature infants is not significantly different from that of full-term infants of the same age. The average concentration of pancreatic elastase 1 of premature infants is significantly lower than that of full-term infants at birth. However, at age 7 and 10 days, the difference in concentration of pancreatic elastase 1 in premature infants and that of full term infants is not significant any more.

Conclusion

This study shows that the activity of lactase in premature infants which is relatively low at birth, will reach the development of lactase activity of full term infants of the same age at age 14 days. Whereas, the concentration of pancreatic Elastase 1 of premature infants, which is relatively low at birth, will reach the development of pancreatic elastase I concentration of full term infants of the same age at age 7 days."

"Bayi kurang bulan masih merupakan masalah karena mempunyai morbiditas dan mortalitas yang tinggi. Selain morbiditas yang tinggi, bayi kurang bulan juga sering mengalami pertumbuhan yang kurang baik jika dibandingkan dengan bayi cukup bulan. Gangguan yang berhubungan dengan saluran cerna ialah gagal tumbuh dan malnutrisi. Penyebab gagal tumbuh terbanyak pada bayi ialah masalah pada saluran cerna, terutama maldigesti, malabsorpsi, dan diare kronik. Bayi kurang bulan dengan imaturitas saluran cerna mempunyai aktivitas enzim yang rendah, yang akan menyebabkan digesti dan absorpsi nutrien yang rendah dan pada akhirnya akan mengganggu tumbuh kembangnya. Beberapa enzim pencernaan, yaitu laktase dan elastase 1 pankreas, akan diteliti. Laktase adalah enzim pencernaan yang terdapat di usus halus dan bekerja menghidrolisis laktosa yang merupakan karbohidrat utama pada susu. Elastase 1 pankreas dihasilkan oleh pankreas dan merupakan enzim pemecah protein.Apakah aktivitas enzim bayi kurang bulan yang rendah pada saat lahir akan dapat mencapai perkembangan aktivitas enzim bayi cukup bulan? Penelitian ini berusaha menjawab pertanyaan tersebut.MetodologiDilakukan studi prospektif observasional analitik pada 25 bayi kurang bulan dan 22 bayi cukup bulan di RSB Budi Kemuliaan Jakarta, dalam periode Agustus 2003 sampai dengan Juli 2004. Aktivitas laktase dilakukan pada bayi umur 1, 14, dan 28 hari, serta pemeriksaan kadar elastase 1 pankreas dilakukan pada umur 1, 7, dan 10 hari. Aktivitas laktase dinyatakan dalam rasio ekskresi laktulosa dan laktosa. Pemeriksaan aktivitas laktase dilakukan dengan cara memberi minum bayi dengan larutan laktulosa dan laktosa (1:1) setelah puasa 2 jam, kemudian urinenya ditampung. Penetapan kadar laktulosa dan laktosa dalam urine dilakukan dengan cara kromatografi cair kinerja tinggi. Kadar elastase 1 pankreas dalam tinja diukur dengan cara Elisa.Hasil PenelitianRerata aktivitas laktase bayi kurang bulan secara bermakna lebih rendah jika dibandingkan dengan bayi cukup bulan pada saat lahir. Pada umur 14 dan 28 hari, aktivitas laktase bayi kurang bulan sudah tidak berbeda bermakna dengan perkembangan aktivitas laktase bayi cukup bulan pada umur yang sama. Rerata kadar elastase 1 pankreas bayi kurang bulan secara bermakna lebih rendah jika dibandingkan dengan bayi cukup bulan pada saat lahir. Pada umur 7 dan 10 hari, kadar elastase 1 pankreas bayi kurang bulan sudah tidak berbeda bermakna dengan perkembangan kadar elastase 1 pankreas bayi cukup bulan.SimpulanPenelitian ini membuktikan bahwa aktivitas laktase bayi kurang bulan yang relatif rendah pada saat lahir sudah mencapai perkembangan aktivitas laktase bayi cukup bulan pada umur 14 hari. Kadar elastase 1 pankreas bayi kurang bulan yang relatif rendah pada saat lahir sudah mencapai perkembangan kadar elastase l pankreas bayi cukup bulan pada umur 7 hari.

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Premature infants are problematic. As they have a high morbidity and mortality rate. In addition, the growth and development of premature infants is often also not as good as that of full term infants. Problems related to digestion can cause failure to thrive and malnutrition. The most common cause of failure to thrive are problems in the digestive system particularly maldigestion, malabsorption and chronic diarrhea. Premature infants with immature digestive systems have low enzyme activity which can cause low digestion and absorption of nutrients which will eventually inhibit their growth. Several digestive enzymes i.e. lactase and pancreatic elastase I will be studied. Lactase is a digestive enzyme that is found in the intestinal viii and it hydrolyzes lactose which is the main carbohydrate in milk. Pancreatic elastase 1 is produced by the pancreas and is the enzyme that breaks down protein.

Will the low enzyme activity of premature infants at birth be able to reach the level of activity of full term infants? This research tries to answer that question.

Methodology

A prospective observational analytical study was carried out on 25 premature infants and 22 full term infants in Budi Kemuliaan Maternity Hospital over the period August 2003 to July 2004. Lactase activity was examined at age 1, 14 and 28 days. An examination of the concentration of pancreatic elastase I was done at age 1, 7, and 10 days, Lactase activity is expressed in a ratio of excretion of lactulosa and lactose. The study of lactase activity was done by feeding the infants a solution of lactulose and lactose (1:1) after a 2-hour fasting period. Urine samples were then taken. The determination of the concentration of lactulose and lactose in the urine was carried out using high performance liquid chromatography. The concentration of pancreatic elastase 1 in the stool was measured using the Elisa method.

Results

The average lactase activity in premature infants is significantly lower compared to that of full-term infants at the time of birth. At age 14 and 28 days, the lactase activity of premature infants is not significantly different from that of full-term infants of the same age. The average concentration of pancreatic elastase 1 of premature infants is significantly lower than that of full-term infants at birth. However, at age 7 and 10 days, the difference in concentration of pancreatic elastase 1 in premature infants and that of full term infants is not significant any more.

Conclusion

This study shows that the activity of lactase in premature infants which is relatively low at birth, will reach the development of lactase activity of full term infants of the same age at age 14 days. Whereas, the concentration of pancreatic Elastase 1 of premature infants, which is relatively low at birth, will reach the development of pancreatic elastase I concentration of full term infants of the same age at age 7 days."